1
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Rajput S, Sahoo RK, Sarkar N, Nembenna S. Gallium Hydride-Catalyzed Selective Hydroboration of Unsaturated Organic Substrates. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300737. [PMID: 38437065 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The first examples of tetrasubstituted conjugated bis-guanidinate (CBG) supported monomeric and thermally stable gallium dihalides [LGaX2], (X=Cl (Ga-Cl), I (Ga-I)) and dihydride (Ga-H) [LGaH2] (where L={(ArHN)(ArN)-C=N-C=(NAr)(NHAr)}; Ar=2,6-Et2-C6H3) compounds are reported. The reaction of in situ generated LLi with 1.0 equiv. GaX3 (X=Cl, I) afforded compounds Ga-Cl and Ga-I. The reaction between Ga-Cl and Li[HBEt3] in benzene yielded the dihydride compound Ga-H. All reported compounds (Ga-Cl, Ga-I, and Ga-H) were characterized by NMR, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Ga-H was probed for the hydroboration of carbodiimides (CDI), isocyanates, and isothiocyanates with HBpin. Compound Ga-H was also found effective for the catalytic hydroboration of imines, nitriles, alkynes, esters, and formates, affording the corresponding products in quantitative yields. Stoichiometric reactions with a CDI were performed to establish the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagrika Rajput
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Rajata Kumar Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Nabin Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Sharanappa Nembenna
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
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2
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Parui N, Mandal T, Maiti S, Dash J. Efficient Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b]indoles and Cyclohepta[b]indole-Indoline Conjugates via RCM, Hydrogenation, and Acid-Catalyzed Ring Expansion: A Biomimetic Approach. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401059. [PMID: 38623002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Cyclohepta[b]indoles, prevalent in natural products and pharmaceuticals, are conventionally accessed via metal or Lewis acid-mediated cycloadditions with prefunctionalized substrates. Our study introduces an innovative sequential catalytic assembly for synthesizing cyclohepta[b]indoles from readily available isatin derivatives. The process involves three catalytic sequences: ring-closing metathesis, catalytic hydrogenation, and acid-catalyzed ring expansion. The RCM of 2,2-dialkene-3-oxindoles, formed by butenyl Grignard addition to 3-allyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles, yields versatile spirocyclohexene-3-oxindole derivatives. These derivatives undergo further transformations, including dibromination, dihydroxylation, epoxidation, Wacker oxidation at the double bond. Hydrogenation of spirocyclohexene-3-oxindole yields spirocyclohexane-3-oxindoles. Their subsequent acid-catalyzed ring expansion/aromatization, dependent on the acid catalyst, results in either cyclohepta[b]indoles or cyclohepta[b]indole-indoline conjugates, adding a unique synthetic dimension. The utility of this methodology is exemplified through the synthesis of an A-FABP inhibitor, showcasing its potential in pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Parui
- School of chemical sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- School of chemical sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Maiti
- School of chemical sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of chemical sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, 700032, Kolkata, India
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3
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Baruah B, Pegu CD, Deb ML. Indole as a Versatile Building Block in Cycloaddition Reactions: Synthesis of Diverse Heterocyclic Frameworks. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:18. [PMID: 38758483 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Indole, a ubiquitous and structurally versatile aromatic compound, has emerged as a key player in the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic frameworks via cycloaddition reactions. These reactions are completely atom-economical and, hence, are considered as green reactions. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the pivotal role played by indole in the construction of complex and biologically relevant heterocyclic compounds. Here we explore the chemistry of indole-based cycloadditions, highlighting their synthetic utility in accessing a wide array of heterocyclic architectures, including cyclohepta[b]indoles, tetrahydrocarbazoles, tetrahydroindolo[3,2-c]quinoline, and indolines, among others. Additionally, we discuss the mechanistic insights that underpin these transformations, emphasizing the strategic importance of indole as a building block. The content of this article will certainly encourage the readers to explore more work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajita Baruah
- Department of Chemistry, Pandu College, Guwahati, Assam, 781012, India.
| | - Choitanya Dev Pegu
- Department of Chemistry, Madhabdev University, Lakhimpur, Assam, 784164, India
| | - Mohit L Deb
- Advanced Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, 793101, India.
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4
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Larghi EL, Bracca ABJ, Simonetti SO, Kaufman TS. Relevant Developments in the Use of Three-Component Reactions for the Total Synthesis of Natural Products. The last 15 Years. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300306. [PMID: 38647363 PMCID: PMC11095226 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) offer a highly useful and valuable strategy that can fulfill an important role in synthesizing complex polysubstituted compounds, by simplifying otherwise long sequences and increasing their efficiency. The total synthesis of selected natural products employing three-component reactions as their common strategic MCR approach, is reviewed on a case-by-case basis with selected targets conquered during the last 15 years. The revision includes detailed descriptions of the selected successful sequences; relevant information on the isolation, and bioactivity of the different natural targets is also briefly provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L. Larghi
- Instituto de Química Rosario IQUIR (CONICET-UNR)Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 5312000RosarioArgentina
| | - Andrea B. J. Bracca
- Instituto de Química Rosario IQUIR (CONICET-UNR)Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 5312000RosarioArgentina
| | - Sebastian O. Simonetti
- Instituto de Química Rosario IQUIR (CONICET-UNR)Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 5312000RosarioArgentina
| | - Teodoro S. Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario IQUIR (CONICET-UNR)Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 5312000RosarioArgentina
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5
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Saha D, Protich Z, Wu J. Synthesis of Functionalized Hexahydrocarbazoles by Beckmann Elimination and Nucleophile-Intercepted Beckmann Fragmentation. Org Lett 2024; 26:18-21. [PMID: 38154135 PMCID: PMC10843820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The Beckmann elimination and nucleophile-intercepted Beckmann fragmentation (NuBFr) of oximes starting from regioisomeric indolinyl bicyclic ketones lead to products that are subjected to further synthetic manipulations and ultimately result in the stereospecific formation of densely functionalized hexahydrocarbazoles. The Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of a key alkenyl bromide intermediate with various boronic acids gives arylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Zachary Protich
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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6
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Gharpure SJ, Kumari S. Cascade radical cyclization on 3-propargyl-2-alkenyl indole gives stereoselective access to cyclohepta[ b]indole over carbazole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:538-541. [PMID: 38050781 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
A protecting group-dependent diastereoselective synthesis of cyclohepta[b]indole over carbazole derivatives is developed. This strategy involves a regioselective 6-exo-trig radical cyclization-cyclopropanation-ring expansion cascade of 3-propargyl-2-alkenyl indole. The cascade radical cyclization was also performed on indole derivatives possessing alkyne, acrylate and vinylogous carbamate moieties, which delivered pyridocarbazole giving credence to the mechanistic hypothesis. Furthermore, cyclohepta[b]indole could be selectively converted to sulfone and sulfoxide as well as benzoazulenoindole via intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh J Gharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Sanyog Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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7
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Yin H, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Wang M, Wang S. Synthesis of Cyclohepta[ b]indoles and Furo[3,4- b]carbazoles from Indoles, Tertiary Propargylic Alcohols, and Activated Alkynes. Org Lett 2023; 25:3078-3082. [PMID: 37083483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A robust metal-free and environmentally friendly approach to cyclohepta[b]indole and furo[3,4-b]carbazole frameworks via a three-component reaction from indoles, tertiary propargylic alcohols, and activated alkynes is described. A probable mechanism was proposed on the basis of the isolation and characterization of a key intermediate of the reaction. A gram-scale reaction and product derivatizations were also performed to demonstrate the practicality of the developed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Synthesis and Application of Medical Materials, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Synthesis and Application of Medical Materials, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Synthesis and Application of Medical Materials, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Synthesis and Application of Medical Materials, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Synthesis and Application of Medical Materials, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
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8
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Iqbal N, Ashraf MA, Gul AR, Bae J, Iqbal N, Park TJ, Cho EJ. Construction of a Pentacyclic Framework Enabled by Nickel Catalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:647-652. [PMID: 36682059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel nickel-catalyzed reaction of indole-tethered 2-alkynylphenol esters with various (hetero)aryl boronic acids, resulting in the synthesis of diversely functionalized pentacyclic benzofurocyclohepta[b]indole derivatives. This unprecedented cascade reaction involves the arylative cyclization of alkynes, nucleophilic attack of the indole moiety on the oxonium ion intermediate, 1,2-alkyl group migration, and aromatization. The synthesized molecules exhibit exceptional cytotoxicity against multiple cancer cell lines while maintaining biocompatibility toward healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Awais Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Anam Rana Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehan Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Naila Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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9
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Taenzler F, Xu J, Athe S, Rawal VH. Dearomative (4 + 3) Cycloaddition Reactions of 3-Alkenylindoles and 3-Alkenylpyrroles to Afford Cyclohepta[ b]indoles and Cyclohepta[ b]pyrroles. Org Lett 2022; 24:8109-8114. [PMID: 36315976 PMCID: PMC9664489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The dearomative (4 + 3) cycloaddition reactions of 3-alkenylindoles with in situ-generated oxyallyl cations furnish cyclohepta[b]indoles, functionality-rich frameworks found in many bioactive compounds, including all pentacyclic ambiguine alkaloids. The analogous reactions between oxyallyl cations and 3-alkenylpyrroles afford cyclohepta[b]pyrroles. The cycloadducts are generally formed in good to high yields and diastereoselectivities and can be readily transformed into useful derivatives. Additionally, we report preliminary investigations into the enantioselective catalysis of the dearomative (4 + 3) cycloaddition using imidodiphosphorimidate catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Viresh H. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
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10
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[4 + 3] Cycloaddition of ketenimines with furocarbenoids: Divergent and efficient synthesis of fused cycloheptatriene and tropone scaffolds. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Ma JT, Chen T, Chen XL, Zhou Y, Yu ZC, Zhuang SY, Alimu M, Wu YD, Xiang JC, Wu AX. One-step synthesis of azepino[3,4- b]indoles by cooperative aza-[4 + 3] cycloaddition from readily available feedstocks. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining azepino[3,4-b]indoles by one-step synthesis from a four-component reaction system comprising readily available starting materials. This transformation affords a diverse range of azepino[3,4-b]indoles in a highly efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yi Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Maierhaba Alimu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Chen Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - An-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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12
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Lepovitz LT, Martin SF. Biomimetically Inspired, One-Step Synthesis of Exotine A and Exotine B. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10946-10953. [PMID: 32924509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The one-step syntheses of exotine A and exotine B, which comprise the unusual coumarin-cyclohepta[b]indole ring system, have been achieved via the biomimetically inspired combination of indole, prenal, and either trans-dehydroosthol or gleinadiene. This facile three-component reaction delivered a mixture (17:1) of exotine A and 11'-epi-exotine A in a 43% yield from trans-dehydroosthol and a mixture (4:1) of exotine B and 11'-epi-exotine B in a 50% yield from gleinadiene. Some mechanistic aspects of this process were explored, and spectral evidence for 3,3'-spiroindolenine intermediates was obtained. Moreover, a skeletal isomer of exotine A that likely originates from a 1,2-alkyl rearrangement of a protonated 3,3'-spiroindolenine was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. These findings not only provide experimental support for Jiang's proposed biosynthesis of exotine A and exotine B but also foreshadow the existence of other exotine-derived natural products having isomeric frameworks. Exploratory attempts to induce an enantioselective 3CR using a chiral phosphoric acid were unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance T Lepovitz
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Stephen F Martin
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Han TJ, Wang MC, Mei GJ. 2-Indolymethanols as 4-atom-synthons in oxa-Michael reaction cascade: access to tetracyclic indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8921-8924. [PMID: 34387291 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03653j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The first Brønsted acid-catalyzed oxa-Michael reaction cascade of 2-indolylmethanols with trione alkenes was accomplished. By using this practical approach, a variety of tetracyclic indoles were readily created in an ordered sequence with excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. 2-Indolylmethanols commendably served as four-atom synthons, as opposed to the common three-atom synthons in the previous literature reports. The regioselectivity issue was well handled by the employment of a strong Brønsted acid catalyst. In addition, its dual role in activation of substrates via hydrogen-bonding interaction and acceleration of subsequent intramolecular cyclization and dehydration was proposed to account for the high reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiao Han
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Min-Can Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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14
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Xu MM, Kou LY, Bao XG, Xu XP, Ji SJ. A radical addition and cyclization relay promoted by Mn(OAc)3⋅2H2O: Synthesis of 1,2-oxaphospholoindoles and mechanistic study. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Fei X, Zhao Y, Yang F, Guan X, Li Z, Wang D, Zhou M, Yang Y, He B. Construction of Oxepino[3,2‐
b
]indoles via [4+3] Annulation of 2‐Ylideneoxindoles with Crotonate‐Derived Sulfur Ylides. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing‐Hai Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants School of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education) Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong‐Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants School of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education) Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Fen‐Fen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants School of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education) Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants School of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education) Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zong‐Qin Li
- Department of Neurology Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital Mianyang 621000 People's Republic of China
| | - Da‐Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control Ministry of Education Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants School of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education) Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan‐Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants School of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education) Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants School of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education) Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
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16
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Chai W, Zhou Q, Ai W, Zheng Y, Qin T, Xu X, Zi W. Lewis-Acid-Promoted Ligand-Controlled Regiodivergent Cycloaddition of Pd-Oxyallyl with 1,3-Dienes: Reaction Development and Origins of Selectivities. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3595-3603. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chai
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenna Ai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianzhu Qin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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17
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Lam H, Lautens M, Abel-Snape X, Köllen MF. Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Free (4+3)-Annulations. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract(4+3)-Annulations are incredibly versatile reactions which combine a 4-atom synthon and a 3-atom synthon to form both 7-membered carbocycles as well as heterocycles. We have previously reviewed transition-metal-catalyzed (4+3)-annulations. In this review, we will cover examples involving bases, NHCs, phosphines, Lewis and Brønsted acids as well as some rare examples of boronic acid catalysis and photocatalysis. In analogy to our previous review, we exclude annulations involving cyclic dienes like furan, pyrrole, cyclohexadiene or cyclopentadiene, as Chiu, Harmata, Fernándes and others have recently published reviews encompassing such substrates. We will however discuss the recent additions (2010–2020) to the literature on (4+3)-annulations involving other types of 4-atom-synthons.1 Introduction2 Bases3 Annulations Using N-Heterocyclic Carbenes3.1 N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs)3.2 N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Base Dual-Activation4 Phosphines5 Acids5.1 Lewis Acids5.2 Brønsted Acids6 Boronic Acid Catalysis and Photocatalysis7 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Lam
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto
| | - Xavier Abel-Snape
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto
| | - Martin F. Köllen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie und Biochemie
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18
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Liu X, Liu Y, Chen L. Tandem Annulations of Propargylic Alcohols to Indole Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yan Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics Chengdu University 168 Hua Guan Road Chengdu 610052 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun‐Lin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangzhou University 230 Wai Huan Xi Road Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Long Chen
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics Chengdu University 168 Hua Guan Road Chengdu 610052 People's Republic of China
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19
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Selvaraj K, Chauhan S, Sandeep K, Swamy KCK. Advances in [4+3]‐Annulation/Cycloaddition Reactions Leading to Homo‐ and Heterocycles with Seven‐Membered Rings. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2380-2402. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karuppu Selvaraj
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
| | - Sachin Chauhan
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
| | - K. Sandeep
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
| | - K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
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20
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Fernandes RA, Kumar P, Choudhary P. Advances in catalytic and protecting-group-free total synthesis of natural products: a recent update. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8569-8590. [PMID: 32537619 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02659j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic processes in protecting-group-free syntheses of natural products are fast emerging towards achieving the goal of efficiency and economy in total synthesis. Present day sustainable development in synthesis of natural products does not permit the luxury of using stoichiometric reagents and protecting groups. Catalysis and step-economy can contribute significantly toward economy and efficiency of synthesis. This feature article details the ingenious efforts by many researchers in the last couple of years toward concise total syntheses, based on catalytic steps and protecting-group-free-strategies. These would again serve as guidelines in future development of reagents and catalysts aimed at achieving higher efficiency and chemoselectivity to the point that catalysis and protecting-group-free synthesis will be an accepted common practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India.
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21
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Abstract
A (4+3)-cycloaddition combines a four-atom synthon and three-atom synthon to form seven-membered rings. In the past decade, many improvements have been made to this class of cycloaddition, including excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities, both intra- and intermolecularly. Through the strategic use of transition-metal catalysts, acids, bases, and organocatalysts, it is possible to perform the cycloaddition on a variety of substrates, generating novel seven-membered rings. With these advances, (4+3)-cycloaddition has also been applied to the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds and natural products. We exclude the cycloadditions of cyclic dienes such as furan, pyrrole, cyclohexadiene or cyclopentadiene as Chiu, Harmata, Mascareñas and others have recently published thorough reviews on that topic. We will however discuss the recent additions (2009–2020) to the literature for the (4+3)-cycloadditions involving other types of four-atom synthons.1 Introduction2 Rhodium2.1 Cyclopropanation/Cope Rearrangement2.2 C–H activation3 Gold, Silver4 Copper5 Palladium, Platinum, Iridium6 Dual-Activation7 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lautens
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto
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22
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Chen X, Baratay CA, Mark ME, Xu X, Hong Chan PW. Gold and Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Spirocyclization of 2- and 3-Indolyl-Tethered 1,4-Enyne Acetates to Spiro[4,n]alkyl[b]indoles. Org Lett 2020; 22:2849-2853. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | - Xinfang Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Philip Wai Hong Chan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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23
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Pirovano V, Brambilla E, Moretti A, Rizzato S, Abbiati G, Nava D, Rossi E. Synthesis of Cyclohepta[ b]indoles by (4 + 3) Cycloaddition of 2-Vinylindoles or 4 H-Furo[3,2- b]indoles with Oxyallyl Cations. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3265-3276. [PMID: 31975604 PMCID: PMC7997566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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The synthesis of cyclohepta[b]indole derivatives
through the dearomative (4 + 3) cycloaddition reaction of 2-vinylindoles
or 4H-furo[3,2-b]indoles with in
situ generated oxyallyl cations is reported. Oxyallyl cations are
generated from α-bromoketones in the presence of a base and
a perfluorinated solvent. Cyclohepta[b]indole scaffolds
are obtained under mild reaction conditions, in the absence of expensive
catalysts, starting from simple reagents, in good to excellent yields
and with complete diasteroselectivity. Preliminary expansion of the
scope to 3-vinylindoles and to aza-oxyallyl cations is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pirovano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Moretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Rizzato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Abbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Nava
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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24
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Ivanova OA, Trushkov IV. Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes in the Synthesis of Carbocycles. CHEM REC 2019; 19:2189-2208. [PMID: 30707497 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor cyclopropanes not only participate in a broad range of ring openings with nucleophiles, electrophiles, radical and red-ox agents, but also are excellent substrates for various (3+n)-cycloaddition and (3+n)-annulation processes. Moreover, under treatment with Lewis acid donor-acceptor cyclopropanes can produce new ring systems via isomerization or cyclodimerization. Authors' contribution to the synthesis of diverse carbocycles from donor-acceptor cyclopropanes is summarized in this account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Ivanova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Trushkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Samory Mashela, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
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25
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Thopate SB, Jadhav SB, Nanubolu JB, Chegondi R. Stereoselective Desymmetrization of Cyclohexadienone-Tethered Enones: Efficient Access to Highly Strained Polycyclic Indoles. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satish B. Thopate
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Sandip B. Jadhav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | | | - Rambabu Chegondi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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26
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Parker AN, Martin MC, Shenje R, France S. Calcium-Catalyzed Formal [5 + 2] Cycloadditions of Alkylidene β-Ketoesters with Olefins: Chemodivergent Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Cyclohepta[b]indole Derivatives. Org Lett 2019; 21:7268-7273. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel N. Parker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - M. Cynthia Martin
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Raynold Shenje
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Stefan France
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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27
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Touchette SJ, Dunkley EM, Lowder LL, Wu J. Nucleophile-intercepted Beckmann fragmentation reactions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7812-7815. [PMID: 31588331 PMCID: PMC6761917 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00926d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first examples of nucleophile-intercepted Beckmann fragmentations of indoline oximes. This reaction uses MsCl as a promoter to give cyano chlorides and is believed to proceed through an aziridinium intermediate via a double stereoinvertive process. Mechanistic insights have led to the further discovery that oxygen, nitrogen, and bromide nucleophiles can be employed for this fragmentation by the use of other promoters. We envision that these products may be useful in the syntheses of members of the akuammiline and koumine families of indoline alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Touchette
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , USA .
| | - Evan M Dunkley
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , USA .
| | - Leah L Lowder
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , USA .
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , USA .
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28
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Song W, Li M, He J, Li J, Dong K, Zheng Y. Copper-catalyzed tandem annulation/enol nucleophilic addition to access multisubstituted indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2663-2669. [PMID: 30766987 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method to access various multisubstituted indoles from propargylic alcohols and readily available enol nucleophiles by copper-catalyzed tandem annulation/enol nucleophilic addition has been developed. Compared to the expensive metal catalysts such as platinum, gold, silver, and palladium used previously, the most economical copper(i) catalyst could achieve this reaction efficiently. The fused heterocyclic compounds, pyrrolo[1,2-a] indoles, could be afforded by further transformation of the products. The allyl cation intermediate may be involved in the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangze Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
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29
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Liu L, Zhang J. Catalytic Asymmetric[4+3] Cyclizations of 2-Indolylmethanols with ortho-Quinone Methides. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Xu L, Chen H, Liu J, Zhou L, Liu Q, Lan Y, Xiao J. Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric C(sp3)–H functionalization of biomass-derived 2,5-dimethylfuran via two sequential Cope-type rearrangements. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01375f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first organocatalytic asymmetric C(sp3)–H functionalization of biomass-derived 2,5-dimethylfuran with alcohols to afford enantioenriched furan-derived 3,3′-disubstituted oxindoles in high enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Haohua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Lan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266590
- China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
- College of Marine Science and Engineering
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31
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Abstract
Exotine A, which comprises an unusual coumarin-cyclohepta[ b]indole ring system, has been synthesized for the first time in a one-pot process from known starting materials. The key step features a biomimetically inspired combination of three components to deliver exotine A and 11'- epi-exotine A in 43% yield and 17:1 diastereomeric ratio. Some mechanistic aspects of this reaction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance T Lepovitz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Stephen F Martin
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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32
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Christiaens M, Hullaert J, Van Hecke K, Laplace D, Winne JM. Stereoselective and Modular Assembly Method for Heterocycle-Fused Daucane Sesquiterpenoids. Chemistry 2018; 24:13783-13787. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mien Christiaens
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Jan Hullaert
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S3 Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Duchan Laplace
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Johan M. Winne
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 Gent 9000 Belgium
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33
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Gelis C, Levitre G, Merad J, Retailleau P, Neuville L, Masson G. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b
]indoles by Chiral-Phosphoric-Acid-Catalyzed (4+3) Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12121-12125. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Gelis
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Levitre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
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34
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Gelis C, Levitre G, Merad J, Retailleau P, Neuville L, Masson G. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b
]indoles by Chiral-Phosphoric-Acid-Catalyzed (4+3) Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Gelis
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Levitre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
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35
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Hullaert J, Winne JM. (5,6-Dihydro-1,4-dithiin-2-yl)methanol as a Versatile Allyl-Cation Equivalent in (3+2) Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 55:13254-13258. [PMID: 27653810 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The title heterocyclic alcohol readily generates a sulfur-substituted allylic cation upon simple treatment with a protic acid, thus facilitating a synthetically useful stepwise (3+2) cycloaddition reaction pathway with a range of conjugated-olefin-type substrates. The introduction of an allyl fragment in this way provided rapid access to a variety of cyclopentanoid scaffolds. The cyclic nature of the cation precursor alcohol was shown to be instrumental for efficient cycloaddition reactions to take place, thus indicating an attractive strategy for controlling the reactivity of heteroatom-substituted allyl cations. The formal cycloaddition reaction is highly regio- and stereoselective and was also used for a short total synthesis of the natural product cuparene in racemic form through a cycloaddition-hydrodesulfurization sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hullaert
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Johan M Winne
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Gent, 9000, Belgium.
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36
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Abstract
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The
heterodimeric indole/coumarin natural product exotine B was
synthesized for the first time. The carbon skeleton of the natural
product was formed rapidly by a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling
reaction and a gallium-catalyzed three-component [4 + 3] cycloaddition
reaction. An alternative biosynthesis of exotine B is proposed based
on the total synthesis. Improved syntheses of coumarin natural products
gleinadiene and coumurrayin are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichu Cheng
- School of Science , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Giulio Volpin
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Johannes Morstein
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , 100 Washington Square East , New York , New York 10003 , United States
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37
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Zhu ZQ, Yu L, Sun M, Mei GJ, Shi F. Regioselective [3+3] Cyclization of 2-Indolymethanols with Vinylcyclopropanes via Metal Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
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38
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Jadhav AS, Pankhade YA, Vijaya Anand R. Exploring Gold Catalysis in a 1,6-Conjugate Addition/Domino Electrophilic Cyclization Cascade: Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b]indoles. J Org Chem 2018; 83:8615-8626. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet S. Jadhav
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City,
Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab 140306, India
| | - Yogesh A. Pankhade
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City,
Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ramasamy Vijaya Anand
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City,
Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab 140306, India
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39
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Xu G, Chen L, Sun J. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Dearomative [4 + 3]-Cycloaddition of Vinylindoles with Vinyldiazoacetates: Access to Cyclohepta[b]indoles. Org Lett 2018; 20:3408-3412. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Long Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
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40
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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Moradi R, Ahmadi T, Lashgari N. Recent advances in the application of indoles in multicomponent reactions. RSC Adv 2018; 8:12069-12103. [PMID: 35539427 PMCID: PMC9079367 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoles are some of the most versatile and common nitrogen-based heterocyclic scaffolds and are frequently used in the synthesis of various organic compounds. Indole based compounds are very important among heterocyclic structures due to their biological and pharmaceutical activities. The last decade, in particular, has witnessed considerable activity towards the synthesis of indole derivatives due to the possibilities for the design of polycyclic structures by the incorporation of multiple fused heterocyclic scaffolds in an attempt to achieve promising new heterocycles with chemical and biomedical relevance. In this study, we provide an overview on recent applications of indole in the multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds during the period of 2012 to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Razieh Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88041344
| | - Tahereh Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88041344
| | - Negar Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88041344
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41
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Guo J, Bai X, Wang Q, Bu Z. Diastereoselective Construction of Indole-Bridged Chroman Spirooxindoles through a TfOH-Catalyzed Michael Addition-Inspired Cascade Reaction. J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaomei Guo
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xuguan Bai
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhanwei Bu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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42
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Wang Z, Addepalli Y, He Y. Construction of Polycyclic Indole Derivatives via Multiple Aryne Reactions with Azaheptafulvenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:644-647. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory
of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Yesu Addepalli
- Chongqing Key Laboratory
of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory
of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
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43
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Li Y, Zhu CZ, Zhang J. Gold-Catalyzed [4+3] Cycloaddition/C-H Functionalization Cascade: Regio- and Diastereoselective Route to Cyclohepta[b
]indoles. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 3663 N. Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chao-Ze Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 3663 N. Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 3663 N. Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS; 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
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44
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Xu MM, Wang HQ, Wan Y, Wang SL, Shi F. Enantioselective Construction of Cyclopenta[b]indole Scaffolds via the Catalytic Asymmetric [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of 2-Indolylmethanols with p-Hydroxystyrenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10226-10233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Xu
- School of Chemistry & Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Hai-Qing Wang
- School of Chemistry & Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Ying Wan
- School of Chemistry & Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Shu-Liang Wang
- School of Chemistry & Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry & Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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Chen J, Wu J. Transition-Metal-Free C3 Arylation of Indoles with Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3951-3955. [PMID: 28256786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report an unprecedented transition metal-free coupling of indoles with aryl halides. The reaction is promoted by KOtBu and is regioselective for C3 over N. The use of degassed solvents devoid of oxygen is necessary for the success of the transformation. Preliminary studies implicate a hybrid mechanism that involves both aryne intermediates and non-propagative radical processes. Electron transfer is also a distinct possibility. These conclusions were substantiated by EPR data, isotopic labeling studies, and the use of radical scavengers and electron transfer inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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Chen J, Wu J. Transition-Metal-Free C3 Arylation of Indoles with Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH 03755 USA
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He YY, Sun XX, Li GH, Mei GJ, Shi F. Substrate-Controlled Regioselective Arylations of 2-Indolylmethanols with Indoles: Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methane and 3,3′-Bisindole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2462-2471. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying He
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Guo-Hao Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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48
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Stempel E, Gaich T. Cyclohepta[b]indoles: A Privileged Structure Motif in Natural Products and Drug Design. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2390-2402. [PMID: 27709885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Seven-membered rings fused with an indole are termed cyclohepta[b]indoles. Compounds exhibiting this structure motif display a broad spectrum of biological activities, ranging from inhibition of adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein (A-FABP), deacetylation of histones, inhibition of leukotriene production p53, antituberculosis activities, and anti-HIV activities. These biological profiles are found in natural products containing the cyclohepta[b]indole motif, as well as in pharmaceuticals that contain this structure motif. Therefore, the biology of molecules derived from the skeleton of cyclohepta[b]indoles, as well as cyclopenta- and cyclohexa[b]indoles, has attracted considerable interest from the pharmaceutical industry as potential therapeutics in recent years. This is reflected by more than two dozen patents that have been issued in the past decade, solely based on the cyclohepta[b]indole structure motif. The efficient preparation of highly functionalized and unsymmetrically substituted cyclohepta[b]indoles has therefore become of central interest for synthetic organic chemists. Historically, this structure motif most often has been prepared by means of a Fischer indole synthesis. Although very robust and useful, this reaction poses certain limitations. Especially unsymmetrically functionalized cyclohepta[b]indoles are not suitable for a Fischer indole type synthesis, since product mixtures are inevitable. Therefore, novel methodologies to overcome these synthetic obstacles have been developed in recent years. This Account introduces all natural products and pharmaceutical compounds exhibiting the cyclohepta[b]indole motif. The structural variability within cyclohepta[b]indole alkaloids in combination with the broad range of organisms where these alkaloids have been isolated from, strongly suggests that the cyclohepta[b]indole is somehow a "privileged" structure motif. The organisms producing these compounds range from evergreen trees (actinophyllic acid) to cyanobacteria (ambiguinines). The synthetic methodologies to construct these molecular scaffolds (natural and unnatural in origin) are in turn highlighted and discussed with regard to their potential to access highly functionalized and unsymmetrical cyclohepta[b]indoles, for which they specifically have been designed. The methods are classified with respect to reaction type and whether or not they are enantioselective. Finally, the syntheses of cyclohepta[b]indole natural products are presented, thereby in each case, focusing on the construction of this structure motif in the course of the respective total synthesis. As a conclusion, we end by contrasting the methodological progress in the field with the actual successful application of the newly developed methods to the synthesis of complex structures to pinpoint the urgent requirement for further synthetic development for efficient synthetic design of this "privileged" structure motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Stempel
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Gaich
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Wang CS, Fan T, Zhang HH, Li C, Shen Y, Mei GJ, Shi F. Gallium Bromide-Promoted Dearomative Indole Insertion in 3-Indolylmethanols: Chemoselective and (Z/E)-Selective Synthesis of 3,3′-Bisindole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11734-11742. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Shuai Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Tao Fan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Can Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yang Shen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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