1
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Tsai CY, Cheng HT, Chiu SH. Improbable Rotaxanes Constructed From Surrogate Malonate Rotaxanes as Encircled Methylene Synthons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308974. [PMID: 37712453 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new approach for the synthesis of "improbable" rotaxanes by using malonate-centered rotaxanes as interlocked surrogate precursors. Here, the desired dumbbell-shaped structure can be assembled from two different, completely separate, portions, with the only residual structure introduced from the malonate surrogate being a methylene group. We have synthesized improbable [2]- and [3]rotaxanes with all-hydrocarbon dumbbell-shaped components to demonstrate the potential structural flexibility and scope of the guest species that can be interlocked when using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-You Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Te Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Li X, Xie J, Du Z, Yu R, Jia J, Chen Z, Zhu K. 2D and 3D metal-organic frameworks constructed with a mechanically rigidified [3]rotaxane ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5829-5832. [PMID: 35388851 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mechanically interlocked [3]rotaxane was newly designed, synthesized, and employed as a ligand for constructing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The nano-confinement by macrocycles forces the soft bis-isophthalate axle into a pseudo-rigid conformation and coordinates to zinc(II) ions, affording a two- or three-dimensional MOF under controlled conditions. The 2D MOF exhibits a neutral framework with a periodic puckering sheet structure, while an anionic framework with a pts topology was observed for the 3D MOF. The phase purity of both bulk materials was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that both materials are stable up to 250 °C. The success of applying mechanical bonds to rigidify flexible ligands provides new insights for the design of metal-organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Jialin Xie
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenglin Du
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiyang Yu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhua Jia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, P. R. China.
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
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3
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Tang Y, Luo Y, Xiang J, He Y, Fan Q. Rhodium‐Catalyzed ON‐OFF Switchable Hydrogenation Using a Molecular Shuttle Based on a [2]Rotaxane with a Phosphine Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200638. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ping Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Er Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Feng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Mei He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Qing‐Hua Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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4
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Tang Y, Luo Y, Xiang J, He Y, Fan Q. Rhodium‐Catalyzed ON‐OFF Switchable Hydrogenation Using a Molecular Shuttle Based on a [2]Rotaxane with a Phosphine Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ping Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Er Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Feng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Mei He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Qing‐Hua Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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5
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Heard AW, Suárez JM, Goldup SM. Controlling catalyst activity, chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity with the mechanical bond. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:182-196. [PMID: 37117433 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules, such as rotaxanes and catenanes, are receiving increased attention as scaffolds for the development of new catalysts, driven by both their increasing accessibility and high-profile examples of the mechanical bond delivering desirable behaviours and properties. In this Review, we survey recent advances in the catalytic applications of mechanically interlocked molecules organized by the effect of the mechanical bond on key catalytic properties, namely, activity, chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity, and focus on how the mechanically bonded structure leads to the observed behaviour. Our aim is to inspire future investigations of mechanically interlocked catalysts, including those outside of the supramolecular community.
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6
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Gualandi L, Franchi P, Mezzina E, Goldup SM, Lucarini M. Spin-labelled mechanically interlocked molecules as models for the interpretation of biradical EPR spectra. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8385-8393. [PMID: 34221319 PMCID: PMC8221063 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01462e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biradical spin probes can provide detailed information about the distances between molecules/regions of molecules because the through-space coupling of radical centres, characterised by J, is strongly distance dependent. However, if the system can adopt multiple configurations, as is common in supramolecular complexes, the shape of the EPR spectrum is influenced not only by J but also the rate of exchange between different states. In practice, it is often hard to separate these variables and as a result, the effect of the latter is sometimes overlooked. To demonstrate this challenge unequivocally we synthesised rotaxane biradicals containing nitronyl nitroxide units at the termini of their axles. The rotaxanes exchange between the available biradical conformations more slowly than the corresponding non-interlocked axles but, despite this, in some cases, the EPR spectra of the axle and rotaxane remain remarkably similar. Detailed analysis allowed us to demonstrate that the similar EPR spectral shapes result from different combinations of J and rates of conformational interconversion, a phenomenon suggested theoretically more than 50 years ago. This work reinforces the idea that thorough analysis must be performed when interpreting the spectra of biradicals employed as spin probes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road, Highfield Southampton UK
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
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7
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Xu H, Lin MD, Yuan J, Zhou B, Mu Y, Huo Y, Zhu K. Fluorescence emission enhancement of a T-shaped benzimidazole with a mechanically-interlocked 'suit'. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3239-3242. [PMID: 33646217 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07471c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent T-shaped benzimidazole was successfully designed and interlocked in a bicyclic macrocycle to form a suit[1]ane through supramolecular templated-synthesis. Compared with the bare fluorophore, suit[1]ane requires nearly two times the concentration to initialize the aggregation-caused quenching effect in solution. Furthermore, an 8-fold higher solid-state fluorescence quantum yield (21.7%) is also achieved. By taking advantage of mechanical bonding and molecular packing, such fluorescence emission enhancement through formation of a suitane opens the way to new complex fluorescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyang Xu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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8
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Miyagawa S, Kimura M, Kagami S, Kawasaki T, Tokunaga Y. Utilization of a Crown Ether/Amine-Type Rotaxane as a Probe for the Versatile Detection of Anions and Acids by Thin-Layer Chromatography. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3044-3049. [PMID: 32783335 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A crown ether/amine-type [2]rotaxane was synthesized and utilized as a probe for the detection of acids and anions. The addition of acids to the amine-type [2]rotaxane solution generated corresponding crown ether/ammonium-type [2]rotaxanes, which were purified by silica gel column chromatography as ammonium salts. The isolated yields of the [2]rotaxanes, possessing a variety of anions, depended on the acidity and polarity of the counter anions. The behaviours of the ammonium-type [2]rotaxanes on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) silica gel reflected the properties of the counter anions. The treatment of the amine-type [2]rotaxane with acids afforded the corresponding ammonium-type [2]rotaxanes bearing several different anions. The ammonium-type [2]rotaxanes behaved similarly to the purified [2]rotaxanes on the TLC silica gel. Furthermore, we succeeded in the analysis of anions using mixtures of the amine-type [2]rotaxane and salts in an appropriate solvent. We demonstrated the detection of anions by the combination of TLC and the utilization of the [2]rotaxane probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shin Kagami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Research and Education Center for Regional Environment, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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9
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Zhu K, Loeb SJ. A hydrogen-bonded polymer constructed from mechanically interlocked, suit[1]ane monomers. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A T-shaped 2,4,7-substituted benzimidazolium “axle” with two ester functionalities and a 24-membered crown ether “wheel” with appendages containing terminal olefin groups were threaded — axle through wheel — to form a [2]pseudorotaxane. Grubbs’ ring-closing metathesis (RCM) was then used to form a third loop and create a bicyclic cage that fully encapsulates the axle and permanently interlocks the two molecular components creating a suit[1]ane. There are no bulky groups on the axle to prevent unthreading, but the axle is trapped due to the cage-like nature of the newly created polyether host. After hydrolysis of the esters groups to carboxylic acids, this novel mechanically interlocked molecule (MIM) polymerizes in the solid state. The structure of the resulting supramolecular polymer was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and contains linear one-dimensional tapes of suit[1]ane monomers linked by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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10
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Takata T. Switchable Polymer Materials Controlled by Rotaxane Macromolecular Switches. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:129-143. [PMID: 32123731 PMCID: PMC7047276 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and dynamic nature of macromolecular systems controlled by rotaxane macromolecular switches are introduced to discuss the significance of rotaxane linking of polymer chains and its topological switching. Macromolecular switches have been synthesized from macromolecular [2]rotaxanes (M2Rs) using sec-ammonium salt/crown ether couples. The successful synthesis of M2Rs possessing a single polymer axle and one crown ether wheel, constituting a key component of the macromolecular switch, has allowed us to develop various unique applications such as the development of topology-transformable polymers. Polymer topological transformations (e.g., linear-star and linear-cyclic) are achieved using rotaxane-linked polymers and rotaxane macromolecular switches. The pronounced dynamic nature of these polymer systems is sufficiently interesting to design sophisticated stimuli-responsive molecules, polymers, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Takata
- School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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11
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Soto MA, Lelj F, MacLachlan MJ. Programming permanent and transient molecular protection via mechanical stoppering. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10422-10427. [PMID: 32110334 PMCID: PMC6988755 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03744f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical protection is an essential tool in synthetic chemistry, which involves blocking reactive sites on a molecule through covalent bonds. Physical approaches, such as encapsulation and host-mediated protection, have emerged as interesting alternatives that use steric bulk to inhibit reactivity. Here, we report the protection of a redox-active viologen through its incorporation into mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), namely hetero[4]rotaxanes. The viologen was confined inside a host cavity and flanked by two mechanical stoppers, which allowed for permanent and transient protection. Deprotection occurred on-demand via an unstoppering process, triggered by a proton transfer, polarity effect, or a thermal stimulus. We anticipate that permanent and transient mechanical stoppering could be incorporated into devices to function as molecular probes, transport/delivery systems, or stimuli-controlled degradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Soto
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z1 Canada .
| | - Francesco Lelj
- La.M.I. and LaSCAMM INSTM Sezione Basilicata , Dipartimento di Chimica , Università della Basilicata , via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 , Potenza , 85100 Italy
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z1 Canada .
- Quantum Matter Institute , University of British Columbia , 2355 East Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z4 Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , 920-1192 Japan
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12
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Takata T. Stimuli-Responsive Molecular and Macromolecular Systems Controlled by Rotaxane Molecular Switches. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (RIPST), Tokyo Institute of Technology, and JST-CREST, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Inthasot
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Tai
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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14
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Chemical reactivity of the frustrated Lewis pairs in borophosphines: a theoretical analysis of their Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity and Fukui function. J Mol Model 2018; 24:238. [PMID: 30120567 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of a set of borophosphines of the general formula R2B-G-PY2, where G is the connector group between the Lewis acidic site, a borane group, and the Lewis basic site, a phosphine fragment, is theoretically investigated through their Lewis acidity and Lewis basicity, as well as the location of the Fukui function and the shape of the molecular electrostatic potential. The role of some global reactivity descriptors, like the vertical ionization potential, I, and the vertical electron affinity, A, is also analyzed in order to gain a deeper insight on the intrinsic chemical reactivity of these borophosphines. We also use the energies involved in the formation of the adducts between the borophosphine and the ions H- and H+ to estimate the Lewis acidity and Lewis basicity, respectively; by their nature, these energies represent local reactivity descriptors. Some of these borophosphines are able to activate the covalent bond in the hydrogen molecule. Possible paths for the hydrogen release reaction from the zwitterion R[Formula: see text]HB-G-PH[Formula: see text] are studied using the mentioned quantities, suggesting that an intramolecular hydride shift mechanism seems to be more favorable than a proton migration process. The acceptor Fukui function f+(r) proved to be useful to identify the acidic molecular sites for the interaction with the hydride ion and the relative stability of the corresponding adducts is related to the relative values of this function.
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15
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Chang YH, Lee YJ, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Chiu SH. Synthesis of Oxygen-Free [2]Rotaxanes: Recognition of Diarylguanidinium Ions by Tetraazacyclophanes. Org Lett 2018; 20:2416-2419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C
| | - Yong-Jay Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University and Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R.O.C
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16
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Sun XY, Ren WM, Liu SJ, Jia YB, Wang YM, Lu XB. Tandem Lewis Pair Polymerization and Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization for Synthesizing Block and Brush Copolymers. Molecules 2018; 23:E468. [PMID: 29466304 PMCID: PMC6017872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewis pair polymerization is a powerful method for preparing soluble polymers bearing pendant active vinyl groups by directly polymerizing dissymmetric divinyl polar monomers. Herein, we present a strategy for synthesizing block and brush copolymers via tandem Lewis pair polymerization of methacrylates, "thiol-ene" click reaction and organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of lactide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Si-Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Yin-Bao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.
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17
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Tung ST, Cheng HT, Inthasot A, Hsueh FC, Gu TJ, Yan PC, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Interlocked Photo-degradable Macrocycles Allow One-Off Photo-triggerable Gelation of Organo- and Hydrogelators. Chemistry 2018; 24:1522-1527. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Te Tung
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Hung-Te Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Alex Inthasot
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Fang-Che Hsueh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Ting-Jia Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Pei-Cong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University and Department of Medical Genetics; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei, Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
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18
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Lewis JEM, Galli M, Goldup SM. Properties and emerging applications of mechanically interlocked ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:298-312. [PMID: 27819362 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules have a long and rich history as ligands thanks to the key role coordination chemistry has played in the development of high yielding passive template syntheses of rotaxanes and catenanes. In this Feature Article, we highlight the effect of the mechanical bond on the properties of metal ions bound within the sterically hindered environment of the macrocycle cavity, and discuss the emerging applications of interlocked ligands in catalysis, sensing and supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Marzia Galli
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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19
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Huo Y, Xu Y, Wang Z. A DFT Study on the Mechanism of the FLP-access to N-Arylazacycles from Cyclic Ethers: Sequential Activation of Two C–O Bonds. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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20
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Topology-transformable polymers: linear–branched polymer structural transformation via the mechanical linking of polymer chains. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Mechanically linked supramolecular polymer architectures derived from macromolecular [2]rotaxanes: Synthesis and topology transformation. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Baggi G, Loeb SJ. Rotationally Active Ligands: Dialing-Up Multiple Interlocked Co-Conformations for Silver(I) Coordination. Chemistry 2017; 23:14163-14166. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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23
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Ngo TH, Labuta J, Lim GN, Webre WA, D'Souza F, Karr PA, Lewis JEM, Hill JP, Ariga K, Goldup SM. Porphyrinoid rotaxanes: building a mechanical picket fence. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6679-6685. [PMID: 30155230 PMCID: PMC6103255 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on recent progress in the synthesis of functional porphyrins for a range of applications using the Cu-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, we describe the active template CuAAC synthesis of interlocked triazole functionalised porphyrinoids in excellent yield. By synthesising interlocked analogues of previously studied porphyrin-corrole conjugates, we demonstrate that this approach gives access to rotaxanes in which the detailed electronic properties of the axle component are unchanged but whose steric properties are transformed by the mechanical "picket fence" provided by the threaded rings. Our results suggest that interlocked functionalised porphyrins, readily available using the AT-CuAAC approach, are sterically hindered scaffolds for the development of new catalysts and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ngo
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) , WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan .
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - J Labuta
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS-SENGEN) , National Institute for Materials Science , Sengen 1-2-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0047 , Japan
| | - G N Lim
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , 305070 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA .
| | - W A Webre
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , 305070 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA .
| | - F D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , 305070 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA .
| | - P A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics , Wayne State College , 111 Main Street , Wayne , Nebraska 68787 , USA
| | - J E M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , University Road , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - J P Hill
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - K Ariga
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - S M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , University Road , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
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24
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Lee YJ, Liu KS, Lai CC, Liu YH, Peng SM, Cheng RP, Chiu SH. Na+
Ions Induce the Pirouetting Motion and Catalytic Activity of [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2017; 23:9756-9760. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jay Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4; Roosevelt Road Taipei Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Kuang-Shun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4; Roosevelt Road Taipei Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University and Department of Medical Genetics; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4; Roosevelt Road Taipei Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4; Roosevelt Road Taipei Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Richard P. Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4; Roosevelt Road Taipei Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices; National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4; Roosevelt Road Taipei Taiwan 10617 R.O.C
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25
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Zhu K, Baggi G, Vukotic VN, Loeb SJ. Reversible mechanical protection: building a 3D "suit" around a T-shaped benzimidazole axle. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3898-3904. [PMID: 28626559 PMCID: PMC5465563 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00790f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-shaped benzimidazolium/crown ether recognition motif was used to prepare suit[1]anes. These novel mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. By conversion to a suit[1]ane, a simple benzimidazole was shown to be protected from deprotonation by strong base. Moreover, it was demonstrated that this unique three-dimensional encapsulation can be made reversible, thus introducing the concept of "reversible mechanical protection"; a protecting methodology that may have potential applications in synthetic organic chemistry and the design of molecular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China .
| | - Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada .
| | - V Nicholas Vukotic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada .
| | - Stephen J Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada .
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26
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Sawada J, Aoki D, Kuzume M, Nakazono K, Otsuka H, Takata T. A vinylic rotaxane cross-linker for toughened network polymers from the radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00193b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A [2]rotaxane cross-linker with one vinyl group in each component was synthesized as a vinylic cross-linker for highly toughened network polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sawada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
| | - D. Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
| | - M. Kuzume
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
| | - K. Nakazono
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
| | - H. Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
| | - T. Takata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro-ku
- Japan
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27
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Zhu K, Vukotic VN, Loeb SJ. Acid-Base Switchable [2]- and [3]Rotaxane Molecular Shuttles with Benzimidazolium and Bis(pyridinium) Recognition Sites. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3258-3266. [PMID: 27671841 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For the purpose of developing higher level mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), such as molecular switches and machines, a new rotaxane system was designed in which both the 1,2-bis(pyridinium)ethane and benzimidazolium recognition templating motifs were combined. These two very different recognition sites were successfully incorporated into [2]rotaxane and [3]rotaxane molecular shuttles which were fully characterized by 1 H NMR, 2D EXSY, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and VT NMR analysis. By utilizing benzimidazolium as both a recognition site and stoppering group it was possible to create not only an acid/base switchable [2]rotaxane molecular shuttle (energy barrier 20.9 kcal⋅mol-1 ) but also a [3]rotaxane molecular shuttle that displays unique dynamic behavior involving the simultaneous motion of two macrocyclic wheels on a single dumbbell. This study provides new insights into the design of switchable molecular shuttles. Due to the unique properties of benzimidazoles, such as fluorescence and metal coordination, this new type of molecular shuttle may find further applications in developing functional molecular machines and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - V Nicholas Vukotic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Stephen J Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
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28
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Huo GF, Han Y, Sun J, Yan CG. Single crystal structures and complexing properties of some copillar[5]arene mono-Schiff bases. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-016-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Baggi G, Loeb SJ. Rotationally Active Ligands: Dialing-Up the Co-conformations of a [2]Rotaxane for Metal Ion Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12533-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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30
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Baggi G, Loeb SJ. Rotationally Active Ligands: Dialing-Up the Co-conformations of a [2]Rotaxane for Metal Ion Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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31
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Sato H, Aoki D, Takata T. Synthesis and Star/Linear Topology Transformation of a Mechanically Linked ABC Terpolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:699-703. [PMID: 35614675 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an ABC star terpolymer containing one polymer chain connected mechanically through a rotaxane linkage and its topology transformation to a linear structure are reported. Pseudo[2]rotaxane, which was designed as the key trifunctional species for the star polymer synthesis, comprised a sec-ammonium axle with ethynyl and hydroxy groups and a crown ether wheel with a trithiocarbonate group. Stepwise polymer connections to the pseudo[2]rotaxane using the three groups afforded a rotaxane-linked ABC star terpolymer. The topology transformation from star to linear by the removal of the attractive interaction between the axle and wheel components yielded a linear ABC terpolymer via the wheel shifting to the axle end. The spectroscopic and solution property changes clearly indicated the occurrence of the polymer topology change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering and ‡JST-CREST, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering and ‡JST-CREST, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering and ‡JST-CREST, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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32
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Lewis JEM, Bordoli RJ, Denis M, Fletcher CJ, Galli M, Neal EA, Rochette EM, Goldup SM. High yielding synthesis of 2,2'-bipyridine macrocycles, versatile intermediates in the synthesis of rotaxanes. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3154-3161. [PMID: 29997807 PMCID: PMC6005271 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00011h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an operationally simple approach to 2,2'-bipyridine macrocycles. Our method uses simple starting materials to produce these previously hard to access rotaxane precursors in remarkable yields (typically >65%) across a range of scales (0.1-5 mmol). All of the macrocycles reported are efficiently converted (>90%) to rotaxanes under AT-CuAAC conditions. With the requisite macrocycles finally available in sufficient quantities, we further demonstrate their long term utility through the first gram-scale synthesis of an AT-CuAAC [2]rotaxane and extend this powerful methodology to produce novel Sauvage-type molecular shuttles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E M Lewis
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - R J Bordoli
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , London , E1 4NS , UK
| | - M Denis
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - C J Fletcher
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - M Galli
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - E A Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , London , E1 4NS , UK
| | - E M Rochette
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - S M Goldup
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
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33
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Viljoen E, Zhu K, Loeb SJ. From Binuclear Complexes to Molecular Necklaces: Incorporating Flexible Ligands into Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2016; 22:7479-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Viljoen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Kelong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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34
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Mitra R, Thiele M, Octa-Smolin F, Letzel MC, Niemeyer J. A bifunctional chiral [2]catenane based on 1,1'-binaphthyl-phosphates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5977-80. [PMID: 27058367 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01980c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel [2]catenane was synthesised by ring-closing metathesis from a Ca-bisphosphate template. The resulting interlocked structure features two chiral 1,1'-binaphthyl-phosphates, leading to a bifunctional catenane structure. Initial binding studies point at the applicability of such mechanically interlocked bisphosphates as artificial receptors for dicationic guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mitra
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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35
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Cakmak Y, Erbas-Cakmak S, Leigh DA. Asymmetric Catalysis with a Mechanically Point-Chiral Rotaxane. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1749-51. [PMID: 26835978 PMCID: PMC4805306 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mechanical
point-chirality in a [2]rotaxane is utilized for asymmetric
catalysis. Stable enantiomers of the rotaxane result from a bulky
group in the middle of the thread preventing a benzylic amide macrocycle
shuttling between different sides of a prochiral center, creating
point chirality in the vicinity of a secondary amine group. The resulting
mechanochirogenesis delivers enantioselective organocatalysis via
both enamine (up to 71:29 er) and iminium (up to 68:32 er) activation
modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Cakmak
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sundus Erbas-Cakmak
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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36
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Nale DB, Rath D, Parida KM, Gajengi A, Bhanage BM. Amine modified mesoporous Al2O3@MCM-41: an efficient, synergetic and recyclable catalyst for the formylation of amines using carbon dioxide and DMAB under mild reaction conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy02277k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel amine modified meso Al2O3@MCM-41 catalyst was investigated for the synthesis of formamides from 1°/2° aliphatic as well as aromatic amines with CO2, using DMAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak B. Nale
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400 019
- India
| | - Dharitri Rath
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology
- Institute of Technical Education & Research
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751 030
| | - K. M. Parida
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Nano Science and Nano Technology
- Institute of Technical Education & Research
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751 030
| | - Aravind Gajengi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400 019
- India
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Erbas-Cakmak
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie T. McTernan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alina
L. Nussbaumer
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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38
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Galli M, Lewis JEM, Goldup SM. A Stimuli-Responsive Rotaxane-Gold Catalyst: Regulation of Activity and Diastereoselectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13545-9. [PMID: 26387887 PMCID: PMC4678423 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A rotaxane-based Au catalyst was developed and the effect of the mechanical bond on its behavior was studied. Unlike the non-interlocked thread, the rotaxane requires a catalytically innocent cofactor, the identity of which significantly influences both the yield and diastereoselectivity of the reaction. Under optimized conditions, Au(I) (the catalyst), Ag(I) (to abstract the Cl(-) ligand), and Cu(I) (the cofactor) combine to produce a catalyst with excellent activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Galli
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - James E M Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK)
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ (UK).
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39
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Galli M, Lewis JEM, Goldup SM. A Stimuli-Responsive Rotaxane-Gold Catalyst: Regulation of Activity and Diastereoselectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Sun N, Xiao X, Li W, Jiang J. Multistimuli Sensitive Behavior of Novel Bodipy-Involved Pillar[5]arene-Based Fluorescent [2]Rotaxane and Its Supramolecular Gel. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500082. [PMID: 27980971 PMCID: PMC5115378 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent [2]rotaxane BC12P5 is successfully constructed with 1,4-diethoxypillar[5]arene as wheel over a long alkyl axle with Bodipy chromophore as one stopper for the first time. NMR spectra clearly reveal its molecular shuttle nature triggered by multiple external stimuli including solvent polarity and temperature. In particular, the fluorescence nature introduced into [2]rotaxane BC12P5 renders it a good sensor for the external stimuli. Nevertheless, the supramolecular gel successfully fabricated from this novel rotaxane system via self-assembly in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) also shows reversible gel-sol phase transition upon multiple external stimuli such as heating/cooling, shaking/resting, or the addition of different anions. Interestingly, exposure of the supramolecular gel film to HCl or ammonia vapor induces the change in the film fluorescence intensity, endowing this system with a potential application in gas detecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China; Department of Chemistry Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
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41
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Cai J, Zhang M, Zhao X. Synthesis of Allyl Carbamates through the Regioselective Domino Reaction of Amines, CO2, and Unsymmetrical Allyl Chlorides under Pd Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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Sawada J, Aoki D, Uchida S, Otsuka H, Takata T. Synthesis of Vinylic Macromolecular Rotaxane Cross-Linkers Endowing Network Polymers with Toughness. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:598-601. [PMID: 35596280 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular rotaxane cross-linkers having two radically polymerizable vinyl groups (RCs) were first synthesized and used to prepare network polymers. A crown ether/sec-ammonium-type pseudorotaxane initiator having an OH terminal-containing axle and a crown ether wheel with a vinyl group was subjected to the living ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone followed by end-capping with a bulky isocyanate to yield a polyester axle-tethering macromolecular [2]rotaxane cross-linker (RC). Rotaxane cross-linked polymers (RCPs) were prepared by the radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate in the presence of RCs (0.25, 0.50 mol %). The properties of the RCPs and covalently cross-linked polymers (CCPs) were characterized mainly by mechanical properties. Both fracture stress and strain values of RCPs were much higher than those of CCPs, probably owing to the increased network homogeneity by the rotaxane cross-link. The hybrid-type RCPs obtained from a mixture of RC and covalently connected cross-linker (CC) showed poorer mechanical properties similar to that of CCPs, indicating the importance of RCs in increasing the toughness of the network polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sawada
- Department of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Department of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Chemie frustrierter Lewis-Paare: Entwicklung und Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry: development and perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6400-41. [PMID: 25974714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1298] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are combinations of Lewis acids and Lewis bases in solution that are deterred from strong adduct formation by steric and/or electronic factors. This opens pathways to novel cooperative reactions with added substrates. Small-molecule binding and activation by FLPs has led to the discovery of a variety of new reactions through unprecedented pathways. Hydrogen activation and subsequent manipulation in metal-free catalytic hydrogenations is a frequently observed feature of many FLPs. The current state of this young but rapidly expanding field is outlined in this Review and the future directions for its broadening sphere of impact are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6 (Canada).
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany).
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Franz M, Januszewski JA, Wendinger D, Neiss C, Movsisyan LD, Hampel F, Anderson HL, Görling A, Tykwinski RR. Cumulen-Rotaxane: Stabilisierung und Charakterisierung von [9]Cumulenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Franz M, Januszewski JA, Wendinger D, Neiss C, Movsisyan LD, Hampel F, Anderson HL, Görling A, Tykwinski RR. Cumulene Rotaxanes: Stabilization and Study of [9]Cumulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6645-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Transition Metal-Free Incorporation of CO2. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2013. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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