1
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Chen Z, Song G, Qi L, Gunasekar R, Aïssa C, Robertson C, Steiner A, Xue D, Xiao J. Reductive Transamination of Pyridinium Salts to N-Aryl Piperidines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9352-9359. [PMID: 38872240 PMCID: PMC11232014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocycles are found in numerous bioactive natural products and are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. While there are many methods for their synthesis, each has its limitations, such as scope and functional group tolerance. Herein, we describe a rhodium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of pyridinium salts to access N-(hetero)aryl piperidines. The reaction proceeds via a reductive transamination process, involving the initial formation of a dihydropyridine intermediate via reduction of the pyridinium ion with HCOOH, which is intercepted by water and then hydrolyzed. Subsequent reductive amination with an exogenous (hetero)aryl amine affords an N-(hetero)aryl piperidine. This reductive transamination method thus allows for access of N-(hetero)aryl piperidines from readily available pyridine derivatives, expanding the toolbox of dearomatization and skeletal editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Geyang Song
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education
and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Leiming Qi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | | | - Christophe Aïssa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Craig Robertson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Alexander Steiner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Dong Xue
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education
and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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2
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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3
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Ju G, Li Y, Zhao Y. Organic photoredox-catalyzed oxidative azolation of unactivated fluoroarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6503-6508. [PMID: 37540014 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Inexpensive and commercially available 2,4,6-triphenylpyrrolium tetrafluoroborate (TPT) is used as an organic photocatalyst for the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of unactivated fluoroarenes with pyrazole derivatives (SNAr) to form azole arenes. The use of organic photoredox catalysis enables the easy operation of this method under mild conditions. Various fluorinated aromatic compounds are suitable electrophiles for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ju
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Yalong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, P. R. China
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4
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Yue WK, Zhang T, Shandre Mugan R, Barlow N, Chalmers DK, Pouton CW, Thompson PE. Targeting Melanocortin Receptors Using S NAr-Type Macrocyclization: A Doubly Orthogonal Route to Cyclic Peptide Conjugates. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3273-3283. [PMID: 36808973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
While a range of strategies exist to accomplish peptide macrocyclization, they are frequently limited by the need for orthogonal protection or provide little opportunity for structural diversification. We have evaluated an efficient macrocyclization method that employs nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) to create thioether macrocycles. This versatile macrocyclization, orthogonal to conventional peptide synthesis, can be performed in solution on unprotected peptidomimetics or on resin-bound peptides with side-chain protection in place. We show that the electron-withdrawing groups present in the products can be further utilized in subsequent orthogonal reactions to alter the peptide properties or to add prosthetic groups. The macrocyclization strategy was applied to the design of melanocortin ligands, generating a library of potent melanocortin agonists that exhibit distinct subtype selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao K Yue
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tianxia Zhang
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Rekha Shandre Mugan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David K Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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5
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Matsuura A, Ano Y, Chatani N. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of non-activated aryl fluorides with aliphatic amides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9898-9901. [PMID: 35975693 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02999e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions of non-activated aryl fluorides with amide enolates are reported. The reaction proceeds under relatively mild reaction conditions. Lactams also participate in the reaction to give 2-arylated lactams. DFT calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds through a concerted SNAr pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Matsuura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Ano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. .,Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Zeng H, Li H, Li C, Jiang H, Zhu C. Bond Energy Enabled Amines Distinguishing: Chemo-, Regioselective 1,3-Diamination of (Trifluoromethyl)alkenes with Different Amines by Two C(sp3)-F Bonds Cleavage. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01849c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The methods to distinguish different amines are rarely investigated. In this manuscript, a bond energy enabled amines distinguishing strategy is reported. With (trifluoromethyl)alkenes as linchpins, a chemo-, regioselective three-component defluorinative...
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7
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Fischer NH, Fumi E, Oliveira MT, Thulstrup PW, Diness F. Tuning peptide structure and function through fluorobenzene stapling. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103788. [PMID: 34897848 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are promising next-generation therapeutics with improved biological stability and activity. A catalyst-free stapling method for cysteine-containing peptides was developed. This enables fine-tuning of the macrocycle by using the appropriate regioisomers of fluorobenzene linkers. Stapling was performed on the unprotected linear peptide or, more conveniently, directly on-resin after peptide synthesis. NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism studies demonstrate that the type of stapling can tune the secondary structures of the peptides. The method was applied to a set of potential agonists for melanocortin receptors, generating a library of macrocyclic potent ligands with ortho , meta or para relationships between the thioethers. Their small but significant difference in potency and efficacy demonstrates how the method allows facile fine-tuning of macrocyclic peptides towards biological targets from the same linear precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Fumi
- University of Copenhagen: Kobenhavns Universitet, Department of Chemistry, DENMARK
| | | | - Peter W Thulstrup
- University of Copenhagen: Kobenhavns Universitet, Department of Chemistry, DENMARK
| | - Frederik Diness
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Universitetsparken 5, DK2100, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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8
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Dou Q, Lang Y, Zeng H, Li CJ. Photoinduced transition-metal and external photosensitizer free phosphonation of unactivated C(sp2)–F bond via SET process under mild conditions. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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9
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Xu W, Zhang Q, Shao Q, Xia C, Wu M. Photocatalytic C−F Bond Activation of Fluoroarenes,
gem
‐Difluoroalkenes and Trifluoromethylarenes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Xu
- College of New Energy China University of Petroleum China East 266580 Qingdao P. R. China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum (China East) 266580 Qingdao P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum (China East) 266580 Qingdao P. R. China
| | - Congjian Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum (China East) 266580 Qingdao P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- College of New Energy China University of Petroleum China East 266580 Qingdao P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum (China East) 266580 Qingdao P. R. China
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10
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Abstract
AbstractThe unique properties of fluorine-containing organic compounds make fluorine substitution attractive for the development of pharmaceuticals and various specialty materials, which have inspired the evolution of diverse C-F bond activation techniques. Although many advances have been made in functionalizations of activated C-F bonds utilizing transition metal complexes, there are fewer approaches available for nonactivated C-F bonds due to the difficulty in oxidative addition of transition metals to the inert C-F bonds. In this regard, using Lewis acid to abstract the fluoride and light/radical initiator to generate the radical intermediate have emerged as powerful tools for activating those inert C-F bonds. Meanwhile, these transition-metal-free processes are greener, economical, and for the pharmaceutical industry, without heavy metal residues. This review provides an overview of recent C-F bond activations and functionalizations under transition-metal-free conditions. The key mechanisms involved are demonstrated and discussed in detail. Finally, a brief discussion on the existing limitations of this field and our perspective are presented.
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11
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Oeser P, Koudelka J, Petrenko A, Tobrman T. Recent Progress Concerning the N-Arylation of Indoles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165079. [PMID: 34443667 PMCID: PMC8402097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art procedures in terms of the preparation of N-arylindoles. After a short introduction, the transition-metal-free procedures available for the N-arylation of indoles are briefly discussed. Then, the nickel-catalyzed and palladium-catalyzed N-arylation of indoles are both discussed. In the next section, copper-catalyzed procedures for the N-arylation of indoles are described. The final section focuses on recent findings in the field of biologically active N-arylindoles.
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12
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Feofanov M, Akhmetov V, Takayama R, Amsharov K. Transition-metal free synthesis of N-aryl carbazoles and their extended analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7172-7175. [PMID: 34369949 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00940k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a facile synthesis of N-arylated carbazoles via ladderization of fluorinated oligophenylenes. The reaction consists of two subsequent nucleophilic substitutions triggered by an electronic transfer from dimsyl anions. The reaction allows the effective one-pot formation of at least six C-N bonds with pronounced selectivity to the C-F bond placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Feofanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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13
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Kwak JP, Quang Dao PD, Yoon NS, Cho CS. Microwave-assisted green construction of imidazole-fused hybrid scaffolds using 2-aminobenzimidazoles as building blocks. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21367-21374. [PMID: 35478827 PMCID: PMC9034102 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04396j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of trinuclear imidazole-fused hybrid scaffolds was constructed by the reaction of 2-(2-bromoaryl)- and 2-(2-bromovinyl)imidazoles with 2-aminobenzimidazoles as building blocks in the presence of a base under microwave irradiation. A nucleophilic aromatic substitution followed by cyclization is proposed as a reaction pathway of this green process. A green synthesis of trinuclear imidazole-fused hybrid scaffolds has been developed by transition metal-free double C(sp2)–N coupling and cyclization of 2-(2-bromoaryl)- and 2-(2-bromovinyl)imidazoles with 2-aminobenzimidazoles as building blocks under microwave irradiation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Pyo Kwak
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Duy Quang Dao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Sik Yoon
- Department of Textile System Engineering, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Sik Cho
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
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14
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Dao PDQ, Cho CS. Synthesis of Trinuclear Benzimidazole‐Fused Hybrid Scaffolds by Transition Metal‐Free Tandem C(sp
2
)−N Bond Formation under Microwave Irradiation. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pham Duy Quang Dao
- Department of Applied Chemistry Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Sik Cho
- Department of Applied Chemistry Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
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15
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Kumar Y, Ila H. Synthesis of Substituted Benzo[b]thiophenes via Base-Promoted Domino Condensation–Intramolecular C–S Bond Formation. Org Lett 2021; 23:1698-1702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Kumar
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Hiriyakkanavar Ila
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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16
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You Z, Higashida K, Iwai T, Sawamura M. Phosphinylation of Non‐activated Aryl Fluorides through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution at the Boundary of Concerted and Stepwise Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng You
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Kosuke Higashida
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iwai
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Masaya Sawamura
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
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17
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You Z, Higashida K, Iwai T, Sawamura M. Phosphinylation of Non‐activated Aryl Fluorides through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution at the Boundary of Concerted and Stepwise Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5778-5782. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng You
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Kosuke Higashida
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iwai
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Masaya Sawamura
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
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18
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Li Y, Huang S, Li J, Li J, Ji X, Liu J, Chen L, Peng S, Zhang K. Access to 2-pyridinylamide and imidazopyridine from 2-fluoropyridine and amidine hydrochloride. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9292-9299. [PMID: 33164006 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01904f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Under catalyst-free conditions, an efficient method to synthesize 2-pyridinylamides has been developed, and the protocol uses inexpensive and readily available 2-fluoropyridine and amidine derivatives as the starting materials. Simultaneously, the copper-catalysed approach to imidazopyridine derivatives has been established with high chemoselectivity and regiospecificity. The results suggest that the nitrogen-heterocycles containing iodide substituents can also be compatible for the reaction via the cascade Ullmann-type coupling, and the nucleophilic substitution reaction provides the target products in a one-pot manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.
| | - Shuo Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.
| | - Jiaming Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.
| | - Jian Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.
| | - Xiaoliang Ji
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.
| | - Jiasheng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.
| | - Shiyong Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.
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19
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Takeda M, Nagao K, Ohmiya H. Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling by Using Tertiary Benzylic Organoboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22460-22464. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Takeda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- JST PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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20
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Pistritto VA, Schutzbach-Horton ME, Nicewicz DA. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Unactivated Fluoroarenes Enabled by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17187-17194. [PMID: 32986412 PMCID: PMC7720250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is a classical reaction with well-known reactivity toward electron-poor fluoroarenes. However, electron-neutral and electron-rich fluoro(hetero)arenes are considerably underrepresented. Herein, we present a method for the nucleophilic defluorination of unactivated fluoroarenes enabled by cation radical-accelerated nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The use of organic photoredox catalysis renders this method operationally simple under mild conditions and is amenable to various nucleophile classes, including azoles, amines, and carboxylic acids. Select fluorinated heterocycles can be functionalized using this method. In addition, the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals is also presented. Computational studies demonstrate that the site selectivity of the reaction is dictated by arene electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Pistritto
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Megan E Schutzbach-Horton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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21
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Quang Dao PD, Cho CS. Construction of Binuclear Benzimidazole-Fused Quinazolinones and Pyrimidinones Using Aryl Isocyanates as Building Blocks by Transition-Metal-Free C(sp 2)-N Coupling. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13354-13362. [PMID: 33016702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A class of binuclear N-fused hybrid scaffolds was constructed by the reaction of 2-(2-bromoaryl)- and 2-(2-bromovinyl)benzimidazoles with aryl isocyanates as building blocks in the presence of a base under microwave irradiation. A nucleophilic addition followed by an unprecedented transition-metal-free C(sp2)-N coupling is proposed as a reaction pathway of this green process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Duy Quang Dao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Sik Cho
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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22
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Takeda M, Nagao K, Ohmiya H. Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling by Using Tertiary Benzylic Organoboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Takeda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- JST PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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23
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Evaluating the electronic properties of ditopic and hetero-ditopic ligands derived from benzimidazole and pyrazole by 13C NMR spectroscopy. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Wróbel TM, Rogova O, Andersen KL, Yadav R, Brixius-Anderko S, Scott EE, Olsen L, Jørgensen FS, Björkling F. Discovery of Novel Non-Steroidal Cytochrome P450 17A1 Inhibitors as Potential Prostate Cancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144868. [PMID: 32660148 PMCID: PMC7402352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study presents the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) ligands. CYP17A1 is a key enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway that produces androgens among other steroids, and it is implicated in prostate cancer. The obtained compounds are potent enzyme inhibitors (sub µM) with antiproliferative activity in prostate cancer cell lines. The binding mode of these compounds is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Wróbel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.R.); (L.O.); (F.S.J.); (F.B.)
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-814-487-273
| | - Oksana Rogova
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.R.); (L.O.); (F.S.J.); (F.B.)
| | - Kasper L. Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (R.Y.); (S.B.-A.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Simone Brixius-Anderko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (R.Y.); (S.B.-A.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Emily E. Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (R.Y.); (S.B.-A.); (E.E.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Lars Olsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.R.); (L.O.); (F.S.J.); (F.B.)
- Protein Engineering, Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.R.); (L.O.); (F.S.J.); (F.B.)
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (O.R.); (L.O.); (F.S.J.); (F.B.)
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25
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Zhu X, Zhang F, Kuang D, Deng G, Yang Y, Yu J, Liang Y. K2S as Sulfur Source and DMSO as Carbon Source for the Synthesis of 2-Unsubstituted Benzothiazoles. Org Lett 2020; 22:3789-3793. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Metal−Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Universities Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan 421008, China
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Fuxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Metal−Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Universities Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan 421008, China
| | - Daizhi Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Metal−Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Universities Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan 421008, China
| | - Guobo Deng
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Jiangxi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Metal−Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Universities Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan 421008, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
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26
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Begunov RS, Fakhrutdinov AN, Sokolov AA. Recyclization‐Isomerization in the Reduction of 1‐(2‐Nitro(het)aryl)benzimidazoles. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman S. Begunov
- Department of ChemistryP. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University 14 ul.Sovetskaya Yaroslavl 150003 Russian Federation
| | - Artyom N. Fakhrutdinov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 47 LeninskyProsp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr A. Sokolov
- Department of ChemistryP. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University 14 ul.Sovetskaya Yaroslavl 150003 Russian Federation
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27
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Kang QK, Lin Y, Li Y, Shi H. Ru(II)-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Fluorides via η 6-Coordination. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3706-3711. [PMID: 32039590 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We developed a Ru/hemilabile-ligand-catalyzed nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of aryl fluorides as the limiting reagents. Significant ligand enhancement was demonstrated by the engagement of both electron-rich and neutral arenes in the SNAr amination without using excess arenes. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the nucleophilic substitution proceeds on a η6-complex of the Ru catalyst and the substrate, and the hemilabile ligand facilitates dissociation of products from the metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Kai Kang
- Institute of Natural Sciences , Westlake Institute for Advanced Study , 18 Shilongshan Road , Hangzhou 310024 , Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science , Westlake University , 18 Shilongshan Road , Hangzhou 310024 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yunzhi Lin
- Institute of Natural Sciences , Westlake Institute for Advanced Study , 18 Shilongshan Road , Hangzhou 310024 , Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science , Westlake University , 18 Shilongshan Road , Hangzhou 310024 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yuntong Li
- Institute of Natural Sciences , Westlake Institute for Advanced Study , 18 Shilongshan Road , Hangzhou 310024 , Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science , Westlake University , 18 Shilongshan Road , Hangzhou 310024 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Hang Shi
- Institute of Natural Sciences , Westlake Institute for Advanced Study , 18 Shilongshan Road , Hangzhou 310024 , Zhejiang , China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science , Westlake University , 18 Shilongshan Road , Hangzhou 310024 , Zhejiang , China
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28
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Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic S N Ar Reactions of Unactivated Aryl Fluorides at Ambient Temperature and Without Base. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:658-662. [PMID: 31583795 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrophotocatalytic SN Ar reaction of unactivated aryl fluorides at ambient temperature without strong base is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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29
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Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic S
N
Ar Reactions of Unactivated Aryl Fluorides at Ambient Temperature and Without Base. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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30
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Patil BN, Lade JJ, Pardeshi SD, Patil P, Chaskar AC. Polyethylene‐Glycol‐ (PEG‐400) Mediated Environmentally Benign Protocol for the Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines from Benzyl Amines at Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhausaheb N. Patil
- National Centre for Nanosciences and NanotechnologyUniversity of Mumbai, VidyanagariKalina Campus, Santacruz (East) Mumbai- 400098, Maharashtra India
| | - Jatin J. Lade
- National Centre for Nanosciences and NanotechnologyUniversity of Mumbai, VidyanagariKalina Campus, Santacruz (East) Mumbai- 400098, Maharashtra India
| | - Sachin D. Pardeshi
- National Centre for Nanosciences and NanotechnologyUniversity of Mumbai, VidyanagariKalina Campus, Santacruz (East) Mumbai- 400098, Maharashtra India
| | - Prashant Patil
- VERT Chemmie, Naupada, Thane (W) 400602 Maharashtra India
| | - Atul C. Chaskar
- National Centre for Nanosciences and NanotechnologyUniversity of Mumbai, VidyanagariKalina Campus, Santacruz (East) Mumbai- 400098, Maharashtra India
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31
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Kumar Y, Ila H. Domino Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzothiazoles by Base-Promoted Intramolecular C–S Bond Formation. Org Lett 2019; 21:7863-7867. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Kumar
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Hiriyakkanavar Ila
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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32
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Annareddygari S, Kasireddy VR, Reddy J. Transition‐metal‐free
N
‐arylation: A general approach to aza‐fused poly‐heteroaromatics. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Annareddygari
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological UniversityCollege of Engineering Hyderabad 500085 India
- Department of Research and DevelopmentDr. JCR BIO‐SCEIENCES PRIVATE LIMITED Plot NO‐79/80, Chengicherla Village, Cherlapalli Phase III Industrial Park Hyderabad 500039 India
| | - Venkateshwer Reddy Kasireddy
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological UniversityCollege of Engineering Hyderabad 500085 India
- Department of Chemistry, CMR Engineering CollegeJawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad 501401 India
| | - Jayachandra Reddy
- Department of Research and DevelopmentDr. JCR BIO‐SCEIENCES PRIVATE LIMITED Plot NO‐79/80, Chengicherla Village, Cherlapalli Phase III Industrial Park Hyderabad 500039 India
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33
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Matsumura M, Kitamura Y, Yamauchi A, Kanazawa Y, Murata Y, Hyodo T, Yamaguchi K, Yasuike S. Synthesis of benzo[ d]imidazo[2,1- b]benzoselenoazoles: Cs 2CO 3-mediated cyclization of 1-(2-bromoaryl)benzimidazoles with selenium. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2029-2035. [PMID: 31501670 PMCID: PMC6720659 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of benzimidazo[2,1-b]benzoselenoazoles is described. The novel ring-closure reaction of 1-(2-bromoaryl)benzimidazoles with Se powder is promoted by Cs2CO3 (2 equiv) in DMF at 150 °C. Moreover, the obtained tetracyclic heterocycles are all novel compounds. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of the parent benzimidazo[2,1-b]benzoselenoazole revealed that the tetracyclic ring is almost planar. Absorption spectroscopy data of the benzimidazo[2,1-b]benzoselenoazoles showed the λmax was dependent on the number of rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Matsumura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Arisa Yamauchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kanazawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hyodo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamaguchi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Shuji Yasuike
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
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34
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Leung MP, Choy PY, Lai WI, Gan KB, Kwong FY. Facile Assembly of Carbazolyl-Derived Phosphine Ligands and Their Applications in Palladium-Catalyzed Sterically Hindered Arylation Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Pan Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Pui Ying Choy
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wing In Lai
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kin Boon Gan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Fuk Yee Kwong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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35
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Mao J, Wang Z, Xu X, Liu G, Jiang R, Guan H, Zheng Z, Walsh PJ. Synthesis of Indoles through Domino Reactions of 2‐Fluorotoluenes and Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Zhiting Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Runsheng Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Haixing Guan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zheng
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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36
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Mao J, Wang Z, Xu X, Liu G, Jiang R, Guan H, Zheng Z, Walsh PJ. Synthesis of Indoles through Domino Reactions of 2-Fluorotoluenes and Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11033-11038. [PMID: 31062472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoles are essential heterocycles in medicinal chemistry, and therefore, novel and efficient approaches to their synthesis are in high demand. Among indoles, 2-aryl indoles have been described as privileged scaffolds. Advanced herein is a straightforward, practical, and transition-metal-free assembly of 2-aryl indoles. Simply combining readily available 2-fluorotoluenes, nitriles, LiN(SiMe3 )2 , and CsF enables the generation of a diverse array of indoles (38 examples, 48-92 % yield). A range of substituents can be introduced into each position of the indole backbone (C4 to C7, and aryl groups at C2), providing handles for further elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhiting Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Runsheng Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Haixing Guan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zheng
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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37
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Base-Promoted SNAr Reactions of Fluoro- and Chloroarenes as a Route to N-Aryl Indoles and Carbazoles. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061145. [PMID: 30909464 PMCID: PMC6470585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KOH/DMSO-promoted C-N bond formation via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) between chloroarenes or fluoroarenes with indoles and carbazole under transition metal-free conditions affording the corresponding N-arylated indoles and carbazoles has been developed.
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38
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García-Valle FM, Tabernero V, Cuenca T, Mosquera MEG, Cano J. Intramolecular C–F Activation in Schiff-Base Alkali Metal Complexes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. García-Valle
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Vanessa Tabernero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Tomás Cuenca
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Marta E. G. Mosquera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jesús Cano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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39
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Aoki Y, O'Brien HM, Kawasaki H, Takaya H, Nakamura M. Ligand-Free Iron-Catalyzed C-F Amination of Diarylamines: A One-Pot Regioselective Synthesis of Diaryl Dihydrophenazines. Org Lett 2019; 21:461-464. [PMID: 30628796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot synthesis of various 5,10-diaryl-5,10-dihydrophenazines (DADHPs) from diarylamines has been achieved by using an iron-catalyzed C-F amination. Homodimerization of magnesium diarylamides, followed by defluorinative intramolecular cyclization (double ortho C-F amination) in the presence of catalytic FeCl2 and stoichiometric 1,2-dibromoethane, affords the corresponding DADHPs with complete regiocontrol. The unique high reactivity of fluorine over other halogens indicates that amination proceeds via an SNAr mechanism facilitated by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Aoki
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Harry M O'Brien
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Hiroto Kawasaki
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakamura
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan.,Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
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40
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Niu XX, Xu QC, Li AZ, Li YJ, Zhang XT, Zhang Y, Xing GW. A BODIPY-carbazole hybrid as a fluorescent probe: the design, synthesis, and discrimination of surfactants and the determination of the CMC values. Analyst 2019; 144:6866-6870. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01940e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent probe (BDP-Zn2+) was developed to efficiently discriminate four kinds of surfactants and determine the CMC values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-xiao Niu
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Qin-chao Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - An-zhen Li
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yang-jie Li
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xiao-tai Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials
| | - Guo-wen Xing
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
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41
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Yang C, Zhang F, Deng GJ, Gong H. Amination of Aromatic Halides and Exploration of the Reactivity Sequence of Aromatic Halides. J Org Chem 2018; 84:181-190. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, The Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guo-Jun Deng
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, The Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Hang Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, The Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105 China
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42
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Xu H, Sun L, Song C. Base‐MediatedN‐Arylation for the Synthesis of 9H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indol‐9‐ones and 10H‐Indolo[1,2‐a]indol‐10‐ones. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201800195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Li Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- Huanghe Science and Technology College Zhengzhou 450063 P. R. China
| | - Chuanjun Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
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43
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Bejan D, Bahrin LG, Shova S, Sardaru M, Clima L, Nicolescu A, Marangoci N, Lozan V, Janiak C. Spontaneous resolution of non-centrosymmetric coordination polymers of zinc(II) with achiral imidazole-biphenyl-carboxylate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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44
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Ji X, Li J, Wu M, Cao S. Facile Synthesis of 3-Arylindenes by HMPA-Promoted Direct Arylation of Indenes with Aryl Fluorides. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10099-10106. [PMID: 31459139 PMCID: PMC6645374 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient approach to 3-arylated indenes by reactions of indenes with unactivated fluoroarenes with the assistance of lithium diisopropylamide and hexamethylphosphoramide at room temperature was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfei Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East
China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East
China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingsheng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East
China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Song Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East
China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
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45
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Ponduri R, Kumar P, Vadali LRAO, Modugu NR. Water‐PEG‐400 Mediated an Efficient One‐Pot Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Functionalized Isoxazole Substituted Chromeno[2, 3‐
b
]pyridine‐3‐carboxylate Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekhar Ponduri
- Mylan Laboratories Limited, Bollaram, Jinnaram (Mandal), Medak, (Dist), Hyderabad, Telangana State India
- JNTU−H College of Engineering, CCST, IST, Kukatpally Hyderabad-500085, Telangana State India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- JNTU−H College of Engineering, CCST, IST, Kukatpally Hyderabad-500085, Telangana State India
| | - Lakshmana RAO Vadali
- Mylan Laboratories Limited, Bollaram, Jinnaram (Mandal), Medak, (Dist), Hyderabad, Telangana State India
| | - Nagi Reddy Modugu
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry (CSIR)Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India
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46
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Embaby AM, Schoffelen S, Kofoed C, Meldal M, Diness F. Rational Tuning of Fluorobenzene Probes for Cysteine‐Selective Protein Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Embaby
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Sanne Schoffelen
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian Kofoed
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Frederik Diness
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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47
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Embaby AM, Schoffelen S, Kofoed C, Meldal M, Diness F. Rational Tuning of Fluorobenzene Probes for Cysteine‐Selective Protein Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8022-8026. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Embaby
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Sanne Schoffelen
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian Kofoed
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Morten Meldal
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Frederik Diness
- Center for Evolutionary Chemical BiologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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48
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Diness F, Bjerrum NJ, Begtrup M. Synthesis and stability of strongly acidic benzamide derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:523-530. [PMID: 29623113 PMCID: PMC5852525 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivity studies of strong organic acids based on the replacement of one or both of the oxygens in benzoic acids with the trifluoromethanesulfonamide group are reported. Novel derivatives of these types of acids were synthesized in good yields. The generated N-triflylbenzamides were further functionalized through cross-coupling and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. All compounds were stable in dilute aqueous solutions. Studies of stability under acidic and basic conditions are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Diness
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels J Bjerrum
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, room 042, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Begtrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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49
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50
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Tonge CM, Sauvé ER, Paisley NR, Heyes JE, Hudson ZM. Polymerization of acrylates based on n-type organic semiconductors using Cu(0)-RDRP. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three acrylic monomers have been prepared based on organic semiconductor motifs commonly used as n-type materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and polymerized by Cu(0)-RDRP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethan R. Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Nathan R. Paisley
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Jordan E. Heyes
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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