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Shiozaki T, Vlaisavljevich B. Computational Spectroscopy of the Cr-Cr Bond in Coordination Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19219-19225. [PMID: 34883014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the accurate computational vibrational analysis of the Cr-Cr bond in dichromium complexes using second-order multireference complete active space methods (CASPT2), allowing direct comparison with experimental spectroscopic data both to facilitate interpreting the low-energy region of the spectra and to provide insights into the nature of the bonds themselves. Recent technological development by the authors has realized such computation for the first time. Accurate simulation of the vibrational structure of these compounds has been hampered by their notorious multiconfigurational electronic structure that yields bond distances that do not correlate with bond order. Some measured Cr-Cr vibrational stretching modes, ν(Cr2), have suggested weaker bonding, even for so-called ultrashort Cr-Cr bonds, while others are in line with the bond distance. Here, we optimize geometries and compute ν(Cr2) with CASPT2 for three well-characterized complexes, Cr2(O2CCH3)4(H2O)2, Cr2(mhp)4, and Cr2(dmp)4. We obtain CASPT2 harmonic ν(Cr2) modes in good agreement with experiment at 282 cm-1 for Cr2(mhp)4 and 353 cm-1 for Cr2(dmp)4, compute 50Cr and 54Cr isotope shifts, and demonstrate that the use of the so-called IPEA shift leads to improved Cr-Cr distances. Additionally, normal mode sampling was used to estimate anharmonicity along ν(Cr2), leading to an anharmonic mode of 272 cm-1 for Cr2(mhp)4 and 333 cm-1 for Cr2(dmp)4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Shiozaki
- Quantum Simulation Technologies, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
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2
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Sun L. Density Functional Theory Study of Ultrashort Metal−Metal Distances in Diberyllium Complexes Bearing Carbene Ligands. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation East China University of Technology Nanchang 330013 China
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3
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Francisco MAS, Fantuzzi F, Cardozo TM, Esteves PM, Engels B, Oliveira RR. Taming the Antiferromagnetic Beast: Computational Design of Ultrashort Mn-Mn Bonds Stabilized by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:12126-12136. [PMID: 34114702 PMCID: PMC8456913 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of complexes featuring low-valent, multiply bonded metal centers is an exciting field with several potential applications. In this work, we describe the design principles and extensive computational investigation of new organometallic platforms featuring the elusive manganese-manganese bond stabilized by experimentally realized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). By using DFT computations benchmarked against multireference calculations, as well as MO- and VB-based bonding analyses, we could disentangle the various electronic and structural effects contributing to the thermodynamic and kinetic stability, as well as the experimental feasibility, of the systems. In particular, we explored the nature of the metal-carbene interaction and the role of the ancillary η6 coordination to the generation of Mn2 systems featuring ultrashort metal-metal bonds, closed-shell singlet multiplicities, and positive adiabatic singlet-triplet gaps. Our analysis identifies two distinct classes of viable synthetic targets, whose electrostructural properties are thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A. S. Francisco
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Straße 4297074WürzburgGermany
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Thiago M. Cardozo
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Pierre M. Esteves
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Straße 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ricardo R. Oliveira
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroAv. Athos da Silveira Ramos 14921941909Rio de JaneiroBrazil
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4
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Wedal JC, Windorff CJ, Huh DN, Ryan AJ, Ziller JW, Evans WJ. Structural variations in cyclopentadienyl uranium(III) iodide complexes. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1856824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cory J. Windorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniel N. Huh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Austin J. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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5
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Nakagaki M, Nakatani N, Sakaki S. How to understand very weak Cr-Cr double bonds and negative spin populations in trinuclear Cr complexes: theoretical insight. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22976-22989. [PMID: 31599298 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03645h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trinuclear Cr(ii) complex [Cr3(dpa)4Cl2] 1 (Hdpa = dipyridylamine) has two Cr-Cr double bonds linked with each other. DMRG-CASPT2 calculations reproduced its symmetrical structure. The Cr-Cr effective bond order (EBO) was evaluated to be only 0.59 based on the density matrix based on localized orbitals from DMRG-CASSCF orbitals. The CASCI calculations showed a significantly large α-spin population on the terminal Cr atoms as expected but a significantly large β-spin population on the central Cr atom against expectations. The very small EBO and the presence of a large β-spin population are not consistent with the simple understanding that 1 has two Cr-Cr double bonds and a quintet ground state, which requests correct understanding of 1 from the viewpoint of chemical bond theory. Comparison of 1 with the allene molecule and allyl radical disclosed that the linked Cr-Cr bonds of 1 resembled the C-C bond of the allyl radical but completely differed from the linked C-C double bonds of allene despite the similar molecular structure. Its N3 analogue [Cr3(dpa)4(N3)2] 2 has non-symmetrical structure with shorter Cr1-Cr2 and longer Cr2-Cr3 bonds unlike 1, indicating that 2 is a valence tautomer of 1. DMRG-CASPT2 could reproduce its non-symmetrical structure but DFT/B3PW91 could not. In 2, the EBO is 0.95 for the shorter Cr1-Cr2 bond and 0.47 for the longer Cr2-Cr3 one. The terminal Cr3 has a very large α spin population, and the other terminal Cr1 has a somewhat large α spin population, but the central Cr2 has a considerably large β spin population. These results indicate that the Cr1-Cr2 bond conjugates with the Cr2-Cr3 bond, which is inconsistent with the simple understanding that 2 has a quadruple bond between Cr1 and Cr2 and no bond between Cr2 and Cr3. The symmetrical structure has a stronger Cr-X coordinate bond (X = Cl or N3) but less stable Cr3 core than does the non-symmetrical one. The relative stabilities of the symmetrical and the non-symmetrical structures are determined by the balance between stabilization energies from the Cr3 core and the Cr-X coordinate bond. All these findings show that electronic structures and Cr-Cr bonds of 1 and 2 are interesting from the viewpoint of molecular science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakagaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
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6
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Huang GT, Yu JSK. Analyses on Molecular Properties of the Diamidinate Cr I-Cr I Complex by Multireference and DFT Approaches. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7803-7813. [PMID: 31424207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The model system of the diamidinate CrI-CrI complex is investigated by wave function theory (WFT) and Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT). The multireference perturbation theory (RASPT2) estimates a stabilization energy of ca. 20 kcal mol-1 for the δ bonding. The multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) with the ftPBE functional well predicts the singlet energy curve comparable to the RASPT2 level. For the KS-DFT scheme based on a single determinant, seven functionals including BP86, BLYP, PBE, B3LYP, M06-L, M06, and ωB97X-D are assessed: two types of functionals are classified according to the nature of the restricted and broken symmetry potential energy curves. The broken symmetry scheme with the type I functionals can give good results for the energy curve in agreement with the multireference calculations. In regard to the metal-metal bonding, the restricted KS-DFT calculations performed by all of the seven functionals yield inferior description due to the lack of significant multiconfigurational character. The Mayer bond order, the electron localization function, and electron density predicted by the broken symmetry formalism with the type II functionals are consistent with those obtained with the multireference theory.
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7
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Yen C, Lin Y, Hsueh H, Shieh Y, Wu P, Kuo T, Tsai Y. Chromium to chromium quintuple bonds in a trigonal lantern configuration. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Hsu Yen
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Deng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Hsiang‐Wen Hsueh
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yun‐Jen Shieh
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Fang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Ting‐Shen Kuo
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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8
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Moore JT, Chatterjee S, Tarrago M, Clouston LJ, Sproules S, Bill E, Bernales V, Gagliardi L, Ye S, Lancaster KM, Lu CC. Enhanced Fe-Centered Redox Flexibility in Fe-Ti Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6199-6214. [PMID: 30957996 PMCID: PMC6727590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Previously, we reported the synthesis
of Ti[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3] and
the Fe–Ti complex, FeTi[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3], abbreviated as TiL (1), and FeTiL
(2), respectively. Herein, we describe the synthesis
and characterization of the complete redox families of the monometallic
Ti and Fe–Ti compounds. Cyclic voltammetry studies on FeTiL
reveal both reduction and oxidation processes at −2.16 and
−1.36 V (versus Fc/Fc+), respectively. Two isostructural
redox members, [FeTiL]+ and [FeTiL]− (2ox and 2red, respectively)
were synthesized and characterized, along with BrFeTiL (2-Br) and the monometallic [TiL]+ complex (1ox). The solid-state structures of the [FeTiL]+/0/– series feature short metal–metal bonds, ranging from 1.94–2.38
Å, which are all shorter than the sum of the Ti and Fe single-bond
metallic radii (cf. 2.49 Å). To elucidate the bonding and electronic
structures, the complexes were characterized with a host of spectroscopic
methods, including NMR, EPR, and 57Fe Mössbauer,
as well as Ti and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). These
studies, along with hybrid density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent
DFT calculations, suggest that the redox processes in the isostructural
[FeTiL]+,0,– series are primarily Fe-based and that
the polarized Fe–Ti π-bonds play a role in delocalizing
some of the additional electron density from Fe to Ti (net 13%). An isostructural redox series of Fe≡Ti complexes was investigated
using a combination of spectroscopic methods and density functional
theory to elucidate their electronic structures and to understand
their polarized metal−metal bonding. Overall, the results support
that the redox changes occur primarily at the Fe site though some
electron density is delocalized to Ti. Hence, the Ti plays an important
role in enhancing the redox flexibility of the single Fe site.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Moore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Maxime Tarrago
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Laura J Clouston
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstraße 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Varinia Bernales
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Connie C Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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9
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Zhao TT, Zhao XF, Bian JH, Tong WY, Jin B, Wang X, Yuan C, Wu YB. Computational design of species with ultrashort Be–Be distances using planar hexacoordinate carbon structures as the templates. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6581-6587. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00630c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Replacing the planar hexacoordinate carbon in CX3M3+ species with the Be2 moiety leads to isoelectronic species with ultrashort Be–Be distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Jian-Hong Bian
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Wen-Yan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Xiaotai Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado Denver
- Denver
- USA
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
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10
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Tong WY, Zhao TT, Zhao XF, Wang X, Wu YB, Yuan C. Neutral nano-polygons with ultrashort Be–Be distances. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15802-15809. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations revealed that neutral polygons (E-Be2H3)n are the viable targets for realizing ultrashort metal–metal distances between main group metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tao-Tao Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotai Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
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11
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Duncan Lyngdoh RH, Schaefer HF, King RB. Metal-Metal (MM) Bond Distances and Bond Orders in Binuclear Metal Complexes of the First Row Transition Metals Titanium Through Zinc. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11626-11706. [PMID: 30543419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This survey of metal-metal (MM) bond distances in binuclear complexes of the first row 3d-block elements reviews experimental and computational research on a wide range of such systems. The metals surveyed are titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc, representing the only comprehensive presentation of such results to date. Factors impacting MM bond lengths that are discussed here include (a) the formal MM bond order, (b) size of the metal ion present in the bimetallic core (M2) n+, (c) the metal oxidation state, (d) effects of ligand basicity, coordination mode and number, and (e) steric effects of bulky ligands. Correlations between experimental and computational findings are examined wherever possible, often yielding good agreement for MM bond lengths. The formal bond order provides a key basis for assessing experimental and computationally derived MM bond lengths. The effects of change in the metal upon MM bond length ranges in binuclear complexes suggest trends for single, double, triple, and quadruple MM bonds which are related to the available information on metal atomic radii. It emerges that while specific factors for a limited range of complexes are found to have their expected impact in many cases, the assessment of the net effect of these factors is challenging. The combination of experimental and computational results leads us to propose for the first time the ranges and "best" estimates for MM bond distances of all types (Ti-Ti through Zn-Zn, single through quintuple).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - R Bruce King
- Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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12
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13
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Boltin AM, Guillet GL. Bis[μ- N, N′-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(trimethylsilylamido)-1κ 2N1, N2;2:3κ 2N6: N6]bis(tetrahydrofuran)-2:3κ 2O-1-nickel(II)-2,3-lithium(I). IUCRDATA 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314618000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title complex, [Li2Ni(C11H21N3Si2)2(C4H8O)2], is a trimetallic complex of two LiIcations and a NiIIcation bridged by twoN,N′-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(trimethylsilylamide) ligands that crystallizes in theFdd2 space group. The molecule hasC2rotational symmetry, with the NiIIcation located on the twofold axis. The coordination sphere of the NiIIcation is composed of two amido N and two pyridyl N-atom donors in a distorted square-planar geometry. The LiIcations are coordinated by two amido N-atom donors and a tetrahydrofuran molecule with a long interaction with a pyridyl N-atom donor. The coordinating tetrahydrofuran ligand and a trimethylsilyl group are disordered. Intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding, as well as π–π stacking, are not observed between the molecules, likely indicating that weak electrostatic interactions are the dominant feature leading to the crystal structure.
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14
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Zhao XF, Yuan C, Li SD, Wu YB, Wang X. Simulating the effect of a triple bond to achieve the shortest main group metal–metal distance in diberyllium complexes: a computational study. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14462-14467. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[Ne → Be2H3 ← Ne]+ represents the first global energy minimum having a main group metal–metal distance under 1.700 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotai Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado Denver
- Denver
- USA
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15
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Huang YS, Huang GT, Liu YL, Yu JSK, Tsai YC. Reversible Cleavage/Formation of the Chromium-Chromium Quintuple Bond in the Highly Regioselective Alkyne Cyclotrimerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15427-15431. [PMID: 29045761 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the employment of the quintuply bonded dichromium amidinates [Cr{κ2 -HC(N-2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 )(N-2,6-R2 C6 H3 )}]2 (R=iPr (1), Me (7)) as catalysts to mediate the [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of terminal alkynes giving 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzenes. During the catalysis, the ultrashort Cr-Cr quintuple bond underwent reversible cleavage/formation, corroborated by the characterization of two inverted arene sandwich dichromium complexes (μ-η6 :η6 -1,3,5-(Me3 Si)3 C6 H3 )[Cr{κ2 -HC(N-2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 )(N-2,6-R2 C6 H3 )}]2 (R=i Pr (5), Me (8)). In the presence of σ donors, such as THF and 2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 CN, the bridging arene 1,3,5-(Me3 Si)3 C6 H3 in 5 and 8 was extruded and 1 and 7 were regenerated. Theoretical calculations were employed to disclose the reaction pathways of these highly regioselective [2+2+2] cylcotrimerization reactions of terminal alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Siang Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research, Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Gou-Tao Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research, Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shiang K Yu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research, Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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16
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Huang YS, Huang GT, Liu YL, Yu JSK, Tsai YC. Reversible Cleavage/Formation of the Chromium-Chromium Quintuple Bond in the Highly Regioselective Alkyne Cyclotrimerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Siang Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research; Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Gou-Tao Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology and Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; 75 Bo-Ai Street Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research; Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shiang K. Yu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology and Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; 75 Bo-Ai Street Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research; Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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17
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Wey YT, Yang FS, Yu HC, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. Synthesis and Characterization of an Eclipsed Digermylene as a Building Block to Construct a Cyclic Octagermylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Te Wey
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Fan-Shan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Cheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shen Kuo
- Department of Chemistry; National (Taiwan) Normal University; 88, Sec.4, Ting-Chow Rd Taipei 116 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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18
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Wey YT, Yang FS, Yu HC, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. Synthesis and Characterization of an Eclipsed Digermylene as a Building Block to Construct a Cyclic Octagermylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15108-15112. [PMID: 28940992 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of an unprecedented GeI -GeI bonded digermylene [K2 {Ge2 (μ-κ2 :η2 :η4 -2,6-(2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 -N)2 -4-CH3 C5 H2 N)2 }] in an eclipsed conformation stabilized by two bridging diamidopyridyl ligands is presented. Although it exhibits an eclipsed conformation, the Ge-Ge bond length is 2.5168(6) Å, which is shorter than those in the trans-bent and gauche digermylenes. In combination with two pendant amido groups, the GeI2 motif is employed as a building block to assemble the first example of octagermylene [Ge4 (μ-κ2 :κ1 -2,6-(2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 -N)2 -4-CH3 C5 H2 N)2 ]2 showing a cyclic configuration and containing three distinct types of GeI -GeI bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Te Wey
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Shan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Cheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shen Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) Normal University, 88, Sec.4, Ting-Chow Rd, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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19
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Rad’kov VY, Cherkasov AV, Kovylina TA, Trifonov AA. Rare-earth metal dichloride and bis(alkyl) complexes containing amidinate-amidopyridinate ligands: synthesis, structure, and reactivity. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Chen Y, Sakaki S. Mo-Mo Quintuple Bond is Highly Reactive in H-H, C-H, and O-H σ-Bond Cleavages Because of the Polarized Electronic Structure in Transition State. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4011-4020. [PMID: 28290678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recently reported high reactivity of the Mo-Mo quintuple bond of Mo2(N∧N)2 (1) {N∧N = μ-κ2-CH[N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2} in the H-H σ-bond cleavage was investigated. DFT calculations disclosed that the H-H σ-bond cleavage by 1 occurs with nearly no barrier to afford the cis-dihydride species followed by cis-trans isomerization to form the trans-dihydride product, which is consistent with the experimental result. The O-H and C-H bond cleavages by 1 were computationally predicted to occur with moderate (ΔG°⧧ = 9.0 kcal/mol) and acceptable activation energies (ΔG°⧧ = 22.5 kcal/mol), respectively, suggesting that the Mo-Mo quintuple bond can be applied to various σ-bond cleavages. In these σ-bond cleavage reactions, the charge-transfer (CTMo→XH) from the Mo-Mo quintuple bond to the X-H (X = H, C, or O) bond and that (CTXH→Mo) from the X-H bond to the Mo-Mo bond play crucial roles. Though the HOMO (dδ-MO) of 1 is at lower energy and the LUMO + 2 (dδ*-MO) of 1 is at higher energy than those of RhCl(PMe3)2 (LUMO and LUMO + 1 of 1 are not frontier MO), the H-H σ-bond cleavage by 1 more easily occurs than that by the Rh complex. Hence, the frontier MO energies are not the reason for the high reactivity of 1. The high reactivity of 1 arises from the polarization of dδ-type MOs of the Mo-Mo quintuple bond in the transition state. Such a polarized electronic structure enhances the bonding overlap between the dδ-MO of the Mo-Mo bond and the σ*-antibonding MO of the X-H bond to facilitate the CTMo→XH and reduce the exchange repulsion between the Mo-Mo bond and the X-H bond. This polarized electronic structure of the transition state is similar to that of a frustrated Lewis pair. The easy polarization of the dδ-type MOs is one of the advantages of the metal-metal multiple bond, because such polarization is impossible in the mononuclear metal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University , Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University , Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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21
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A Family of Multiply Bonded Dimolybdenum Boraamidinates with the Formal Mo−Mo Bond Orders of 3, 4, 4.5, and 5. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11614-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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A Family of Multiply Bonded Dimolybdenum Boraamidinates with the Formal Mo−Mo Bond Orders of 3, 4, 4.5, and 5. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Rave JA, Garcia DA, Hillesheim PC, Guillet GL. Bis[μ-2-(trimethylsilylamido)-6-(trimethylsilylamino)pyridine-κ 3N1, N2: N2]bis[(diethyl ether-κ O)lithium(I)]. IUCRDATA 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314616007070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title complex, [Li2(C11H22N3Si2)2(C4H10O)2], crystallizes in theP-1 space group with one molecule of a centrosymmetric dimeric complex in the unit cell. The lithium cation is coordinated in a bidentate fashion by the pyridyl N atom and a silylamido N atom of one 2,6-bis(trimethylsilylamido)pyridine ligand and by a monodentate, bridging silylamido N atom of another. A diethyl ether molecule completes the tetrahedral coordination environment for each lithium atom. Neither intra- nor intermolecular hydrogen bonding nor π–π stacking are observed in the crystal, likely indicating that weak electrostatic interactions are the dominant feature leading to the supramolecular structure.
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24
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Harisomayajula NVS, Chen HG, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. Reductive Cleavage of Acyl Halides to Carboxylato Alkylidyne Complexes from Their Reactions with the Quintuply Bonded Dimolybdenum Amidinate. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Satyachand Harisomayajula
- Department
of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied
Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Han-Gung Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied
Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shen Kuo
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department
of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied
Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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25
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Rave JA, Garcia DA, Hillesheim PC, Guillet GL. Bis[2,6-bis(trimethylsilylamino)pyridine-κ N1]{[6-bis(trimethylsilylamino)pyridin-2-yl-κ N1](trimethylsilyl)azanido-κ N}lithium. IUCRDATA 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314616003382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title complex, [Li(C11H22N3Si2)(C11H23N3Si2)2], contains a single lithium cation coordinated to three ligands. This is the first reported example of the ligand 2,6-bis(trimethylsilylamino)pyridine supporting a monometallic complex. One ligand is mono-anionic and forms a four-membered chelate ring with the lithium cationviathe pyridine and silylamido N atoms. The other two ligands are neutral and bindviathe pyridine nitrogen. The lithium cation is coordinated in a tetrahedral environment. No intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding is observed in the crystal structure, likely indicating that weak electrostatic interactions are the dominant feature of the crystal packing.
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26
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Falceto A, Theopold KH, Alvarez S. Cr-Cr Quintuple Bonds: Ligand Topology and Interplay Between Metal-Metal and Metal-Ligand Bonding. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10966-77. [PMID: 26502158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromium-chromium quintuple bonds seem to be approaching the lower limit for their bond distances, and this computational density functional theory study tries to explore the geometrical and electronic factors that determine that distance and to find ways to fine-tune it via the ligand choice. While for monodentate ligands the Cr-Cr distance is predicted to shorten as the Cr-Cr-L bond angle increases, with bridging bidentate ligands the trend is the opposite, since those ligands with a larger number of spacers between the donor atoms favor larger bond angles and longer bond distances. Compared to Cr-Cr quadruple bonds, the quintuple bonding in Cr2L2 compounds (with L a bridging bidentate N-donor ligand) involves a sophisticated mechanism that comprises a positive pyramidality effect for the σ and one π bond, but a negative effect for one of the δ bonds. Moreover, the shorter Cr-Cr distances produce a mismatch of the bridging ligand lone pairs and the metal acceptor orbitals, which results in a negative correlation of the Cr-Cr and Cr-N bond distances in both experimental and calculated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Falceto
- Departament de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus H Theopold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Curado N, Carrasco M, Álvarez E, Maya C, Peloso R, Rodríguez A, López-Serrano J, Carmona E. Lithium Di- and Trimethyl Dimolybdenum(II) Complexes with Mo–Mo Quadruple Bonds and Bridging Methyl Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12378-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Curado
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica
and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario Carrasco
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica
and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eleuterio Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica
and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Celia Maya
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica
and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Riccardo Peloso
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica
and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amor Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica
and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquín López-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica
and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ernesto Carmona
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica
and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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28
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Eisenhart RJ, Rudd PA, Planas N, Boyce DW, Carlson RK, Tolman WB, Bill E, Gagliardi L, Lu CC. Pushing the Limits of Delta Bonding in Metal-Chromium Complexes with Redox Changes and Metal Swapping. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7579-92. [PMID: 26168331 PMCID: PMC5960016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Into the metalloligand Cr[N(o-(NCH2P((i)Pr)2)C6H4)3] (1, CrL) was inserted a second chromium atom to generate the dichromium complex Cr2L (2), which is a homobimetallic analogue of the known MCrL complexes, where M is manganese (3) or iron (4). The cationic and anionic counterparts, [MCrL](+) and [MCrL](-), respectively, were targeted, and each MCr pair was isolated in at least one other redox state. The solid-state structures of the [MCrL](+,0,-) redox members are essentially the same, with ultrashort metal-metal bonds between 1.96 and 1.74 Å. The formal shortness ratios (r) of these interactions are between 0.84 and 0.74 and are interpreted as triple to quintuple metal-metal bonds with the aid of theory. The trio of (d-d)(10) species [Cr2L](-) (2(red)), MnCrL (3), and [FeCrL](+) (4(ox)) are S = 0 diamagnets. On the basis of M-Cr bond distances and theoretical calculations, the strength of the metal-metal bond across the (d-d)(10) series increases in the order Fe < Mn < Cr. The methylene protons in the ligand are shifted downfield in the (1)H NMR spectra, and the diamagnetic anisotropy of the metal-metal bond was calculated as -3500 × 10(-36), -3900 × 10(-36), and -5800 × 10(-36) m(3) molecule(-1) for 2(red), 3, and 4(ox) respectively. The magnitude of diamagnetic anisotropy is, thus, affected more by bond polarity than by bond order. A comparative vis-NIR study of quintuply bonded 2(red) and 3 revealed a large red shift in the δ(4) → δ(3)δ* transition energy upon swapping from the (Cr2)(2+) to the (MnCr)(3+) core. Complex 2(red) was further investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy, and a band at 434 cm(-1) was assigned as the Cr-Cr bond vibration. Finally, 4(ox) exhibited a Mössbauer doublet with an isomer shift of 0.18 mm/s that suggests a primarily Fe-based oxidation to Fe(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed J. Eisenhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - P. Alex Rudd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nora Planas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David W. Boyce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William B. Tolman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Connie C. Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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29
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Lu DY, Chen PPY, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. The MoMo Quintuple Bond as a Ligand to Stabilize Transition-Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9106-10. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Lu DY, Chen PPY, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. The MoMo Quintuple Bond as a Ligand to Stabilize Transition-Metal Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Cai IC, Lipschutz MI, Tilley TD. A bis(amido) ligand set that supports two-coordinate chromium in the +1, +2, and +3 oxidation states. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13062-5. [PMID: 25222516 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06615d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The amido ligand -N(Si(i)Pr3)DIPP (DIPP = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) has been used to prepare two-coordinate complexes of Cr(I), Cr(II), and Cr(III). The two-coordinate Cr(II) complex has also been used to prepare a three-coordinate Cr(III) iodide complex, which can be used to access a stable Cr(III) methyl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene C Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA.
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32
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33
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Mendoza I, Curado N, Carrasco M, Álvarez E, Peloso R, Rodríguez A, Carmona E. Synthesis and structure of mixed carboxylate-aminopyridinate and -amidinate complexes of dimolybdenum and ditungsten. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Nair AK, Harisomayajula NS, Tsai YC. The lengths of the metal-to-metal quintuple bonds and reactivity thereof. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Shen J, Yap GPA, Theopold KH. Binding and activation of small molecules by a quintuply bonded chromium dimer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2579-81. [PMID: 24463485 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48746f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The quintuply bonded [(H)L(iPr)Cr]2 reacts with various small molecules, revealing a pattern of two kinds of transformations. Unsaturated molecules that are neither polar nor oxidizing form binuclear [2+n] cycloaddition products retaining Cr-Cr quadruple bonds. In contrast, polar or oxidizing molecules effect the complete cleavage of the Cr-Cr bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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36
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Alzamly A, Gambarotta S, Korobkov I, Murugesu M, Le Roy JJH, Budzelaar PHM. Isolation of a hexanuclear chromium cluster with a tetrahedral hydridic core and its catalytic behavior for ethylene oligomerization. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:6073-81. [PMID: 24874446 DOI: 10.1021/ic500445b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A chromium complex [2-(NHCH2PPh2)C5H4N]CrCl3·THF2 (1) of the ligand PyNHCH2PPh2 has been synthesized, characterized, and examined for its catalytic behavior toward ethylene oligomerization. When complex 1 was treated with (i-Bu)3Al, an unprecedented divalent polyhydride chromium cluster μ,κ(1),κ(2),κ(3)-N,N,P-{[2-(NCH2PPh2)C5H4N]Cr(μ-H)}4[(μ-Cl)Cr(μ-Cl)Al(i-Bu)2Cl]2 (2) was obtained. The complex contains a Cr4H4 core, which is expected to be diamagnetic, and which remains coordinated to two additional divalent high-spin Cr atoms via bridging interactions. Two aluminate residues remain bonded to the peripheral chromium atoms. The structure, magnetism, and electronic configuration are herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alzamly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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37
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Carrasco M, Mendoza I, Faust M, López-Serrano J, Peloso R, Rodríguez A, Álvarez E, Maya C, Power PP, Carmona E. Terphenyl Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten with Quadruple Metal–Metal Bonds and Bridging Carboxylate Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9173-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Carrasco
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Mendoza
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michelle Faust
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Joaquín López-Serrano
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Riccardo Peloso
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amor Rodríguez
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eleuterio Álvarez
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Celia Maya
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Philip. P. Power
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ernesto Carmona
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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38
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Carrasco M, Curado N, Álvarez E, Maya C, Peloso R, Poveda ML, Rodríguez A, Ruiz E, Álvarez S, Carmona E. Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Arene-Bridged Metal-Metal-Bonded Dimolybdenum Complexes. Chemistry 2014; 20:6092-102. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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39
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Nair AK, Harisomayajula NVS, Tsai YC. Theory, synthesis and reactivity of quintuple bonded complexes. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:5618-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent achievements in the area of metal–metal quintuple bonding are highlighted, including synthesis of quintuple bonded complexes, metal-to-metal bonding schemes, and their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anokh K. Nair
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - N. V. Satyachand Harisomayajula
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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40
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Chen Y, Sakaki S. The important role of the Mo–Mo quintuple bond in catalytic synthesis of benzene from alkynes. A theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:11478-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of catalytic synthesis of benzene from alkynes by the Mo–Mo quintuple bond and the electronic structure and bonding nature of dimetallacyclobutadiene and dimetallabenzyne were studied theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
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41
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Harisomayajula NVS, Nair AK, Tsai YC. Discovering complexes containing a metal–metal quintuple bond: from theory to practice. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3391-412. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48203k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in quintuple bonding are highlighted based on theoretical predictions and experimental achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Satyachand Harisomayajula
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Anokh K. Nair
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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42
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Stevens C, Nichol GS, Arnold PL, Love JB. Isocyanide and Phosphine Oxide Coordination in Binuclear Chromium Pacman Complexes. Organometallics 2013; 32:6879-6882. [PMID: 24489428 PMCID: PMC3905932 DOI: 10.1021/om4009313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The new binuclear chromium Pacman complex [Cr2(L)] of the Schiff base pyrrole macrocycle H4L has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Addition of isocyanide, C≡NR (R = xylyl, tBu), or triphenylphosphine oxide donors to [Cr2(L)] gives contrasting chemistry with the formation of the new coordination compounds [Cr2(μ-CNR)(L)], in which the isocyanides bridge the two Cr(II) centers, and [Cr2(OPPh3)2(L)], a Cr(II) phosphine oxide adduct with the ligands exogenous to the cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte
J. Stevens
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K.
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K.
| | - Polly L. Arnold
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K.
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K.
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43
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Hua SA, Tsai YC, Peng SM. A Journey of Metal-metal Bonding beyond Cotton's Quadruple Bonds. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Sun Z, Schaefer HF, Xie Y, Liu Y, Zhong R. Does the metal–metal sextuple bond exist in the bimetallic sandwich compounds Cr2(C6H6)2, Mo2(C6H6)2, and W2(C6H6)2?†. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.798434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Chen HG, Hsueh HW, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. Haloacylation of the Quintuple-Bonded Group VI Metal Amidinate Dimers and Disproportionation of Acyl Groups to Form Carbynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10256-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Chen HG, Hsueh HW, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. Haloacylation of the Quintuple-Bonded Group VI Metal Amidinate Dimers and Disproportionation of Acyl Groups to Form Carbynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Noor A, Bauer T, Todorova TK, Weber B, Gagliardi L, Kempe R. The ligand-based quintuple bond-shortening concept and some of its limitations. Chemistry 2013; 19:9825-32. [PMID: 23821345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the ligand-based concept of shortening quintuple bonds and some of its limitations are reported. In dichromium-diguanidinato complexes, the length of the quintuple bond can be influenced by the substituent at the central carbon atom of the used ligand. The guanidinato ligand with a 2,6-dimethylpiperidine backbone was found to be the optimal ligand. The reduction of its chromium(II) chloride-ate complex gave a quintuply bonded bimetallic complex with a Cr-Cr distance of 1.7056 (12) Å. Its metal-metal distance, the shortest observed in any stable compound yet, is of essentially the same length as that of the longest alkane C-C bond (1.704 (4) Å). Both molecules, the alkane and the Cr complex, are of remarkable stability. Furthermore, an unsupported Cr(I) dimer with an effective bond order (EBO) of 1.25 between the two metal atoms, indicated by CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations, was isolated as a by-product. The formation of this by-product indicates that with a certain bulk of the guanidinato ligand, other coordination isomers become relevant. Over-reduction takes place, and a chromium-arene sandwich complex structurally related to the classic dibenzene chromium complex was observed, even when bulkier substituents are introduced at the central carbon atom of the used guanidinato ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awal Noor
- Lehrstuhl Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, NW I, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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48
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Rad’kov V, Dorcet V, Carpentier JF, Trifonov A, Kirillov E. Alkylyttrium Complexes of Amidine–Amidopyridinate Ligands. Intramolecular C(sp3)–H Activation and Reactivity Studies. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400027d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Rad’kov
- Organometallics: Materials and
Catalysis, Institut des
Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute
of Organometallic Chemistry of RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Centre de Diffractométrie
X, Institut des Sciences
Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Organometallics: Materials and
Catalysis, Institut des
Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Alexander Trifonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute
of Organometallic Chemistry of RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeny Kirillov
- Organometallics: Materials and
Catalysis, Institut des
Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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49
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Carrasco M, Curado N, Maya C, Peloso R, Rodríguez A, Ruiz E, Alvarez S, Carmona E. Interconversion of Quadruply and Quintuply Bonded Molybdenum Complexes by Reductive Elimination and Oxidative Addition of Dihydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3227-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Carrasco M, Curado N, Maya C, Peloso R, Rodríguez A, Ruiz E, Alvarez S, Carmona E. Interconversion of Quadruply and Quintuply Bonded Molybdenum Complexes by Reductive Elimination and Oxidative Addition of Dihydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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