1
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Lu QT, Du YB, Xu MM, Xie PP, Cai Q. Catalytic Asymmetric Aza-Electrophilic Additions of 1,1-Disubstituted Styrenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21535-21545. [PMID: 39056748 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Electrophilic addition of alkenes is a textbook reaction that plays a pivotal role in organic chemistry. In the past decades, catalytic asymmetric variants of this important type of reaction have witnessed great achievements by the development of novel catalytic systems. However, enantioselective aza-electrophilic additions of unactivated alkenes, which could provide a transformative strategy for the preparation of synthetically significant nitrogen-containing compounds, still remain a formidable challenge. Herein, we have developed unprecedented Au(I)/NHC-catalyzed asymmetric aza-electrophilic additions of unactivated 1,1-disubstituted styrenes by the utilization of readily available dialkyl azodicarboxylates as electrophilic nitrogen sources. Based on this approach, a series of transformations, including [2 + 2] cycloaddition, intermolecular 1,2-oxyamination, and several types of intramolecular hydrazination-induced cyclizations, have been realized. These transformations provide a previously unattainable platform for the divergent synthesis of hydrazine derivatives, which could also be converted to other nitrogen-containing chiral synthons. Experimental and computational studies support the idea that carbocation intermediates are involved in reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Tao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuan-Bo Du
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meng-Meng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pei-Pei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Quan Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Lewis JC. Identifying and Engineering Flavin Dependent Halogenases for Selective Biocatalysis. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2067-2079. [PMID: 39038085 PMCID: PMC11309780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusOrganohalogen compounds are extensively used as building blocks, intermediates, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals due to their unique chemical and biological properties. Installing halogen substituents, however, frequently requires functionalized starting materials and multistep functional group interconversion. Several classes of halogenases evolved in nature to enable halogenation of a different classes of substrates; for example, site-selective halogenation of electron rich aromatic compounds is catalyzed by flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs). Mechanistic studies have shown that these enzymes use FADH2 to reduce O2 to water with concomitant oxidation of X- to HOX (X = Cl, Br, I). This species travels through a tunnel within the enzyme to access the FDH active site. Here, it is believed to interact with an active site lysine proximal to bound substrate, enabling electrophilic halogenation with selectivity imparted via molecular recognition, rather than directing groups or strong electronic activation.The unique selectivity of FDHs led to several early biocatalysis efforts, preparative halogenation was rare, and the hallmark catalyst-controlled selectivity of FDHs did not translate to non-native substrates. FDH engineering was limited to site-directed mutagenesis, which resulted in modest changes in site-selectivity or substrate preference. To address these limitations, we optimized expression conditions for the FDH RebH and its cognate flavin reductase (FRed), RebF. We then showed that RebH could be used for preparative halogenation of non-native substrates with catalyst-controlled selectivity. We reported the first examples in which the stability, substrate scope, and site selectivity of a FDH were improved to synthetically useful levels via directed evolution. X-ray crystal structures of evolved FDHs and reversion mutations showed that random mutations throughout the RebH structure were critical to achieving high levels of activity and selectivity on diverse aromatic substrates, and these data were used in combination with molecular dynamics simulations to develop predictive model for FDH selectivity. Finally, we used family wide genome mining to identify a diverse set of FDHs with novel substrate scope and complementary regioselectivity on large, three-dimensionally complex compounds.The diversity of our evolved and mined FDHs allowed us to pursue synthetic applications beyond simple aromatic halogenation. For example, we established that FDHs catalyze enantioselective reactions involving desymmetrization, atroposelective halogenation, and halocyclization. These results highlight the ability of FDH active sites to tolerate different substrate topologies. This utility was further expanded by our recent studies on the single component FDH/FRed, AetF. While we were initially drawn to AetF because it does not require a separate FRed, we found that it halogenates substrates that are not halogenated efficiently or at all by other FDHs and provides high enantioselectivity for reactions that could only be achieved using RebH variants after extensive mutagenesis. Perhaps most notably, AetF catalyzes site-selective aromatic iodination and enantioselective iodoetherification. Together, these studies highlight the origins of FDH engineering, the utility and limitations of the enzymes developed to date, and the promise of FDHs for an ever-expanding range of biocatalytic halogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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3
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Groslambert L, Pale P, Mamane V. Telluronium-Catalyzed Halogenation Reactions: Chalcogen-Bond Activation of N-Halosuccinimides and Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401650. [PMID: 38785097 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The ability of triaryltelluronium salts to interact with N-halosuccinimides (NXS) through chalcogen bonding (ChB) in the solid state and in solution is demonstrated herein. Cocrystals of the triaryltelluronium bearing two CF3 electron-withdrawing groups per aryl ring with N-chloro-, N-bromo- and N-iodosuccinimide (respectively NCS, NBS and NIS) were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, evidencing a ChB between tellurium and the carbonyl group of NXS. This ChB was confirmed in solution by NMR spectroscopy, especially by 125Te NMR titration experiment, which allowed the determination of the association constant (Ka) between the telluronium and NBS. The so-obtained Ka value of 17.3±0.6 M-1 indicated a moderate interaction in solution because of the competitive role of the solvent. The strength of the Te⋅⋅⋅O ChB was however sufficient enough to promote the catalytic halofunctionalization of aromatics and of alkenes such as the intra- and intermolecular haloalkoxylation and haloesterification of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Groslambert
- Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS and Strasbourg University, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Pale
- Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS and Strasbourg University, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor Mamane
- Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS and Strasbourg University, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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4
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Jovanovic D, Poliyodath Mohanan M, Huber SM. Halogen, Chalcogen, Pnictogen, and Tetrel Bonding in Non-Covalent Organocatalysis: An Update. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404823. [PMID: 38728623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of noncovalent interactions based on electrophilic halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen, or tetrel centers in organocatalysis has gained noticeable attention. Herein, we provide an overview on the most important developments in the last years with a clear focus on experimental studies and on catalysts which act via such non-transient interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Jovanovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Meghana Poliyodath Mohanan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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5
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Guo Q, Lai Z, Tian Z, Tang R, Ding T, Jiang X. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Chloroiminocyclization for the Synthesis of Imidazoline. Org Lett 2024; 26:5592-5596. [PMID: 38914478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Imidazoline is an important scaffold in organic synthesis and a pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry. We apply basic imines as nucleophiles for the catalytic asymmetric chloroiminocyclization to furnish tetrasubstituted stereocenter-containing imidazolines in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The reaction can be conducted in the polar solvent acetonitrile under concentrated reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhitao Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zeng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ran Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tengbo Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
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6
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Xie Y, Zhang Z, Zhang B, He N, Peng M, Song S, Wang B, Yu F. Oxidative Free-Radical C(sp 2)-H Bond Chlorination of Enaminones with LiCl: Access to Highly Functionalized α-Chlorinated Enaminones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8521-8530. [PMID: 38828704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
An oxidative free-radical C(sp2)-H bond chlorination strategy of enaminones has been developed by using LiCl as a chlorinating reagent and K2S2O8 as an oxidant. This transformation provides a new and straightforward synthetic methodology to afford highly functionalized α-chlorinated enaminones with a Z-configuration in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhilai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Nengqin He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Pollution Processes and Control of Plateau Lake-Watersheds, Yunnan Academy of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Menglin Peng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Baoqu Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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7
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Liu H, Ji DW, Mei YK, Liu Y, Liu CH, Wang XY, Chen QA. Repurposing of halogenated organic pollutants via alkyl bromide-catalysed transfer chlorination. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01551-8. [PMID: 38844635 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) are causing a significant environmental and human health crisis due to their high levels of toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. Urgent action is required to develop effective approaches for the reduction and reuse of HOPs. Whereas current strategies focus primarily on the degradation of HOPs, repurposing them is an alternative approach, albeit a challenging task. Here we discover that alkyl bromide can act as a catalyst for the transfer of chlorine using alkyl chloride as the chlorine source. We demonstrate that this approach has a wide substrate scope, and we successfully apply it to reuse HOPs that include dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexabromocyclododecane, chlorinated paraffins, chloromethyl polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Moreover, we show that the synthesis of essential non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be achieved using PVC and hexabromocyclododecane, and we demonstrate that PVC waste can be used directly as a chlorinating agent. Overall, this methodology offers a promising strategy for repurposing HOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yong-Kang Mei
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Hui Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Berrino E, Cantin T, Artault M, Beck S, Jessen C, Marrot J, Guégan F, Mingot A, Kornath A, Thibaudeau S. Accumulation, Characterization and Reactivity of Chiral Ammonium-Carboxonium Dications in Superacid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404066. [PMID: 38587216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of chiral ammonium-oxocarbenium dications in superacid is evidenced by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and confirmed by DFT calculations. Its potential for the diastereoselective remote hydrofunctionalization of non-activated alkene is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Berrino
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Thomas Cantin
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Maxime Artault
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Stefanie Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Christoph Jessen
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180, 45 avenue des États-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Guégan
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Agnès Mingot
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Andreas Kornath
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377, München, Germany
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
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9
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To TA, Phan NTA, Mai BK, Nguyen TV. Controlling the regioselectivity of the bromolactonization reaction in HFIP. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7187-7197. [PMID: 38756818 PMCID: PMC11095382 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01503g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The halolactonization reaction provides rapid access to densely functionalized lactones from unsaturated carboxylic acids. The endo/exo regioselectivity of this cyclization reaction is primarily determined by the electronic stabilization of alkene substituents, thus making it inherently dependent on substrate structures. Therefore this method often affords one type of halolactone regioisomer only. Herein, we introduce a simple and efficient method for regioselectivity-switchable bromolactonization reactions mediated by HFIP solvent. Two sets of reaction conditions were developed, each forming endo-products or exo-products in excellent regioselectivity. A combination of computational and experimental mechanistic studies not only confirmed the crucial role of HFIP, but also revealed the formation of endo-products under kinetic control and exo-products under thermodynamic control. This study paves the way for future work on the use of perfluorinated solvents to dictate reaction outcomes in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong Anh To
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nhu T A Phan
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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10
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Yang X, Gao H, Yan J, Zhou J, Shi L. Intramolecular chaperone-assisted dual-anchoring activation (ICDA): a suitable preorganization for electrophilic halocyclization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6130-6140. [PMID: 38665529 PMCID: PMC11041335 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00581c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The halocyclization reaction represents one of the most common methodologies for the synthesis of heterocyclic molecules. Many efforts have been made to balance the relationship between structure, reactivity and selectivity, including the design of new electrophilic halogenation reagents and the utilization of activating strategies. However, discovering universal reagents or activating strategies for electrophilic halocyclization remains challenging due to the case-by-case practice for different substrates or different cyclization models. Here we report an intramolecular chaperone-assisted dual-anchoring activation (ICDA) model for electrophilic halocyclization, taking advantage of the non-covalent dual-anchoring orientation as the driving force. This protocol allows a practical, catalyst-free and rapid approach to access seven types of small-sized, medium-sized, and large-sized heterocyclic units and to realize polyene-like domino halocyclizations, as exemplified by nearly 90 examples, including a risk-reducing flow protocol for gram-scale synthesis. DFT studies verify the crucial role of ICDA in affording a suitable preorganization for transition state stabilization and X+ transfer acceleration. The utilization of the ICDA model allows a spatiotemporal adjustment to straightforwardly obtain fast, selective and high-yielding synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Yang
- School of Science (Shenzhen), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Haowei Gao
- School of Science (Shenzhen), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jiale Yan
- School of Science (Shenzhen), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Science (Shenzhen), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Science (Shenzhen), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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11
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Kim MJ, Targos K, Holst DE, Wang DJ, Wickens ZK. Alkene Thianthrenation Unlocks Diverse Cation Synthons: Recent Progress and New Opportunities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314904. [PMID: 38329158 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative alkene functionalization reactions are a fundamental class of complexity-building organic transformations. However, the majority of established approaches rely on electrophilic reagents that limit the diversity of groups that can be installed. Recent advances have established a new approach that instead relies on the transformation of alkenes into thianthrene-derived cationic electrophiles. These linchpin intermediates can be generated selectively and undergo a diverse array of mechanistically distinct reactions with abundant nucleophiles. Taken together, this unlocks a suite of net oxidative alkene transformations that have been elusive using conventional strategies. This Minireview describes these advances and is organized around the three distinct synthons formally accessible from alkenes via thianthrenation: 1) alkenyl cations; 2) vicinal dications; 3) allyl cations. Throughout the Minireview, we illustrate how thianthrenium salts address key limitations endemic to classic alkene-derived electrophiles and highlight the mechanistic origins of these distinctions wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Karina Targos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dylan E Holst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Diana J Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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12
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Jiang Y, Kim A, Olive C, Lewis JC. Selective C-H Halogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes Using Flavin-Dependent Halogenases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317860. [PMID: 38280216 PMCID: PMC10947852 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Single component flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) possess both flavin reductase and FDH activity in a single enzyme. We recently reported that the single component FDH AetF catalyzes site-selective bromination and iodination of a variety of aromatic substrates and enantioselective bromolactonization and iodoetherification of styrenes bearing pendant carboxylic acid or alcohol substituents. Given this inherent reactivity and selectivity, we explored the utility of AetF as catalyst for alkene and alkyne C-H halogenation. We find that AetF catalyzes halogenation of a range of 1,1-disubstituted styrenes, often with high stereoselectivity. Despite the utility of haloalkenes for cross-coupling and other applications, accessing these compounds in a stereoselective manner typically requires functional group interconversion processes, and selective halogenation of 1,1'-disubstituted olefins remains rare. We also establish that AetF and homologues of this enzyme can halogenate terminal alkynes. Mutagenesis studies and deuterium kinetic isotope effects are used to support a mechanistic proposal involving covalent catalysis for halogenation of unactivated alkynes by AetF homologues. These findings expand the scope of FDH catalysis and continue to show the unique utility of single component FDHs for biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ahram Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cahmlo Olive
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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13
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Huang N, Luo J, Liao L, Zhao X. Catalytic Enantioselective Aminative Difunctionalization of Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7029-7038. [PMID: 38425285 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Enantioselective difunctionalization of alkenes offers a straightforward means for the rapid construction of enantioenriched complex molecules. Despite the tremendous efforts devoted to this field, enantioselective aminative difunctionalization remains a challenge, particularly through an electrophilic addition fashion. Herein, we report an unprecedented approach for the enantioselective aminative difunctionalization of alkenes via copper-catalyzed electrophilic addition with external azo compounds as nitrogen sources. A series of valuable cyclic hydrazine derivatives via either [3 + 2] cycloaddition or intramolecular cyclization have been achieved in high chemo-, regio-, enantio-, and diastereoselectivities. In this transformation, a wide range of functional groups, such as carboxylic acid, hydroxy, amide, sulfonamide, and aryl groups, could serve as nucleophiles. Importantly, a new cyano oxazoline chiral ligand was found to play a crucial role in the control of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Huang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lihao Liao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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14
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Sugano M, Inokuma T, Yamaoka Y, Yamada KI. 5- exo-Selective asymmetric bromolactonization of stilbenecarboxylic acids catalyzed by phenol-bearing chiral thiourea. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1765-1769. [PMID: 38099597 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01895d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
We developed a novel thiourea Lewis-base catalyst with phenol moieties for the enantioselective 5-exo-bromolactonization of stilbenecarboxylic acids to afford chiral 3-substituted phthalides. The phenol moieties are crucial for the enantio- and regio-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sugano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Tsubasa Inokuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
- Research Cluster on "Key Material Development, " Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yousuke Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
- Research Cluster on "Key Material Development, " Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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15
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Fu C, He L, Xu H, Zhang Z, Chang X, Dang Y, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Modular access to chiral bridged piperidine-γ-butyrolactones via catalytic asymmetric allylation/aza-Prins cyclization/lactonization sequences. Nat Commun 2024; 15:127. [PMID: 38167331 PMCID: PMC10762176 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiral functionalized piperidine and lactone heterocycles are widely spread in natural products and drug candidates with promising pharmacological properties. However, there remains no general asymmetric methodologies that enable rapid assemble both critical biologically important units into one three-dimensional chiral molecule. Herein, we describe a straightforward relay strategy for the construction of enantioenriched bridged piperidine-γ-butyrolactone skeletons incorporating three skipped stereocenters via asymmetric allylic alkylation and aza-Prins cyclization/lactonization sequences. The excellent enantioselectivity control in asymmetric allylation with the simplest allylic precursor is enabled by the synergistic Cu/Ir-catalyzed protocol; the success of aza-Prins cyclization/lactonization can be attributed to the pivotal role of the ester substituent, which acts as a preferential intramolecular nucleophile to terminate the aza-Prins intermediacy of piperid-4-yl cation species. The resulting chiral piperidine-γ-butyrolactone bridged-heterocyclic products show impressive preliminary biological activities against a panel of cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ling He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zongpeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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16
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Tian K, Chang X, Xiao L, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Stereodivergent synthesis of α-fluoro α-azaaryl γ-butyrolactones via cooperative copper and iridium catalysis. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:77-85. [PMID: 38933830 PMCID: PMC11197661 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of stereodivergent synthetic methods to access all four stereoisomers of biologically important α-fluoro γ-butyrolactones containing vicinal stereocenters is of great importance and poses a formidable challenge owing to ring strain and steric hindrance. Herein, a novel asymmetric [3+2] annulation of α-fluoro α-azaaryl acetates with vinylethylene carbonate was successfully developed through Cu/Ir-catalyzed cascade allylic alkylation/lactonization, affording a variety of enantioenriched α-fluoro γ-butyrolactones bearing vicinal stereogenic centers with high reaction efficiency and excellent levels of both stereoselectivity and regioselectivity (up to 98% yield, generally >20:1 dr and >99% ee). Notably, all four stereoisomers of these pharmaceutically valuable molecules could be accessed individually via simple permutations of two enantiomeric catalysts. In addition, other azaaryl acetates bearing α-methyl, α-chlorine or α-phenyl group were tolerated well in this transformation. Reaction mechanistic investigations were conducted to explore the process of this bimetallic catalysis based on the results of reaction intermediates, isotopic labelling experiments, and kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Tian
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 230021, China
| | - Xin Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 230021, China
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17
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Wang Y, Zhao C, Chen WK, Zeng Y. Chalcogen Bond Catalysis with Telluronium Cations for Bromination Reaction: Importance of Electrostatic and Polarization Effects. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302749. [PMID: 37747101 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, chalcogen bond catalysts with telluronium cations have garnered considerable attention in organic reactions. In this work, chalcogen bond catalysis on the bromination reaction of anisole with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) with the telluronium cationic catalysts has been explored with density functional theory (DFT). The catalytic reaction is divided into two stages: the bromine transfer step and the proton transfer step. Based on the computational results, one can find the rate-determining step is the bromine transfer step. Moreover, the present study elucidates that a stronger chalcogen bond between catalysts and NBS will give better catalytic performance. Additionally, this work also clarified the importance of the electrostatic and polarization effects in the chalcogen bond between the oxygen atom of NBS and the Te atom of the catalyst in this bromination reaction. The electrostatic and polarization effects are significantly influenced by the electron-withdrawing ability of the substitution groups on the catalysts. Moreover, the structure-property relationship between the strength of chalcogen bond, electrostatic effect, polarization effect and catalytic performance are established for the design of more efficient chalcogen bond catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
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18
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Rein J, Zacate SB, Mao K, Lin S. A tutorial on asymmetric electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8106-8125. [PMID: 37910160 PMCID: PMC10842033 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful means to enable redox transformations in modern chemical synthesis. This tutorial review delves into the unique advantages of electrochemistry in the context of asymmetric catalysis. While electrochemistry has historically been used as a green and mild alternative for established enantioselective transformations, in recent years asymmetric electrocatalysis has been increasingly employed in the discovery of novel asymmetric methodologies based on reaction mechanisms unique to electrochemistry. This tutorial review first provides a brief tutorial introduction to electrosynthesis, then explores case studies on homogenous small molecule asymmetric electrocatalysis. Each case study serves to highlight a key advance in the field, starting with the historic electrification of known asymmetric transformations and culminating with modern methods relying on unique electrochemical mechanistic sequences. Finally, we highlight case studies in the emerging reasearch areas at the interface of asymmetric electrocatalysis with biocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kaining Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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19
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Nallamilli T, Munakala A, Chegondi R. Combined Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diastereoselective Halogenative Cascade Annulation of Enone-Tethered Cyclohexadienones. Org Lett 2023; 25:8240-8245. [PMID: 37948166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The cascade difunctionalization of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls by nucleophilic halogenation followed by enolate trapping with other electrophiles is highly challenging in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we report a chemo- and diastereoselective cascade annulation of enone-tethered cyclohexadienones by using an unconventional combined Lewis acid catalyzed halogenation reaction in the presence of an In(III)-catalyst and trimethylsilyl halide. The reaction provides highly functionalized bicyclic enones with four contiguous stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Nallamilli
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anandarao Munakala
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rambabu Chegondi
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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20
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Tripathy AR, Mishra A, Singh V, Yatham VR. Metal-Free Direct C3-H Alkylation and Arylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-Ones with Inert Alkyl and Aryl Chlorides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300774. [PMID: 37283201 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present manuscript, we reported the first visible-light-enabled direct C3-H alkylation/arylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with unactivated alkyl/aryl chlorides under metal-free conditions. A wide range of unactivated alkyl and aryl chlorides containing different functionalities are coupled with a variety of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives under mild reaction conditions to afford the C3-alkyl/aryl substituted quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Rani Tripathy
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), 695551, India
| | - Ashutosh Mishra
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), 695551, India
| | - Vesaj Singh
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), 695551, India
| | - Veera Reddy Yatham
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), 695551, India
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21
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Jiang Y, Lewis JC. Asymmetric catalysis by flavin-dependent halogenases. Chirality 2023; 35:452-460. [PMID: 36916449 PMCID: PMC11301518 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
In nature, flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) catalyze site-selective chlorination and bromination of aromatic natural products. This ability has led to extensive efforts to engineer FDHs for selective chlorination, bromination, and iodination of electron rich aromatic compounds. On the other hand, FDHs are unique among halogenases and haloperoxidases that exhibit catalyst-controlled site selectivity in that no examples of enantioselective FDH catalysis in natural product biosynthesis have been characterized. Over the past several years, our group has established that FDHs can catalyze enantioselective reactions involving desymmetrization, atroposelective halogenation, and halocyclization. Achieving high activity and selectivity for these reactions has required extensive mutagenesis and mitigation of problems resulting from hypohalous acid generated during FDH catalysis. The single-component flavin reductase/FDH AetF is unique among the wild type enzyme we have studied in that it provides high activity and selectivity toward several asymmetric transformations. These results highlight the ability of FDH active sites to tolerate different substrate topologies and suggest that they could be useful for a broad range of oxidative halogenations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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22
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Braddock DC, Lancaster BMJ, Tighe CJ, White AJP. Surmounting Byproduct Inhibition in an Intermolecular Catalytic Asymmetric Alkene Bromoesterification Reaction as Revealed by Kinetic Profiling. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37327488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic profiling has shown that a (DHQD)2PHAL-catalyzed intermolecular asymmetric alkene bromoesterification reaction is inhibited by primary amides, imides, hydantoins, and secondary cyclic amides, which are byproducts of common stoichiometric bromenium ion sources. Two approaches to resolving the inhibition are presented, enabling the (DHQD)2PHAL loading to be dropped from 10 to 1 mol % while maintaining high bromoester conversions in 8 h or less. Iterative post-reaction recrystallizations enabled a homochiral bromonaphthoate ester to be synthesized using only 1 mol % (DHQD)2PHAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Christopher Braddock
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Ben M J Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Christopher J Tighe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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23
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Nishiyori R, Mori T, Shirakawa S. Catalytic asymmetric CO 2 utilization reaction for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral 2-oxazolidinones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4002-4006. [PMID: 37128691 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00555k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric bromocyclizations of in situ generated carbamic acids from CO2 and allylamines were achieved via the use of a BINOL-derived chiral bifunctional selenide catalyst bearing a hydroxy group. Chiral 2-oxazolidinone products as important pharmaceutical building blocks were obtained with good enantioselectivities by the present catalytic asymmetric CO2 utilization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nishiyori
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Taiki Mori
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Seiji Shirakawa
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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24
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Maji R, Ghosh S, Grossmann O, Zhang P, Leutzsch M, Tsuji N, List B. A Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrolactonization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8788-8793. [PMID: 37043821 PMCID: PMC10141295 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in the development of catalytic asymmetric electrophile induced lactonization reactions of olefinic carboxylic acids, the archetypical hydrolactonization has long remained an unsolved and well-recognized challenge. Here, we report the realization of a catalytic asymmetric hydrolactonization using a confined imidodiphosphorimidate (IDPi) Brønsted acid catalyst. The method is operationally simple, scalable, and compatible with a wide variety of substrates. Its potential is showcased with concise syntheses of the sesquiterpenes (-)-boivinianin A and (+)-gossonorol. Through in-depth physicochemical and DFT analyses, we derive a nuanced picture of the mechanism and enantioselectivity of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Maji
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Santanu Ghosh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Oleg Grossmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Pinglu Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nobuya Tsuji
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICRedd), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICRedd), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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25
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Holst DE, Dorval C, Winter CK, Guzei IA, Wickens ZK. Regiospecific Alkene Aminofunctionalization via an Electrogenerated Dielectrophile. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37023348 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Modular strategies to rapidly increase molecular complexity have proven immensely synthetically valuable. In principle, transformation of an alkene into a dielectrophile presents an opportunity to deliver two unique nucleophiles across an alkene. Unfortunately, the selectivity profiles of known dielectrophiles have largely precluded this deceptively simple synthetic approach. Herein, we demonstrate that dicationic adducts generated through electrolysis of alkenes and thianthrene possess a unique selectivity profile relative to more conventional dielectrophiles. Specifically, these species undergo a single and perfectly regioselective substitution reaction with phthalimide salts. This observation unlocks an appealing new platform for aminofunctionalization reactions. As an illustrative example, we implement this new reactivity paradigm to address a longstanding synthetic challenge: alkene diamination with two distinct nitrogen nucleophiles. Studies into the mechanism of this process reveal a key alkenyl thianthrenium salt intermediate that controls the exquisite regioselectivity of the process and highlight the importance of proton sources in controlling the reactivity of alkenyl sulfonium salt electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan E Holst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Céline Dorval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Casey K Winter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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26
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Zhang D, Pu M, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Yang Z, Liu X, Wu YD, Feng X. Enantioselective anti-Dihalogenation of Electron-Deficient Olefin: A Triplet Halo-Radical Pylon Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4808-4818. [PMID: 36795915 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The textbook alkene halogenation reaction establishes straightforward access to vicinal dihaloalkanes. However, a robust catalytic method for dihalogenizing electron-deficient olefins in an enantioselective manner is still under development, and its mechanism remains controversial. Herein, we disclose efficient regio-, anti-diastereo-, and enantioselective dibromination, bromochlorination, and dichlorination reactions of enones catalyzed by a chiral N,N'-dioxide/Yb(OTf)3 complex. With the combination of electrophilic halogen and halide salts as halogenating agents, an array of homo- and heterodihalogenated derivatives is achieved in moderate to good enantioselectivities. Moreover, DFT calculations reveal that a novel triplet halo-radical pylon intermediate is probable in accounting for the exclusive regio- and anti-diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Maoping Pu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhendong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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27
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Luderer SE, Masoudi B, Sarkar A, Grant C, Jaganathan A, Jackson JE, Borhan B. Structure-Enantioselectivity Relationship (SER) Study of Cinchona Alkaloid Chlorocyclization Catalysts. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36795431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Various structural elements of the Cinchona alkaloid dimers are interrogated to establish a structure-enantioselectivity relationship (SER) in three different halocyclization reactions. SER for chlorocyclizations of a 1,1-disubstituted alkenoic acid, a 1,1-disubstituted alkeneamide, and a trans-1,2-disubstituted alkeneamide showed variable sensitivities to linker rigidity and polarity, aspects of the alkaloid structure, and the presence of two or only one alkaloid side group defining the catalyst pocket. The conformational rigidity of the linker-ether connections was probed via DFT calculations on the methoxylated models, uncovering especially high barriers to ether rotation out of plane in the arene systems that include the pyridazine ring. These linkers are also found in the catalysts with the highest enantioinduction. The diversity of the SER results suggested that the three apparently analogous test reactions may proceed by significantly different mechanisms. Based on these findings, a stripped-down analogue of (DHQD)2PYDZ, termed "(trunc)2PYDZ", was designed, synthesized, and evaluated, showing modest but considerable asymmetric induction in the three test reactions, with the best performance on the 1,1-disubstituted alkeneamide cyclization. This first effort to map out the factors essential to effective stereocontrol and reaction promotion offers guidance for the simplified design and systematic refinement of new, selective organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Luderer
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Behrad Masoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Aritra Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Calvin Grant
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Arvind Jaganathan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - James E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Babak Borhan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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28
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Fujie M, Mizufune K, Nishimoto Y, Yasuda M. 1-Fluoro-1-sulfonyloxylation of Alkenes by Sterically and Electronically Tuned Hypervalent Iodine: Regression Analysis toward 1,1-Heterodifunctionalization. Org Lett 2023; 25:766-770. [PMID: 36710445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the heterodifunctionalization of alkenes, 1,1-regioselectivity remains elusive in sharp contrast to 1,2-regioselectivity. Herein, the 1-fluoro-1-sulfonyloxylation of styrenes with Bu4NBF4 and sulfonic acids using a hypervalent iodine ArI(OAc)2 is reported. Regression analysis of substituents on ArI(OAc)2 suggested that their electron-withdrawing ability and steric factor influence the 1,1-heterodifunctionalization. We designed o-{2,4-(CF3)2C6H3}- and p-NO2-substituted ArI(OAc)2 by the regression analysis to achieve high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Fujie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kyohei Mizufune
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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29
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Tsuji Y, Kon K, Horibe T, Ishihara K. Catalytic Site-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Cascade Iodocyclization of 2-Geranylarenols. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300019. [PMID: 36745467 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A chiral amidophosphate-N-iodosuccinimide cooperative catalysis has been developed for the site-, diastereo-, and enantioselective iodocyclization of 2-geranylarenols with molecular iodine to give the corresponding iodo-containing polycyclic compounds with good levels of selectivity. This is the first example of a catalytic enantioselective iodocarbocyclization. A reactive chiral iodonium species is generated from molecular iodine via the dual halogen-bonding interactions with a chiral Lewis base and Lewis acid. The sterically demanding 3,3'-substituents of the chiral BINOL-derived amidophosphate are critical to induce the site-selective iodination at the less-hindered terminal alkenyl moiety of 2-geranylarenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Tsuji
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Kon
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.,Venture Business Laboratory, Nagoya University B2-4, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-814, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horibe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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30
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Cross-assembly confined bifunctional catalysis via non-covalent interactions for asymmetric halogenation. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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31
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Mori T, Abe K, Shirakawa S. Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Spiro-γ-lactones and α-Substituted γ-Lactones via Chiral Bifunctional Sulfide-Catalyzed Bromolactonizations. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36697373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An efficient enantioselective synthesis of γ-chiral α-spiro-γ-lactones, which are important building blocks for pharmaceuticals, was achieved via BINOL-derived chiral bifunctional sulfide-catalyzed bromolactonizations of α-allyl carboxylic acids containing either hetero- or carbocyclic structures. Transformations of the resultant α-spiro-type bromolactonization product were examined to obtain optically active γ-functionalized α-spiro-γ-lactones. The utility of this catalytic system was also demonstrated in the asymmetric synthesis of α,α-diaryl- and dialkyl-substituted γ-lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Mori
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Koki Abe
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Seiji Shirakawa
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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32
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Cao J, Ma Y, Hu L, Xia W, Zhang X, Xiong Y. Polyhalogenation-Facilitated Spirolactonization at the meta-Position of Phenols. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1075-1084. [PMID: 36598128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel dearomative spirolactonization/polyhalogenation of phenols that employs hypervalent iodine PhICl2 (iodobenzene dichloride) as both an oxidant and chlorine source with an indispensable base, or only using NBS (N-bromosuccinimide) without any additives, is presented. Halide participations are a vital factor in the cascade reaction of 3'-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acids with good selectivities and reactivities and induced the rapid constructions of multiple C-halogen bonds and directional C═O bonds in a one-step operation under mild conditions. In gaining a good understanding of the mechanism, the increase in number of bromine atoms was inferred rationally from the spirolactonization process, assisted by DFT calculations and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Mechanistic experiments suggest that the formation of a stable carbocation intermediate plays a great role in the migration of oxygen to spirolactonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Youcai Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Liangzhen Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wen Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center for High Value Transformation of Coal Chemical Process By-products, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Xinjiang 830091, China
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33
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Tsai HR, Joshi PR, Witek HA, Lee YP. Spectral Evidence of Bevel-Gear-Type Rotation of Benzene around Br in Solid p-H 2: Infrared Spectrum of the C 6H 6Br Radical. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:460-467. [PMID: 36622967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Whether the structure of C6H6X (X = halogen), an intermediate in the halogenation of benzene, is an open or a bridged form has been debated. We produced Br to react with C6H6 upon photolysis in situ of a Br2/C6H6/p-H2 matrix at 3.2 K. In contrast to the C6H6Cl σ-complex reported previously, the observed infrared spectrum indicates that C6H6Br is an open-form π-complex. Furthermore, lines of the two CH out-of-plane bending modes associated mainly with even- and odd-numbered carbons, predicted near 672 and 719 cm-1, merged into a broad line at 697.3 cm-1, indicating that these modes become nearly equivalent as Br migrates from one carbon atom to another. Quantum-chemical calculations support that the benzene ring performs a bevel-gear-type rotation with respect to Br. Observation of only trans-ortho- and trans-para-C6H6Br2 suggests that this gear-type motion allows the additional Br atom to attack C6H6Br only from the opposite side of the Br atom in C6H6Br.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ru Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Prasad Ramesh Joshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Henryk A Witek
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
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34
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Bouchet D, Varlet T, Masson G. Strategies toward the Difunctionalizations of Enamide Derivatives for Synthesizing α,β-Substituted Amines. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3265-3283. [PMID: 36318762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enamide and enecarbamate derivatives containing a nucleophilic center at the β-position from their nitrogen atom as well as a latent electrophilic site at their α-position are interesting motifs in organic chemistry. This dual reactivity─analogous that of the enamines─enables difunctionalization and increased structural complexity. Furthermore, an electron-withdrawing group on nitrogen drastically increases their stability. In that respect, enamides and enecarbamates are excellent partners for multicomponent transformations, and our research primarily focuses on these compounds in particular.Difunctionalization generally occurs through the nucleophilic addition of the enecarbamate on an electrophile to form iminium, which can subsequently react with a nucleophilic species. Although potent, such an approach is highly challenging due to the low stability of the intermediate iminium, leading to undesired hydrolysis or oligomerization. Epimerization, competitivity, and compatibility issues between the reaction partners are additional hindrances to developing these methodologies. To overcome these limitations, we described many complementary strategies.To control the enantioselectivity of these transformations, chiral phosphoric acids were found to be particularly well-suited to activate multiple reactants due to the formation of a hydrogen bonds network, allowing for an organized transition state in a chiral pocket. Interestingly, when deprotonated as phosphates, they can also play the role of ligands for Lewis acidic metals.To avoid iminium oligomerization, we successfully used stabilized α-arylated enamides. However, this approach was restricted to a simple nucleophilic addition at the β-position. To achieve the difunctionalizations of α-unsubstituted derivatives, we explored reversibly linked nucleophile and electrophile to address their compatibility problem. Alternatively, we devised a sequential methodology for resolving the stability issue of the N-acyl iminium based on its intermediate trapping using a temporary nucleophile (alcohol or thiol). Interestingly, the trapping agent could further be displaced by the desired final α-substituent under Lewis acidic or photocatalytic activation. This led us to design new chiral and bifunctional phosphoric acid catalysts bearing chromophores to merge asymmetric organocatalysis and photochemistry.These photocatalysis studies incited us to focus on radical processes to manage original functionalizations that would not be feasible otherwise. β-Alkylation and β-trifluoromethylation of enecarbamates via visible-light-promoted atom transfer radical additions were successfully performed. As β-allylations remained unattainable with the precedent methods, we eventually turned our attention to cerium(IV)-mediated oxidative single electron transfers. It allowed for singly occupied molecular orbital activation of these substrates to elicit their umpolung reactivity.Thus, the functionalization of enecarbamate derivatives appears as a valid synthetic strategy for obtaining important building blocks for agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, including diamines, haloamines, aminotryptamines, and less accessible trifluoromethylated or allylic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bouchet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, ICSN-CNRS UPR 2301, 1 avenue de la Terasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Varlet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, ICSN-CNRS UPR 2301, 1 avenue de la Terasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, ICSN-CNRS UPR 2301, 1 avenue de la Terasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France.,HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 8 Rue de Rouen, Porcheville 78440, France
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35
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Jiang Y, Mondal D, Lewis JC. Expanding the Reactivity of Flavin-Dependent Halogenases toward Olefins via Enantioselective Intramolecular Haloetherification and Chemoenzymatic Oxidative Rearrangements. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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36
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Liang Y, Jiao H, Zhang H, Wang YQ, Zhao X. Chiral Chalcogenide-Catalyzed Enantioselective Electrophilic Hydrothiolation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:7210-7215. [PMID: 36154012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the construction of chiral sulfides by catalytic enantioselective hydrothiolation of alkenes via an electrophilic pathway has been developed. Using this strategy, cyclic and acyclic unactivated alkenes efficiently afforded various chiral products in the presence of electrophilic sulfur reagents and silanes through chiral chalcogenide catalysis. The obtained products were easily transformed into other types of valuable chiral sulfur-containing compounds. Mechanistic studies revealed that the superior construction of chiral thiiranium ion intermediate is the key to achieving such a transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Liang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hui Jiao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - You-Qing Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
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37
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Liao L, Zhao X. Indane-Based Chiral Aryl Chalcogenide Catalysts: Development and Applications in Asymmetric Electrophilic Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2439-2453. [PMID: 36007167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric electrophilic reactions provide an ideal method for the construction of chiral molecules by incorporating one or more functional groups into the parent substrates under mild conditions. However, due to the issues of the reactivities of electrophilic species and the possible racemization of chiral intermediates as well as the restriction of the chiral scaffolds of chiral catalysts, many limitations remain in this field, such as the narrow scopes of substrates and electrophiles as well as the limited types of nucleophiles and reactions. To overcome the limitations in the synthesis of diversified chiral molecules, we developed a series of indane-based chiral amino aryl chalcogenide catalysts. These catalysts are easily prepared based on the privileged chiral indane scaffold. They can provide an appropriate H-bonding effect by varying the amino protecting groups as well as offer a proper Lewis basicity and steric hindrance by adjusting different substituents on the aryl chalcogenide motifs. These features allow for them to meet the requirements of reactivity and the chiral environment of the reactions. Notably, they have been successfully applied to various asymmetric electrophilic reactions of alkenes, alkynes, and arenes, expanding the field of electrophilic reactions.Using these catalysts, we realized the enantioselective CF3S-lactonization of olefinic carboxylic acids, enantioselective CF3S-aminocyclization of olefinic sulfonamides, desymmetrizing enantioselective CF3S-carbocyclization of gem-diaryl-tethered alkenes, enantioselective CF3S-oxycyclization of N-allylamides, enantioselective intermolecular trifluoromethylthiolating difunctionalization and allylic C-H trifluoromethylthiolation of trisubstituted alkenes, formally the intermolecular CF3S-oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic internal alkenes, intermolecular azidothiolation, oxythiolation, thioarylation of N-allyl sulfonamides, desymmetrizing enantioselective chlorocarbocyclization of aryl-tethered diolefins, enantioselective Friedel-Crafts-type electrophilic chlorination of N-allyl anilides, and enantioselective chlorocarbocyclization and dearomatization of N-allyl 1-naphthanilides. Additionally, the enantioselective electrophilic carbothiolation of alkynes to construct enantiopure carbon chirality center-containing molecules and axially chiral amino sulfide vinyl arenes and the electrophilic aromatic halogenation to produce P-chirogenic compounds can be accomplished. In these reactions, a bifunctional binding mode is proposed in the catalytic cycles, in which an acid-derived anion-binding interaction might exist and account for the high enantioselectivities of the reactions.In this Account, we demonstrate our achievements in asymmetric electrophilic reactions and share our thoughts on catalyst design, our understanding of asymmetric electrophilic reactions, and our perspectives in the field of chiral chalcogenide-catalyzed asymmetric electrophilic reactions. We hope that the experience we share will promote the design and development of other novel organocatalysts and new challenging reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Liao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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38
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Liao L, Xu X, Ji J, Zhao X. Asymmetric Intermolecular Iodinative Difunctionalization of Allylic Sulfonamides Enabled by Organosulfide Catalysis: Modular Entry to Iodinated Chiral Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16490-16501. [PMID: 36053004 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic halogenation of alkenes is a powerful transformation offering a convenient route for the construction of valuable functionalized molecules. However, as a highly important reaction in this field, catalytic asymmetric intermolecular iodinative difunctionalization remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report that an efficient Lewis basic chiral sulfide-catalyzed approach enables this reaction. By this approach, challenging substrates such as γ,γ-disubstituted allylic sulfonamides and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes with an allylic sulfonamide unit undergo electrophilic iodinative difunctionalization to give a variety of iodine-functionalized chiral molecules in good yields with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities. A series of free phenols as nucleophiles are successfully incorporated into the substrates. Aside from phenols, primary and secondary alcohols, fluoride, and azide also serve as efficient nucleophiles. The obtained iodinated products are a good platform molecule, which can be easily transformed into various chiral compounds such as α-aryl ketones, chiral secondary amines, and aziridines via rearrangement or substitution. Mechanistic studies revealed that the chiral sulfide catalyst displays a superior effect on control of the reactivity of electrophilic iodine and the enantioselective construction of the chiral iodiranium ion intermediate and catalyst aggregates might be formed as a resting state in the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Liao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xinru Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jieying Ji
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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39
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Nishiyori R, Okuno K, Chan B, Shirakawa S. Chiral Bifunctional Selenide Catalysts for Asymmetric Iodolactonizations. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:599-604. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nishiyori
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Ken Okuno
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University
| | - Seiji Shirakawa
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University
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40
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De S, Dan AK, Sahu R, Das D. Asymmetric Synthesis of Halocyclized Products by Using Various Catalysts: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumik De
- NIT Silchar: National Institute of Technology Silchar Department of Chemistry QQ5R+3WM, NIT Road, Fakiratilla 788010 Silchar INDIA
| | - Aritra Kumar Dan
- KIIT School of Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology School Of Biotechnology, KIIT ,Campus 11, Patia 751024 Bhubaneswar INDIA
| | - Raghaba Sahu
- Seoul National University College of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu 08826 KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Debadutta Das
- RITE: Radhakrishna Institute of Technology and Engineering Chemistry Barunai Temple Rd, IDCO-01, IDCO Industrial Estate, Barunei 752057 Khordha INDIA
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41
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Lubaev A, Rathnayake MD, Eze F, Bayeh-Romero L. Catalytic Chemo-, Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Bromochlorination of Unsaturated Systems Enabled by Lewis Base-Controlled Chloride Release. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13294-13301. [PMID: 35820071 PMCID: PMC9945878 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy is described for the Lewis base-catalyzed bromochlorination of unsaturated systems that is mechanistically distinct from prior methodologies. The novelty of this method hinges on the utilization of thionyl chloride as a latent chloride source in combination with as little as 1 mol % of triphenylphosphine or triphenylphosphine oxide as Lewis basic activators. This metal-free, catalytic chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective bromochlorination of alkenes and alkynes exhibits excellent site selectivity in polyunsaturated systems and provides access to a wide variety of vicinal bromochlorides with up to >20:1 regio- and diastereoselectivity. The precision installation of Br, Cl, and I in various combinations is also demonstrated by simply varying the commercial halogenating reagents employed. Notably, when a chiral Lewis base promoter is employed, an enantioselective bromochlorination of chalcones is possible with up to a 92:8 enantiomeric ratio when utilizing only 1-3 mol % of (DHQD)2PHAL.
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42
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Matviitsuk A, Lee Panger J, Denmark SE. Enantioselective Inter- and Intramolecular Sulfenofunctionalization of Unactivated Cyclic and ( Z)-Alkenes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:7377-7385. [PMID: 36686398 PMCID: PMC9851372 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A method for the enantioselective, Lewis base-catalyzed sulfenofunctionalization of cyclic and (Z)-alkenes is reported. The intermediate thiiranium ion generated in the presence of a selenophosphoramide catalyst is intercepted by a variety of nucleophiles. A diverse array of inter- and intramolecular functionalizations proceed in high yield and good to high enantioselectivity (86:14-98:2 er). Prior experimental and computational studies indicated such enantiotopic face discrimination to be poor; however, the results disclosed herein remediate the previous findings. Control experiments were performed to investigate the different behavior of (Z)-alkenes and their more established (E)-counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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43
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Lee S, Chung W. Enantioselective halogenation via asymmetric
phase‐transfer
catalysis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunggi Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry DGIST Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Won‐jin Chung
- Department of Chemistry GIST Gwangju Republic of Korea
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44
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Tang Z, Zhang F, Yao T, Liu XS, Liu Y, Liu L. Dearomative Iodocyclization of N-( o-Alkynyl)aryl Isoindole. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7531-7535. [PMID: 35588537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a dearomative iodocyclization of N-(o-alkynyl)aryl isoindole here, which affords various biologically active benzoindoleazine skeletons containing alkenyl iodine. The products can further undergo cycloaddition or coupling reactions to afford a series of highly functionalized N-fused polycyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiong Tang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tengfei Yao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xun-Shen Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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45
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Cui H, Shen Y, Chen Y, Wang R, Wei H, Fu P, Lei X, Wang H, Bi R, Zhang Y. Two-Stage Syntheses of Clionastatins A and B. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8938-8944. [PMID: 35576325 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A concise and divergent synthesis of the polychlorinated marine steroids clionastatin A and B from inexpensive testosterone has been achieved through a unique two-stage chlorination-oxidation strategy. Key features of the two-stage synthesis include (1) conformationally controlled, highly stereoselective dichlorination at C1 and C2 and C4-OH-directed C19 oxygenation followed by a challenging neopentyl chlorination to install three chlorine atoms; (2) desaturation through one-pot photochemical dibromination-reductive debromination and anti-Markovnikov olefin oxidation by photoredox-metal dual catalysis to enhance the oxidation level of the backbone; and (3) Wharton transposition to furnish the D-ring enone. This synthesis proved that the introduction of the C19 chloride in the early stage of the synthesis secured the stability of the backbone against susceptibility to aromatization during the oxidation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Haoxiang Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Pengfei Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xin Lei
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ruihao Bi
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
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46
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Organocatalytic Asymmetric Halocyclization of Allylic Amides to Chiral Oxazolines Using DTBM-SEGPHOS—Mechanistic Implications from Hammett Plots. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The intramolecular halocyclization of alkenes possessing an internal heteroatom nucleophile leads to multifunctional heterocycles which are useful versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. The asymmetric chlorocyclisation of 2-substituted allylic amides gives access to chiral oxazolines bearing a chloromethyl moiety for further synthetic manipulation. The literature reports on this transformation involve complex syntheses of the 2-substituted allylic amides and cryogenic temperatures for achieving high enantioselectivities in the organocatalyzed halocyclization step. Based on the Heck reaction of aryl bromides and Boc-protected allylamine or allylamine benzamides, we developed a practical synthesis of 2-substituted allylic amides that does not require chromatography and accomplished their asymmetric halocyclization reaction with 24–92%ee under practical conditions (5 °C, CpME) catalyzed by (S)-(+)-DTBM-SEGPHOS. In addition, using appropriately substituted substrates, we generated Hammett plots and formulated a consistent mechanism for the halocyclization reaction which involves two competing modes of formation of the haliranium intermediate whose relative kinetics are governed by the electronic properties of the substrate.
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47
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Wu D, Fan W, Wu L, Chen P, Liu G. Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Radical Chlorination of Alkenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dunqi Wu
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenzheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lianqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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48
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Yamashita K, Hirokawa R, Ichikawa M, Hisanaga T, Nagao Y, Takita R, Watanabe K, Kawato Y, Hamashima Y. Mechanistic Details of Asymmetric Bromocyclization with BINAP Monoxide: Identification of Chiral Proton-Bridged Bisphosphine Oxide Complex and Its Application to Parallel Kinetic Resolution. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3913-3924. [PMID: 35226811 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of our previously reported catalytic asymmetric bromocyclization reactions using 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (BINAP) monoxide was examined in detail by the means of control experiments, NMR studies, X-ray structure analysis, and CryoSpray electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis. The chiral BINAP monoxide was transformed to a key catalyst precursor, proton-bridged bisphosphine oxide complex (POHOP·Br), in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and contaminating water. The thus-formed POHOP further reacts with NBS to afford BINAP dioxide and molecular bromine (Br2) simultaneously in equimolar amounts. While the resulting Br2 is activated by NBS to form a more reactive brominating reagent (Br2─NBS), BINAP dioxide serves as a bifunctional catalyst, acting as both a Lewis base that reacts with Br2─NBS to form a chiral brominating agent (P═O+─Br) and also as a Brønsted base for the activation of the substrate. By taking advantage of this novel concerted Lewis/Brønsted base catalysis by BINAP dioxide, we achieved the first regio- and chemodivergent parallel kinetic resolutions (PKRs) of racemic unsymmetrical bisallylic amides via bromocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamashita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Hirokawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ichikawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Hisanaga
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Kawato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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49
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Yang H, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Wen J, Zhang X. Iridium-Catalyzed Hydroiodination and Formal Hydroamination of Olefins with N-Iodo Reagents and Molecular Hydrogen: An Umpolung Strategy. Org Lett 2022; 24:1842-1847. [PMID: 35209714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a convenient method to convert olefins to organic iodides and amines using an Ir/ZhaoPhos catalyst, molecular hydrogen, and an electrophilic iodine(I) reagent. High yields and regioselectivities were obtained under mild conditions. In addition, basic workup with potassium carbonate leads to C-N products. Control experiments and DFT calculations tentatively excluded the pathway involving the in situ formation of HI. Instead, a catalytic cycle involving the hydrogenation of the haliranium ion intermediate was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518005, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518005, China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518005, China
| | - Jialin Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518005, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518005, China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518005, China
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50
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Ariyarathna JP, Alom NE, Roberts LP, Kaur N, Wu F, Li W. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Halonium Generation for Morpholine Synthesis and Claisen Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2947-2958. [PMID: 35142512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We disclose here practical strategies toward the synthesis of morpholines and Claisen rearrangement products based on the divergent reactivity of a common halonium intermediate. These reactions employ widely available alkenes in a Lewis acid-catalyzed halo-etherification process that can then transform them into the desired products with exceptional regioselectivity for both activated and unactivated olefins. Our mechanistic probe reveals an interesting regiochemical kinetic resolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewani P Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Nur-E Alom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Leo P Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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