1
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Yu K, Ward TR. C-H functionalization reactions catalyzed by artificial metalloenzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 258:112621. [PMID: 38852295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
CH functionalization, a promising frontier in modern organic chemistry, facilitates the direct conversion of inert CH bonds into many valuable functional groups. Despite its merits, traditional homogeneous catalysis, often faces challenges in efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability towards this transformation. In this context, artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs), resulting from the incorporation of a catalytically-competent metal cofactor within an evolvable protein scaffold, bridges the gap between the efficiency of enzymatic transformations and the versatility of transition metal catalysis. Accordingly, ArMs have emerged as attractive tools for various challenging catalytic transformations. Additionally, the coming of age of directed evolution has unlocked unprecedented avenues for optimizing enzymatic catalysis. Taking advantage of their genetically-encoded protein scaffold, ArMs have been evolved to catalyze various CH functionalization reactions. This review delves into the recent developments of ArM-catalyzed CH functionalization reactions, highlighting the benefits of engineering the second coordination sphere around a metal cofactor within a host protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland.
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2
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Throgmorton JC, Iverson AJ, McCulla RD. Photochemistry of N-aryl and N-alkyl dibenzothiophene sulfoximines. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38922878 DOI: 10.1111/php.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
N-phenyl dibenzothiophene sulfoximine has been demonstrated to produce phenyl nitrene and dibenzothiophene S-oxide upon irradiation with UV-A light, and dibenzothiophene S-oxide upon further irradiation releases triplet atomic oxygen. Thus, N-phenyl dibenzothiophene sulfoximine exhibits a rare dual-release capability in its photochemistry. In this work, N-substituted dibenzothiophene sulfoximine derivatives are irradiated with UV-A light to compare their photochemistry and quantum yield of dibenzothiophene S-oxide production with that of N-phenyl dibenzothiophene sulfoximine. Both N-aryl and N-alkyl derivatives of dibenzothiophene sulfoximine are examined to observe their effects on the quantum yield of the photolysis reaction. Adding electron withdrawing N-aryl substituents is shown to increase the quantum yield of dibenzothiophene S-oxide production, while adding electron donating N-aryl substituents is shown to decrease the quantum yield. The quantum yield was slightly lowered or not increased by most N-alkyl substituents. Furthermore, the quantum yield was not augmented by branching and steric hindrance effects associated with the N-alkyl substituents. These results suggest that electronic modulation of the sulfoximine bonds affects the observed photolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Throgmorton
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexis J Iverson
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ryan D McCulla
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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3
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Fu R, Xu M, Wang Y, Wu X, Bao X. Organo-Photocatalytic Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamidation of Alkenes with Sulfonyl Azides: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406069. [PMID: 38630112 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The construction of C(sp3)-N bonds via direct N-centered radical addition with olefins under benign conditions is a desirable but challenging strategy. Herein, we describe an organo-photocatalytic approach to achieve anti-Markovnikov alkene hydroamidation with sulfonyl azides in a highly efficient manner under transition-metal-free and mild conditions. A broad range of substrates, including both activated and unactivated alkenes, are suitable for this protocol, providing a convenient and practical method to construct sulfonylamide derivatives. A synergistic experimental and computational mechanistic study suggests that the additive, Hantzsch ester (HE), might undergo a triplet-triplet energy transfer manner to achieve photosensitization by the organo-photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Next, the resulted triplet excited state 3HE* could lead to a homolytic cleavage of C4-H bond, which triggers a straightforward H-atom transfer (HAT) style in converting sulfonyl azide to the corresponding key amidyl radical. Subsequently, the addition of the amidyl radical to alkene followed by HAT from p-toluenethiol could proceed to afford the desired anti-Markovnikov hydroamidation product. It is worth noting that mechanistic pathway bifurcation could be possible for this reaction. A feasible radical chain propagation mechanistic pathway is also proposed to rationalize the high efficiency of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mengyu Xu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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4
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Heilmann T, Lopez-Soria JM, Ulbrich J, Kircher J, Li Z, Worbs B, Golz C, Mata RA, Alcarazo M. N-(Sulfonio)Sulfilimine Reagents: Non-Oxidizing Sources of Electrophilic Nitrogen Atom for Skeletal Editing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403826. [PMID: 38623698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The one-pot synthesis of λ4-dibenzothiophen-5-imino-N-dibenzothiophenium triflate (1) in multigram scale is reported. This compound reacts with Rh2(esp)2 (esp=α,α,α',α'-tetramethyl-1,3-benzenedipropionic acid) generating a Rh-coordinated sulfonitrene species, which is able to transfer the electrophilic nitrene moiety to olefins. When indenes are used as substrates, isoquinolines are obtained in good yields. We assumed that after formation of the corresponding N-sulfonio aziridine, a ring expansion occurs via selective C-C bond cleavage and concomitant elimination of dibenzothiophene. Unexpectedly, a similar protocol transforms 1-arylcyclobutenes into 1-cyano-1-arylcyclopropanes. Our calculations indicate that aziridination is not favored in this case; instead, sulfilimine-substituted cyclobutyl carbocations are initially formed, and these evolve to the isolated cyclopropanes via ring contraction. Both procedures are operationally simple, tolerate a range of functional groups, including oxidation-sensitive alcohols and aldehydes, and enable the convenient preparation of valuable 15N-labelled products. These results demonstrate the potential of 1 to provide alternative pathways for the selective transfer of N-atoms in organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heilmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juan M Lopez-Soria
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Ulbrich
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kircher
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Brigitte Worbs
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Janssen M, Frederichs T, Olaru M, Lork E, Hupf E, Beckmann J. Synthesis of a stable crystalline nitrene. Science 2024:eadp4963. [PMID: 38870274 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Nitrenes are a highly reactive, yet fundamental compound class. They possess a mono-valent nitrogen atom and usually a short life span, typically in the nanosecond range. Here, we report on the synthesis of a stable nitrene by photolysis of the arylazide MSFluindN3 (1), which gave rise to the quantitative formation of the arylnitrene MSFluindN (2) (MSFluind = dispiro[fluorene-9,3'-(1',1',7',7'-tetramethyl-s-hydrindacen-4'-yl)-5',9''-fluorene]), that remains unchanged for at least 3 days when stored under argon atmosphere at room temperature. The extraordinary life span permitted the full characterization of 2 by single crystal x-ray crystallography, EPR spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry, which supported a triplet ground state. Theoretical simulations suggest in addition to the kinetic stabilization conferred by the bulky MSFluind aryl substituent, that electron delocalization across the central aromatic ring contributes to the electron stabilization of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Janssen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Frederichs
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurther Str. 2-4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marian Olaru
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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6
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Sawant DM, Joshi G, Ansari AJ. Nitrene-transfer from azides to isocyanides: Unveiling its versatility as a promising building block for the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles. iScience 2024; 27:109311. [PMID: 38510111 PMCID: PMC10951658 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-coupling azide and isocyanide have recently gained recognition as ideal methods for efficiently synthesizing asymmetric carbodiimides. This reaction exhibits high reaction rates, efficiency, and favorable atom/step/redox economy. It enables the nitrene-transfer process, facilitating the formation of C-N bonds and providing a direct and cost-effective synthetic strategy for generating diverse carbodiimides. These carbodiimides are highly reactive compounds that can undergo in-situ transformations into various functional groups and organic compounds, including heterocycles. Developing one-pot and tandem processes in this field has significantly contributed to advancements in organic chemistry. Moreover, the demonstrated utility of these architectural motifs extends to areas such as chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, further highlighting their potential in various scientific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh M. Sawant
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar 246174, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arshad J. Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
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7
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Sahoo S, Harfmann B, Bhatia H, Singh H, Balijapelly S, Choudhury A, Stavropoulos P. A Comparative Study of Cationic Copper(I) Reagents Supported by Bipodal Tetramethylguanidinyl-Containing Ligands as Nitrene-Transfer Catalysts. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15697-15708. [PMID: 38585072 PMCID: PMC10993379 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The bipodal compounds [(TMG2biphenN-R)CuI-NCMe](PF6) (R = Me, Ar (4-CF3Ph-)) and [(TMG2biphenN-Me)CuI-I] have been synthesized with ligands that feature a diarylmethyl- and triaryl-amine framework and superbasic tetramethylguanidinyl residues (TMG). The cationic Cu(I) sites mediate catalytic nitrene-transfer reactions between the imidoiodinane PhI = NTs (Ts = tosyl) and a panel of styrenes in MeCN, to afford aziridines, demonstrating comparable reactivity profiles. The copper reagents have been further explored to execute C-H amination reactions with a variety of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and two distinct nitrene sources PhI = NTs and PhI = NTces (Tces = 2,2,2-trichloroethylsulfamate) in benzene/HFIP (10:2 v/v). Good yields have been obtained for sec-benzylic and tert-C-H bonds of various substrates, especially with the more electron-deficient catalyst [(TMG2biphenN-Ar)CuI-NCMe](PF6). In conjunction with earlier studies, the order of reactivity of these bipodal cationic reagents as a function of the metal employed is established as Cu > Fe > Co ≥ Mn. However, as opposed to the base-metal analogues, the bipodal Cu reagents are less reactive than a similar tripodal Cu catalyst. The observed fluorophilicity of the bipodal Cu compounds may provide a deactivation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj
Kumar Sahoo
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Brent Harfmann
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Himanshu Bhatia
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Harish Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Srikanth Balijapelly
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Amitava Choudhury
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Pericles Stavropoulos
- Department
of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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8
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Paterson KJ, Dahiya A, Williams BD, Phipps RJ. Tertiary Amides as Directing Groups for Enantioselective C-H Amination using Ion-Paired Rhodium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317489. [PMID: 38348742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Enantioselective C-H amination at a benzylic methylene is a vital disconnection towards chiral benzylamines. Here we disclose that butyric and valeric acid-derived tertiary amides can undergo highly enantioselective benzylic amination using an achiral anionic Rh complex that is ion-paired with a Cinchona alkaloid-derived chiral cation. A broad scope of compounds can be aminated encompassing numerous arene substitutions, amides, and two different chain lengths. Excellent tolerance of ortho substituents was observed, which has not been achieved before in asymmetric intermolecular C-H amination with Rh. We speculate that the tertiary amide group of the substrate engages in hydrogen bonding interactions directly with the chiral cation, enabling a high level of organisation at the transition state for C-H amination. This is in contrast with our previous work where a substrate bearing a hydrogen bond donor was required. Control experiments led to the discovery that methyl ethers also function as proficient directing groups under the optimised conditions, potentially also acting as hydrogen bond acceptors. This finding has the promise to dramatically expand the applicability of our ion-paired chiral catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J Paterson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Dahiya
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin D Williams
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhu WF, Empel C, Pelliccia S, Koenigs RM, Proschak E, Hernandez-Olmos V. Photochemistry in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38457829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Photochemistry has emerged as a transformative force in organic chemistry, significantly expanding the chemical space accessible for medicinal chemistry. Light-induced reactions enable the efficient synthesis of intricate organic structures and have found applications throughout the different stages of the drug discovery and development processes. Moreover, photochemical techniques provide innovative solutions in chemical biology, allowing precise spatiotemporal drug activation and targeted delivery. In this Perspective, we highlight the already numerous remarkable applications and the even more promising future of photochemistry in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Felix Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sveva Pelliccia
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victor Hernandez-Olmos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Yin HN, Wang PC, Liu Z. Recent advances in biocatalytic C-N bond-forming reactions. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107108. [PMID: 38244379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Molecules containing C-N bonds are of paramount importance in a diverse array of organic-based materials, natural products, pharmaceutical compounds, and agricultural chemicals. Biocatalytic C-N bond-forming reactions represent powerful strategies for producing these valuable targets, and their significance in the field of synthetic chemistry has steadily increased over the past decade. In this review, we provide a concise overview of recent advancements in the development of C-N bond-forming enzymes, with a particular emphasis on the inherent chemistry involved in these enzymatic processes. Overall, these enzymatic systems have proven their potential in addressing long-standing challenges in traditional small-molecule catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ning Yin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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11
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Kotwal N, Chauhan P. Accessing Pyridines via a Nitrene Internalization Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317228. [PMID: 38116832 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Pyridines are valuable pharmacophores, and their access via direct and selective transmutation of carbon atom with desired nitrogen could become crucial in drug discovery processes. However, only scarce examples can be found when it comes C-to-N-transmutation reactions of aromatics that could lead to the facile synthesis of pyridines or other azaarenes. In this context, Levin and co-workers recently disclosed a process leading to pyridines from the corresponding aryl azides via the regioselective nitrene internalization process. Notably, the transformation did not lead to any further modification of the rest of the aromatic skeleton. This innovative work enabled selectively accessing various pyridine derivatives through direct nitrogen scan operations on benzene derivatives, which were otherwise not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Kotwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221, J&K, India
| | - Pankaj Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, NH-44, Nagrota Bypass, Jammu, 181221, J&K, India
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12
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Reed JH, Seebeck FP. Reagent Engineering for Group Transfer Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311159. [PMID: 37688533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has become a major driver in the innovation of preparative chemistry. Enzyme discovery, engineering and computational design have matured to reliable strategies in the development of biocatalytic processes. By comparison, substrate engineering has received much less attention. In this Minireview, we highlight the idea that the design of synthetic reagents may be an equally fruitful and complementary approach to develop novel enzyme-catalysed group transfer chemistry. This Minireview discusses key examples from the literature that illustrate how synthetic substrates can be devised to improve the efficiency, scalability and sustainability, as well as the scope of such reactions. We also provide an opinion as to how this concept might be further developed in the future, aspiring to replicate the evolutionary success story of natural group transfer reagents, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Yang YZ, Xue Q, Xiong ZQ, Li Y, Ouyang XH, Hu M, Li JH. Divergent [2 + n] Heteroannulation of β-CF 3-1,3-enynes with Alkyl Azides via Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Radical Substitution. Org Lett 2024; 26:889-894. [PMID: 38251851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A copper-promoted divergent intermolecular [2 + n] heteroannulation of β-CF3-1,3-enynes with alkyl azides via alkyl radical-driven HAT and radical substitution (C-C bond formation) to form four- to ten-membered saturated N-heterocycles is developed. This method enables the aryl-induced or kinetically controlled site selective functionalization of the remote C(sp3)-H bonds at positions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 toward the nitrogen atom through triplet nitrene formation, radical addition across the C═C bond, HAT and radical substitution cascades, and features a broad substrate scope, excellent site selectivity, and facile late-stage derivatization of bioactive molecules. Initial deuterium-labeling and control experiments shed light on the reaction mechanism via nitrene formation and HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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14
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Liang S, Zhou Y, Yu W. Iron-Catalyzed Denitrogenative Annulation Reactions between α-Azido Acetamides and Cyclic Ketones. Org Lett 2024; 26:613-618. [PMID: 38215045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
We report an FeCl2-catalyzed annulation reaction between α-azido acetamides and cyclic ketones. Two types of α,β-unsaturated γ-lactam products can be obtained, depending on the reaction conditions. When α-azido acetamides were reacted with cyclohexanone, 8-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-indol-2(4H)-ones were obtained when a primary amine was present in the reaction system; conducting the reaction in the presence of 2-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, on the contrary, resulted in the formation of 5,6-dihydro-1H-indol-2(4H)-ones. Cycloheptanone and cyclooctanone reacted in the same way as cyclohexanone. The reactions proceed via the intermediacy of 2-iminoacetamides, which are formed by FeCl2-facilitated dinitrogenation of α-azido acetamides. These reactions constitute a new strategy for expanding the synthetic dimensions of organic azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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15
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Zhu SY, He WJ, Shen GC, Bai ZQ, Song FF, He G, Wang H, Chen G. Ligand-Promoted Iron-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer for the Synthesis of Hydrazines and Triazanes through N-Amidation of Arylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312465. [PMID: 37997539 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report that bulky alkylphosphines such as PtBu3 can switch the roles from actor to spectator ligands to promote the FeCl2 -catalyzed N-amidation reaction of arylamines with dioxazolones, giving hydrazides in high efficiency and chemoselectivity. Mechanistic studies indicated that the phosphine ligands could facilitate the decarboxylation of dioxazolones on the Fe center, and the hydrogen bonding interactions between the arylamines and the ligands on Fe nitrenoid intermediates might play a role in modulating the delicate interplay between the phosphine ligand, arylamine, and acyl nitrene N, favoring N-N coupling over N-P coupling. The new ligand-promoted N-amidation protocols offer a convenient way to access various challenging triazane compounds via double or sequential N-amidation of primary arylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wen-Ji He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guan-Chi Shen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zi-Qian Bai
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fang-Fang Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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16
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Kumar R. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed 1,2-Diaminations of Olefins: Synthetic Methodologies and Mechanistic Studies. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300705. [PMID: 37743249 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Diamines are synthetically important motifs in organo-catalysis, natural products, and drug research. Continuous utilization of transition-metal based catalyst in direct 1,2-diamination of olefines, in contrast to metal-free transformations, with numerous impressive advances made in recent years (2015-2023). This review summarized contemporary research on the transition-metal catalyzed/mediated [e. g., Cu(II), Pd(II), Fe(II), Rh(III), Ir(III), and Co(II)] 1,2-diamination (asymmetric and non-asymmetric) especially emphasizing the recent synthetic methodologies and mechanistic understandings. Moreover, up-to-date discussion on (i) paramount role of oxidant and catalyst (ii) key achievements (iii) generality and uniqueness, (iv) synthetic limitations or future challenges, and (v) future opportunities are summarized related to this potential area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana, INDIA
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17
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Roy S, Vargas DA, Ma P, Sengupta A, Zhu L, Houk KN, Fasan R. Stereoselective Construction of β-, γ-, and δ-Lactam Rings via Enzymatic C-H Amidation. Nat Catal 2024; 7:65-76. [PMID: 38584987 PMCID: PMC10997382 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-01068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Lactam rings are found in many biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals, including important classes of antibiotics. Methods for the asymmetric synthesis of these molecules are therefore highly desirable, particularly through the selective functionalization of unreactive aliphatic C-H bonds. Here we show the development of a strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of β-, γ-, and δ-lactams via hemoprotein-catalysed intramolecular C-H amidation reaction with readily available dioxazolone reagents. Engineered myoglobin variants serve as excellent biocatalysts for this transformation yielding the desired lactam products in high yields, high enantioselectivity, and on preparative scale. Mechanistic and computational studies elucidate the nature of the C-H amination and enantiodetermining steps and provide insights into protein-mediated control of regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Additionally, an alkaloid natural product and a drug molecule were synthesized chemoenzymatically in much fewer steps (7-8 vs. 11-12) than previously reported, further demonstrating the power of biosynthetic strategy for the preparation of complex bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York, 14627, United States
- Current affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - David A. Vargas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York, 14627, United States
- Current affiliation: Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Pengchen Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Arkajyoti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Ledong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York, 14627, United States
- Current affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
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18
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Aher YN, Bhaduri N, Pawar AB. Advances in transition metal-catalyzed C-H amination strategies using anthranils. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8794-8812. [PMID: 37901918 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Modern times have witnessed an uprise in the synthesis and derivatization of nitrogen-containing fused heterocycles. Amination reactions involving nitrene chemistry have always been the most convenient choice for the incorporation of a nitrogen atom in a molecule. The utilization of an open nitrene species harnesses harsh conditions. Hence, transition metal-catalyzed C-H amination reactions using aminating agents have been an attractive choice. Electrophilic aminating agents for C-H amination reactions are well exploited due to their desirable reaction conditions. Out of all, anthranils have paved the way forward due to their utility in simultaneously forming two new functional groups (amine and carbonyl). Amination using anthranils follows a metal-nitrenoid pathway. Often, the amination has been followed by a Lewis acid or transition metal-mediated intramolecular cyclization to directly produce fused heterocycles. This review broadly demonstrates the utilization of anthranils as an aminating agent for transition metal-catalyzed C-H amination reactions. The focus has been given to the scope, limitations, and mechanistic understanding of using such an electrophilic aminating agent, anthranil, with transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh N Aher
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
| | - Nilanjan Bhaduri
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
| | - Amit B Pawar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
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19
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Fanourakis A, Phipps RJ. Catalytic, asymmetric carbon-nitrogen bond formation using metal nitrenoids: from metal-ligand complexes via metalloporphyrins to enzymes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12447-12476. [PMID: 38020383 PMCID: PMC10646976 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04661c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of nitrogen atoms into small molecules is of fundamental importance and it is vital that ever more efficient and selective methods for achieving this are developed. With this aim, the potential of nitrene chemistry has long been appreciated but its application has been constrained by the extreme reactivity of these labile species. This liability however can be attenuated by complexation with a transition metal and the resulting metal nitrenoids have unique and highly versatile reactivity which includes the amination of certain types of aliphatic C-H bonds as well as reactions with alkenes to afford aziridines. At least one new chiral centre is typically formed in these processes and the development of catalysts to exert control over enantioselectivity in nitrenoid-mediated amination has become a growing area of research, particularly over the past two decades. Compared with some synthetic methods, metal nitrenoid chemistry is notable in that chemists can draw from a diverse array of metals and catalysts , ranging from metal-ligand complexes, bearing a variety of ligand types, via bio-inspired metalloporphyrins, all the way through to, very recently, engineered enzymes themselves. In the latter category in particular, rapid progress is being made, the rate of which suggests that this approach may be instrumental in addressing some of the outstanding challenges in the field. This review covers key developments and strategies that have shaped the field, in addition to the latest advances, up until September 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fanourakis
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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20
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Nie X, Ritter CW, Hemming M, Ivlev SI, Xie X, Chen S, Meggers E. Nitrene-Mediated Enantioselective Intramolecular Olefin Oxyamination to Access Chiral γ-Aminomethyl-γ-Lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202314398. [PMID: 37920926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Attaching a nitrene precursor to an intramolecular nucleophile allows for a catalytic asymmetric intramolecular oxyamination of alkenes in which the nucleophile adds in an endocyclic position and the amine in an exocyclic fashion. Using chiral-at-ruthenium catalysts, chiral γ-aminomethyl-γ-lactones containing a quaternary carbon in γ-position are provided in high yields (up to 99 %) and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). DFT calculations support the possibility of both a singlet (concerted oxyamination of the alkene) and triplet pathway (stepwise oxyamination) for the formation of the predominant stereoisomer. γ-Aminomethyl-γ-lactones are versatile chiral building blocks and can be converted to other heterocycles such as δ-lactams, 2-oxazolidinones, and tetrahydrofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Nie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Clayton W Ritter
- College of Arts & Sciences, Oberlin College Science Center N381, 119 Woodland St., Oberlin, OH-44074, USA
| | - Marcel Hemming
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shuming Chen
- College of Arts & Sciences, Oberlin College Science Center N381, 119 Woodland St., Oberlin, OH-44074, USA
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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21
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Wang S, Wang P, Li SJ, Chen YH, Sun ZJ, Lei A. Electrochemical flow aziridination of unactivated alkenes. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad187. [PMID: 38059062 PMCID: PMC10697417 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aziridines derived from bioactive molecules may have unique pharmacological activities, making them useful in pharmacology (e.g. mitomycin C). Furthermore, the substitution of the epoxide moiety in epothilone B with aziridine, an analog of epoxides, yielded a pronounced enhancement in its anticancer efficacy. Thus, there is interest in developing novel synthetic technologies to produce aziridines from bioactive molecules. However, known methods usually require metal catalysts, stoichiometric oxidants and/or pre-functionalized amination reagents, causing difficulty in application. A practical approach without a metal catalyst and extra-oxidant for the aziridination of bioactive molecules is in demand, yet challenging. Herein, we report an electro-oxidative flow protocol that accomplishes an oxidant-free aziridination of natural products. This process is achieved by an oxidative sulfonamide/alkene cross-coupling, in which sulfonamide and alkene undergo simultaneous oxidation or alkene is oxidized preferentially. Further anticancer treatments in cell lines have demonstrated the pharmacological activities of these aziridines, supporting the potential of this method for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchun Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shu-Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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22
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Li H, Li N, Wu J, Yu T, Zhang R, Xu LP, Wei H. Rhodium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Nitrogen Atom Insertion into Arene Rings. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17570-17576. [PMID: 37535929 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the direct insertion of an intramolecular nitrogen atom into an aromatic C-C bond. In this transformation, carbamoyl azides are activated by a Rh catalyst and subsequently directly inserted into the C-C bond of an arene ring to access fused azepine products. This transformation is challenging, owing to the existence of a competitive C-H amination pathway. The use of a paddlewheel dirhodium complex Rh2(esp)2 effectively inhibited the undesired C-H insertion. Density functional theory calculations were performed to reveal the reaction mechanism and origin of the chemoselectivity of the Rh-catalyzed reactions. The novel fused azepine products are highly robust and allow for downstream diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Jinghao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Tianyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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23
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Lawzer AL, Ganesan E, Gronowski M, Custer T, Guillemin JC, Kołos R. Free Ethynylarsinidene and Ethynylstibinidene: Heavier Analogues of Nitrenes and Phosphinidenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300887. [PMID: 37278982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Until now, there has been very little experimental evidence for the existence of free arsinidenes and stibinidenes, apart from the hydrides, AsH and SbH. Here, we report on photogeneration of triplet ethynylarsinidene, HCCAs, and triplet ethynylstibinidene, HCCSb, from ethynylarsine and ethynylstibine, respectively, in solid argon matrices. The products were identified using infrared spectroscopy and the associated UV absorption spectra are interpreted with the aid of theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun-Libertsen Lawzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elavenil Ganesan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Gronowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas Custer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jean-Claude Guillemin
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, IRCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Robert Kołos
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Yu K, Zou Z, Igareta NV, Tachibana R, Bechter J, Köhler V, Chen D, Ward TR. Artificial Metalloenzyme-Catalyzed Enantioselective Amidation via Nitrene Insertion in Unactivated C( sp3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37471698 PMCID: PMC10401721 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective C-H amidation offers attractive means to assemble C-N bonds to synthesize high-added value, nitrogen-containing molecules. In recent decades, complementary enzymatic and homogeneous-catalytic strategies for C-H amidation have been reported. Herein, we report on an artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) resulting from anchoring a biotinylated Ir-complex within streptavidin (Sav). The resulting ArM catalyzes the enantioselective amidation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. Chemogenetic optimization of the Ir cofactor and Sav led to significant improvement in both the activity and enantioselectivity. Up to >700 TON and 92% ee for the amidation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds was achieved. The single crystal X-ray analysis of the artificial nitrene insertase (ANIase) combined with quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics (QM-MM) calculations sheds light on critical second coordination sphere contacts leading to improved catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Zhi Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Nico V Igareta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Ryo Tachibana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Julia Bechter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Dongping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
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25
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Ye CX, Meggers E. Chiral-at-Ruthenium Catalysts for Nitrene-Mediated Asymmetric C-H Functionalizations. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:1128-1141. [PMID: 37071874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAsymmetric transition metal catalysis is an indispensable tool used both in academia and industry for forging chiral molecules in an enantioselective fashion. Its advancement relies in large part on the design and discovery of new chiral catalysts. In contrast to conventional endeavors of generating chiral transition metal catalysts from carefully tailored chiral ligands, the development of chiral transition metal catalysts containing solely achiral ligands (chiral-at-metal catalysts) has been neglected. This Account presents our recent work on the synthesis and catalytic applications of a new class of C2-symmetric chiral-at-ruthenium catalysts. These octahedral ruthenium(II) complexes are constructed from two achiral bidentate N-(2-pyridyl)-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (PyNHC) ligands and two monodentate acetonitriles, and the dicationic complexes are typically complemented with two hexafluorophosphate anions. The chirality of these complexes originates from the helical cis-arrangement of the bidentate ligands, thereby generating a stereogenic metal center as the exclusive stereocenter in these complexes. The strong σ donor and π acceptor properties of the PyNHC ligands provide a strong ligand field that ensures a high constitutional and configurational inertness of the helical Ru(PyNHC)2 core, while at the same time, the trans-effect exerted by the σ-donating NHC ligands results in high lability of the MeCN ligands and, therefore, provides high catalytic activity. As a result, this chiral-at-ruthenium catalyst scaffold combines formidable structural robustness with high catalytic activity in a unique fashion. Asymmetric nitrene C-H insertion constitutes an efficient strategy for accessing chiral amines. The direct conversion of C(sp3)-H bonds into amine functionality circumvents the need for using functionalized starting materials. Our C2-symmetric chiral-at-ruthenium complexes display exceptionally high catalytic activity and excellent stereocontrol for various asymmetric nitrene C(sp3)-H insertion reactions. The ruthenium nitrene species can be generated from nitrene precursors, such as organic azides and hydroxylamine derivatives, which undergo ring-closing C-H aminations to afford chiral cyclic pyrrolidines, ureas, and carbamates in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities at low catalyst loadings. Mechanistically, the turnover-determining C-H insertion is proposed to proceed in a concerted or stepwise fashion, depending on the nature of intermediate ruthenium nitrenes (singlet or triplet). Computational studies revealed that the stereocontrol originates from a better steric fit in combination with favorable catalyst/substrate π-π stacking effects for aminations at benzylic C-H bonds. In addition, we also present our research for exploring novel reaction patterns and reactivities of intermediate transition metal nitrenes. First, we discovered a novel chiral-at-ruthenium-catalyzed 1,3-migratory nitrene C(sp3)-H insertion to convert azanyl esters into nonracemic α-amino acids. Second, we found a chiral-at-ruthenium-catalyzed intramolecular C(sp3)-H oxygenation, thereby allowing for the construction of chiral cyclic carbonates and lactones via nitrene chemistry. We expect that our research program on catalyst development and reaction discovery will inspire the creation of novel types of chiral-at-metal catalysts and drive the development of new applications for nitrene-mediated asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xi Ye
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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26
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Cosio MN, Powers DC. Prospects and challenges for nitrogen-atom transfer catalysis. NATURE REVIEWS. CHEMISTRY 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00482-1. [PMID: 37117815 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of C-H bonds to C-N bonds via C-H amination promises to streamline the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds. Nitrogen-group transfer (NGT) from metal nitrenes ([M]-NR complexes) has been the focus of intense research and development. By contrast, potentially complementary nitrogen-atom transfer (NAT) chemistry, in which a terminal metal nitride (an [M]-N complex) engages with a C-H bond, is underdeveloped. Although the earliest examples of stoichiometric NAT chemistry were reported 25 years ago, catalytic protocols are only now beginning to emerge. Here, we summarize the current state of the art in NAT chemistry and discuss opportunities and challenges for its development. We highlight the synthetic complementarity of NGT and NAT and discuss critical aspects of nitride electronic structure that dictate the philicity of the metal-supported nitrogen atom. We also examine the characteristic reactivity of metal nitrides and present emerging strategies and remaining obstacles to harnessing NAT for selective, catalytic nitrogenation of unfunctionalized organic small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario N Cosio
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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27
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Gomez CA, Mondal D, Du Q, Chan N, Lewis JC. Directed Evolution of an Iron(II)- and α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase for Site-Selective Azidation of Unactivated Aliphatic C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301370. [PMID: 36757808 PMCID: PMC10050089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
FeII - and α-ketoglutarate-dependent halogenases and oxygenases can catalyze site-selective functionalization of C-H bonds via a variety of C-X bond forming reactions, but achieving high chemoselectivity for functionalization using non-native functional groups remains rare. The current study shows that directed evolution can be used to engineer variants of the dioxygenase SadX that address this challenge. Site-selective azidation of succinylated amino acids and a succinylated amine was achieved as a result of mutations throughout the SadX structure. The installed azide group was reduced to a primary amine, and the succinyl group required for azidation was enzymatically cleaved to provide the corresponding amine. These results provide a promising starting point for evolving additional SadX variants with activity on structurally distinct substrates and for enabling enzymatic C-H functionalization with other non-native functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Kalsec Inc., 3713W. Main St., Kalamazoo, MI 49006, USA
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Natalie Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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28
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Liang Q, Wells LA, Han K, Chen S, Kozlowski MC, Jia T. Synthesis of Sulfilimines Enabled by Copper-Catalyzed S-Arylation of Sulfenamides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6310-6318. [PMID: 36894165 PMCID: PMC10106277 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an unprecedented synthetic route to sulfilimines via a copper-catalyzed Chan-Lam-type coupling of sulfenamides is presented. A key to success in this novel transformation is the chemoselective S-arylation of S(II) sulfenamides to form S(IV) sulfilimines, overriding the competitive, and more thermodynamically favored, C-N bond formation that does not require a change in the sulfur oxidation state. Computations reveal that the selectivity arises from a selective transmetallation event where bidentate sulfenamide coordination through the sulfur and oxygen atoms favors the S-arylation pathway. The mild and environmentally benign catalytic conditions enable broad functional group compatibility, allowing a variety of diaryl or alkyl aryl sulfilimines to be efficiently prepared. The Chan-Lam coupling procedure could also tolerate alkenylboronic acids as coupling partners to afford alkenyl aryl sulfilimines, a class of scaffolds that cannot be directly synthesized via conventional imination strategies. The benzoyl-protecting groups could be conveniently removed from the product, which, in turn, could be readily transformed into several S(IV) and S(VI) derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjin Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lucille A. Wells
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kaiming Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Shufeng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tiezheng Jia
- Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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29
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Song L, Tian X, Farshadfar K, Shiri F, Rominger F, Ariafard A, Hashmi ASK. An unexpected synthesis of azepinone derivatives through a metal-free photochemical cascade reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:831. [PMID: 36788212 PMCID: PMC9929248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Azepinone derivatives are privileged in organic synthesis and pharmaceuticals. Synthetic approaches to these frameworks are limited to complex substrates, strong bases, high power UV light or noble metal catalysis. We herein report a mild synthesis of azepinone derivatives by a photochemical generation of 2-aryloxyaryl nitrene, [2 + 1] annulation, ring expansion/water addition cascade reaction without using any metal catalyst. Among the different nitrene precursors tested, 2-aryloxyaryl azides performed best under blue light irradiation and Brønsted acid catalysis. The reaction scope is broad and the obtained products underwent divergent transformations to afford other related compounds. A computational study suggests a pathway involving a step-wise aziridine formation, followed by a ring-expansion to the seven-membered heterocycle. Finally, water is added in a regio-selective manner, this is accelerated by the added TsOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Song
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kaveh Farshadfar
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, Iran ,grid.5373.20000000108389418Research Group of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - Farshad Shiri
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frank Rominger
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, Iran. .,School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Wang HH, Shao H, Huang G, Fan J, To WP, Dang L, Liu Y, Che CM. Chiral Iron Porphyrins Catalyze Enantioselective Intramolecular C(sp 3 )-H Bond Amination Upon Visible-Light Irradiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218577. [PMID: 36716145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed asymmetric amination of C(sp3 )-H bonds is appealing for synthetic applications due to the biocompatibility and high earth abundance of iron, but examples of such reactions are sparse. Herein we describe chiral iron complexes of meso- and β-substituted-porphyrins that can catalyze asymmetric intramolecular C(sp3 )-H amination of aryl and arylsulfonyl azides to afford chiral indolines (29 examples) and benzofused cyclic sulfonamides (17 examples), respectively, with up to 93 % ee (yield: up to 99 %) using 410 nm light under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies, including DFT calculations, for the reactions of arylsulfonyl azides reveal that the Fe(NSO2 Ar) intermediate generated in situ under photochemical conditions reacts with the C(sp3 )-H bond through a stepwise hydrogen atom transfer/radical rebound mechanism, with enantioselectivity arising from cooperative noncovalent interactions between the Fe(NSO2 Ar) unit and the peripheral substituents of the chiral porphyrin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Guanglong Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Jianqiang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China.,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17 W, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Liu Y, Shing KP, Lo VKY, Che CM. Iron- and Ruthenium-Catalyzed C–N Bond Formation Reactions. Reactive Metal Imido/Nitrene Intermediates. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ka-Pan Shing
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vanessa Kar-Yan Lo
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen 518053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503−1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong
Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, People’s Republic of China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen 518053, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Rodríguez M, M Rodríguez A, López-Resano S, Pericàs MA, Díaz-Requejo MM, Maseras F, Pérez PJ. Non-innocent Role of the Halide Ligand in the Copper-Catalyzed Olefin Aziridination Reaction. ACS Catal 2023; 13:706-713. [PMID: 37808365 PMCID: PMC10552652 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the context of copper-catalyzed nitrene transfer to olefins, many systems operate upon mixing a CuX salt (X = halide, OTf) and a polydentate N-based ligand, assuming that the X ligand is displaced from the coordination sphere toward a counterion position. Herein, we demonstrated that such general assumption should be in doubt since studies carried out with the well-defined copper(I) complexes (TTM)CuCl and [(TTM)Cu(NCMe)]PF6 (TTM = tris(triazolyl)methane ligand) demonstrate a dual behavior from a catalytic and mechanistic point of view that exclusively depends on the presence or absence of the chloride ligand bonded to the metal center. When coordinated, the turnover-limiting step corresponds to the formation of the carbon-nitrene bond, whereas in its absence, the highest barrier corresponds to the formation of the copper-nitrene intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel
R. Rodríguez
- Laboratorio
de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro
de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento
de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Anabel M Rodríguez
- Laboratorio
de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro
de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento
de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Sara López-Resano
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M. Mar Díaz-Requejo
- Laboratorio
de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro
de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento
de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Pérez
- Laboratorio
de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro
de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento
de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
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33
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Li N, Hong B, Zhao J, Gu Z. Nitrenoid from Oxime: A Practical Synthesis of Planar Chiral Ferrocenyl Phenanthridines via Nitrene-Involved Ring-Expansion Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215530. [PMID: 36344436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nitrenes and nitrenoids are highly reactive species and the proposed key intermediates in nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound synthesis. In this work, we developed a practical method for the synthesis of phenanthridines by the reaction of oximes and Grignard reagents (with or without diethylzinc) via ring-expansion of magnesium coordinated nitrenoid complex as the key step. The method has been used to synthesize optically active planar chiral ferrocenyl phenanthridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Biqiong Hong
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yan'An Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.,College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
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34
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Poly(glycidyl azide) as Photo-Crosslinker for Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245451. [PMID: 36559818 PMCID: PMC9787972 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosslinking polymers to form networks is a universal and routinely applied strategy to improve their stability and endow them with solvent resistance, adhesion properties, etc. However, the chemical crosslinking of common commercial polymers, especially for those without functional groups, cannot be achieved readily. In this study, we utilized low-molecular weight poly(glycidyl azide) (GAP) as polymeric crosslinkers to crosslink various commercial polymers via simple ultraviolet light irradiation. The azide groups were shown to decompose upon photo-irradiation and be converted to highly reactive nitrene species, which are able to insert into carbon-hydrogen bonds and thus crosslink the polymeric matrices. This strategy was demonstrated successfully in several commercial polymers. In particular, it was found that the crosslinking is highly localized, which could endow the polymeric matrices with a decent degree of crosslinking without significantly influencing other properties, suggesting a novel and robust method to crosslink polymeric materials.
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35
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Khatua H, Das S, Patra S, Das SK, Roy S, Chattopadhyay B. Iron-Catalyzed Intermolecular Amination of Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21858-21866. [PMID: 36416746 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic system for intermolecular benzylic C(sp3)-H amination is developed utilizing 1,2,3,4-tetrazole as a nitrene precursor via iron catalysis. This method enables direct installation of 2-aminopyridine into the benzylic and heterobenzylic position. The method selectively aminates 2° benzylic C(sp3)-H bond over the 3° and 1° benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds. Experimental studies reveal that the C(sp3)-H amination undergoes via the formation of a benzylic radical intermediate. This study reports the discovery of new method for 2-pyridine substituted benzylamine synthesis using inexpensive, biocompatible base metal catalysis that should have wide application in the context of medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillol Khatua
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subrata Das
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sima Patra
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandip Kumar Das
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satyajit Roy
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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36
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Nie X, Ye C, Ivlev SI, Meggers E. Nitrene-Mediated C-H Oxygenation: Catalytic Enantioselective Formation of Five-Membered Cyclic Organic Carbonates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211971. [PMID: 36184573 PMCID: PMC9827974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of non-racemic 5-membered cyclic carbonates from abundant alcohols is reported. Conversion of the alcohol into an azanyl carbonate is followed by a chiral-at-ruthenium catalyzed cyclization to provide chiral cyclic carbonates in yields of up to 95 % and with up to 99 % ee. This new synthetic method is proposed to proceed through a nitrene-mediated intramolecular C(sp3 )-H oxygenation which includes an unusual 1,7-hydrogen atom transfer within a ruthenium nitrene intermediate. The method is applicable to the synthesis of non-racemic chiral mono-, di- and trisubstituted cyclic alkylene carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Nie
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Chen‐Xi Ye
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Sergei I. Ivlev
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
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37
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Zhou S, Liu T, Bao X. Direct intermolecular C(sp)–H amidation with dioxazolones via synergistic decatungstate anion photocatalysis and nickel catalysis: A combined experimental and computational study. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Bhagat V, Bettinger HF. Computational Exploration of the Intersystem Crossing from the X̃ 3A 2 to the ã 1A 1 State in Boryl Nitrenes upon Photoexcitation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7660-7666. [PMID: 36254874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The boryl nitrene CatBN (Cat = catecholato) turns highly reactive toward small inert molecules upon irradiation of its triplet ground state X̃3A2 with light of wavelength λ > 550 nm. A computational study of a model boryl nitrene using complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) theory provides evidence for the population of the highly reactive electronic state ã1A1 upon irradiation. Potential energy scans connecting different critical points (minima, minimum energy crossing points, and conical intersections) reveal two possible pathways that could relax photoexcited boryl nitrene from the Franck-Condon region of Ã3B1 to the ã1A1 state minimum. Considering the energy barriers to relaxation from one electronic state to another and the magnitude of spin-orbit couplings, the energetically most favorable pathway involves photoexcitation to Ã3B2, followed by intersystem crossing to the open-shell singlet state (b̃1A2) and internal conversion to ã1A1. The relevant minimum energy crossing point is about 7-8 kcal mol-1 higher in energy than the Franck-Condon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virinder Bhagat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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39
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Pérez-Ruíz J, Pérez PJ, Díaz-Requejo MM. (NHC)M Cores as Catalysts for the Olefin Aziridination Reaction (M = Cu, Ag, Au): Evidencing a Concerted Mechanism for the Nitrene Transfer Process. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pérez-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - M. Mar Díaz-Requejo
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
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40
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Dong X, Shang M, Chen S, Zhang T, Jalani HB, Lu H. Carbonyl-Assisted Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Amination Using 2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl Azide. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13990-14004. [PMID: 36190135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The carbonyl-directed, mono C-H amination of arenes has been achieved using [Cp*Ir(III)Cl2]2 as the catalyst and 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) azide as an aminating reagent. The amination proceeds smoothly with a variety of arylcarbonyl compounds, including alkyl and vinyl arylketones, secondary and tertiary aryl amides, and acetyl indoles. The resulting ortho-TrocNH arylcarbonyl compounds are easily transformed to the corresponding free arylamines, aryl carbamates, or aryl ureas. Taking advantage of the electrophilic nature of both Troc and carbonyl groups in ortho-TrocNH arylcarbonyl compounds, the subsequent cyclization with dinucleophilic reagents has also been demonstrated. This provides an efficient strategy for the construction of aryl-fused N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunqing Dong
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhou Shang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hitesh B Jalani
- Smart BioPharm, 310-Pilotplant, Incheon Techno-Park, 12-Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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41
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Yang X, Hong K, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zhou S, Huang J, Xu X, Hu W. Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction of Two Diazo Compounds and Hyrdroxylamine Derivatives for the Access to Chiral α-Alkoxy-β-amino-carboxylates. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangji Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kemiao Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sujie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhijing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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42
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Capdevila L, Montilla M, Planas O, Brotons A, Salvador P, Martin-Diaconescu V, Parella T, Luis JM, Ribas X. C sp2-H Amination Reactions Mediated by Metastable Pseudo- Oh Masked Aryl-Co III-nitrene Species. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14075-14085. [PMID: 35997604 PMCID: PMC9455280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cobalt-catalyzed C–H amination via M-nitrenoid
species is
spiking the interest of the research community. Understanding this
process at a molecular level is a challenging task, and here we report
a well-defined macrocyclic system featuring a pseudo-Oh aryl-CoIII species that
reacts with aliphatic azides to effect intramolecular Csp2–N bond formation. Strikingly, a putative aryl-Co=NR
nitrenoid intermediate species is formed and is rapidly trapped by
a carboxylate ligand to form a carboxylate masked-nitrene, which functions
as a shortcut to stabilize and guide the reaction to productive intramolecular
Csp2–N bond formation. On one hand, several intermediate
species featuring the Csp2–N bond formed have been
isolated and structurally characterized, and the essential role of
the carboxylate ligand has been proven. Complementarily, a thorough
density functional theory study of the Csp2–N bond
formation mechanism explains at the molecular level the key role of
the carboxylate-masked nitrene species, which is essential to tame
the metastability of the putative aryl-CoIII=NR
nitrene species to effectively yield the Csp2–N
products. The solid molecular mechanistic scheme determined for the
Csp2–N bond forming reaction is fully supported
by both experimental and computation complementary studies. A well-defined pseudo-Oh aryl-CoIII species reacts
with aliphatic azides
to effect intramolecular Csp2−N bond formation via
a carboxylate masked-CoIII-nitrene, which serves as a shortcut
to guide the reaction to productive Csp2−N bond
formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Capdevila
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Montilla
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oriol Planas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Artur Brotons
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de RMN, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
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43
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Qi T, Fang N, Huang W, Chen J, Luo Y, Xia Y. Iron(II)-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer Reaction of Sulfoxides with N-Acyloxyamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:5674-5678. [PMID: 35917256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An iron(II)-catalyzed nitrene transfer reaction of sulfoxides with N-acyloxyamides has been developed, leading to the efficient construction of N-acyl sulfoximines with high functional-group compatibility. The current catalytic transformation was carried out under an air atmosphere at ambient temperature and could be scaled up to gram scale with a catalyst loading of 1 mol %. Application of the methodology was demonstrated by facile C-H acetoxylation and olefination using the N-acyl sulfoximine as the directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Qi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ning Fang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weimin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanshu Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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44
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Pei C, Empel C, Koenigs RM. Visible‐Light‐Induced, Single‐Metal‐Catalyzed, Directed C−H Functionalization: Metal‐Substrate‐Bound Complexes as Light‐Harvesting Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201743. [PMID: 35344253 PMCID: PMC9401074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
C−H functionalization represents one of the most rapidly advancing areas in organic synthesis and is regarded as one of the key concepts to minimize the ecological and economic footprint of organic synthesis. The ubiquity and low reactivity of C−H bonds in organic molecules, however, poses several challenges, and often necessitates harsh reaction conditions to achieve this goal, although it is highly desirable to achieve C−H functionalization reactions under mild conditions. Recently, several reports uncovered a conceptually new approach towards C−H functionalization, where a single transition‐metal complex can be used as both the photosensitizer and catalyst to promote C−H bond functionalization in the absence of an exogeneous photosensitizer. In this Minireview, we will provide an overview on recent achievements in C−H functionalization reactions, with an emphasis on the photochemical modulation of the reaction mechanism using such catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pei
- RWTH Aachen University Institute of Organic Chemistry Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen University Institute of Organic Chemistry Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University Institute of Organic Chemistry Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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45
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Sunagawa S, Morisaki F, Baba T, Tsubouchi A, Yoshimura A, Miyamoto K, Uchiyama M, Saito A. In Situ Generation of N-Triflylimino-λ 3-iodanes: Application to Imidation of Phosphines and Catalytic α-Amidation of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. Org Lett 2022; 24:5230-5234. [PMID: 35822905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the imidation of phosphines and α-amidation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds using N-triflylimino-λ3-iodane, which is generated in situ from iodosylarene and triflylamide without any other additives. Furthermore, the imino-λ3-iodane catalytically generated from an iodoarene precatalyst with oxone and triflylamide promotes α-amidation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, representing the first method catalyzed by imino-λ3-iodane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sunagawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Fumiya Morisaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takafumi Baba
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Akira Tsubouchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, 2-3-1 Kobata, Aomori 030-0943, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Akio Saito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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46
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Combining visible-light induction and copper catalysis for chemo-selective nitrene transfer for late-stage amination of natural products. Commun Chem 2022; 5:79. [PMID: 36697627 PMCID: PMC9814389 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrene transfer chemistry is an effective strategy for introducing C-N bonds, which are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and diverse bioactive natural products. The development of chemical methodology that can functionalize unique sites within natural products through nitrene transfer remains a challenge in the field. Herein, we developed copper catalyzed chemoselective allylic C-H amination and catalyst-free visible-light induced aziridination of alkenes through nitrene transfer. In general, both reactions tolerate a wide range of functional groups and occur with predictable regioselectivity. Furthermore, combination of these two methods enable the intermolecular chemo-selective late-stage amination of biologically active natural products, leading to C-H amination or C=C aziridination products in a tunable way. A series of control experiments indicate two-step radical processes were involved in both reaction systems.
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47
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Donnelly K, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Technology as an Enabler for Innovative Transformations Exploiting Carbenes, Nitrenes, and Benzynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8279-8288. [PMID: 35700424 PMCID: PMC9251729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Miniaturization offered
by microreactors provides for superb reaction
control as well as excellent heat and mass transfer. By performing
chemical reactions in microreactors or tubular systems under continuous
flow conditions, increased safety can be harnessed which allows exploitation
of these technologies for the generation and immediate consumption
of high-energy intermediates. This Synopsis demonstrates the use of
flow technology to effectively exploit benzynes, carbenes, and nitrenes
in synthetic chemistry programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2 Dublin, Ireland
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48
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Rodríguez AM, Pérez-Ruíz J, Molina F, Poveda A, Pérez-Soto R, Maseras F, Díaz-Requejo MM, Pérez PJ. Introducing the Catalytic Amination of Silanes via Nitrene Insertion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10608-10614. [PMID: 35648453 PMCID: PMC9490852 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
direct functionalization
of Si–H bonds by the nitrene
insertion methodology is described. A copper(I) complex bearing a
trispyrazolylborate ligand catalyzes the transfer of a nitrene group
from PhI=NTs to the Si–H bond of silanes, disilanes,
and siloxanes, leading to the exclusive formation of Si–NH
moieties in the first example of this transformation. The process
tolerates other functionalities in the substrate such as several C–H
bonds and alkyne and alkene moieties directly bonded to the silicon
center. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide a mechanistic
interpretation consisting of a Si–H homolytic cleavage and
subsequent rebound to the Si-centered radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel M Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Francisco Molina
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Ana Poveda
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Soto
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Mar Díaz-Requejo
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro J Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
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49
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Mishra DR, Panda BS, Nayak S, Panda J, Mohapatra S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of 5‐Membered
N
‐Heterocycles via Rhodium Catalysed Cascade Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak R. Mishra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Bhabani S. Panda
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Sabita Nayak
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Jasmine Panda
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Seetaram Mohapatra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
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50
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D'Auria M, Racioppi R, Viggiani L. Regioselectivity of [3+2] Cycloadditions of Heteroaryl Azides and Ethyl‐Vinyl Ether. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Department of Science Università della Basilicata V.le dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Rocco Racioppi
- Department of Science Università della Basilicata V.le dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Licia Viggiani
- Department of Science Università della Basilicata V.le dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 Potenza 85100
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