1
|
Ma Z, Yan Z, Li X, Chung LW. Quantum Tunneling in Reactions Modulated by External Electric Fields: Reactivity and Selectivity. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1124-1132. [PMID: 36705472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantum tunneling and external electric fields (EEFs) can promote some reactions. However, the synergetic effect of an EEF on a tunneling-involving reaction and its temperature-dependence is not very clear. In this study, we extensively investigated how EEFs affect three reactions that involve hydrogen- or (ground- and excited-state) carbon-tunneling using reliable DFT, DLPNO-CCSD(T1), and variational transition-state theory methods. Our study revealed that oriented EEFs can significantly reduce the barrier and corresponding barrier width (and vice versa) through more electrostatic stabilization in transition states. These EEF effects enhance the nontunneling and tunneling-involving rates. Such EEF effects also decrease the crossover temperatures and quantum tunneling contribution, albeit with lower and thinner barriers. Moreover, EEFs can modulate and switch on/off the tunneling-driven 1,2-H migration of hydroxycarbenes under cryogenic conditions. Furthermore, our study predicts for the first time that EEF/tunneling synergy can control the chemo- or site-selectivity of one molecule bearing two similar/same reactive sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Ma
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zeyin Yan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lan J, Li X, Yang Y, Zhang X, Chung LW. New Insights and Predictions into Complex Homogeneous Reactions Enabled by Computational Chemistry in Synergy with Experiments: Isotopes and Mechanisms. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1109-1123. [PMID: 35385649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis have been widely applied in synthetic, medicinal, and energy chemistry as well as synthetic biology. Driven by developments of new computational chemistry methods and better computer hardware, computational chemistry has become an essentially indispensable mechanistic "instrument" to help understand structures and decipher reaction mechanisms in catalysis. In addition, synergy between computational and experimental chemistry deepens our mechanistic understanding, which further promotes the rational design of new catalysts. In this Account, we summarize new or deeper mechanistic insights (including isotope, dispersion, and dynamical effects) into several complex homogeneous reactions from our systematic computational studies along with subsequent experimental studies by different groups. Apart from uncovering new mechanisms in some reactions, a few computational predictions (such as excited-state heavy-atom tunneling, steric-controlled enantioswitching, and a new geminal addition mechanism) based on our mechanistic insights were further verified by ensuing experiments.The Zimmerman group developed a photoinduced triplet di-π-methane rearrangement to form cyclopropane derivatives. Recently, our computational study predicted the first excited-state heavy-atom (carbon) quantum tunneling in one triplet di-π-methane rearrangement, in which the reaction rates and 12C/13C kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) can be enhanced by quantum tunneling at low temperatures. This unprecedented excited-state heavy-atom tunneling in a photoinduced reaction has recently been verified by an experimental 12C/13C KIE study by the Singleton group. Such combined computational and experimental studies should open up opportunities to discover more rare excited-state heavy-atom tunneling in other photoinduced reactions. In addition, we found unexpectedly large secondary KIE values in the five-coordinate Fe(III)-catalyzed hetero-Diels-Alder pathway, even with substantial C-C bond formation, due to the non-negligible equilibrium isotope effect (EIE) derived from altered metal coordination. Therefore, these KIE values cannot reliably reflect transition-state structures for the five-coordinate metal pathway. Furthermore, our density functional theory (DFT) quasi-classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated that the coordination mode and/or spin state of the iron metal as well as an electric field can affect the dynamics of this reaction (e.g., the dynamically stepwise process, the entrance/exit reaction channels).Moreover, we unveiled a new reaction mechanism to account for the uncommon Ru(II)-catalyzed geminal-addition semihydrogenation and hydroboration of silyl alkynes. Our proposed key gem-Ru(II)-carbene intermediates derived from double migrations on the same alkyne carbon were verified by crossover experiments. Additionally, our DFT MD simulations suggested that the first hydrogen migration transition-state structures may directly and quickly form the key gem-Ru-carbene structures, thereby "bypassing" the second migration step. Furthermore, our extensive study revealed the origin of the enantioselectivity of the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with β-substituted alkenyl bicyclic heteroarenes enabled by dual coordination of both substrates. Such mechanistic insights promoted our computational predictions of the enantioselectivity reversal for the corresponding monocyclic heteroarene substrates and the regiospecific addition to the less reactive internal C═C bond of one diene substrate. These predictions were proven by our experimental collaborators. Finally, our mechanistic insights into a few other reactions are also presented. Overall, we hope that these interactive computational and experimental studies enrich our mechanistic understanding and aid in reaction development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ormazábal-Toledo R, Richter S, Robles-Navarro A, Maulén B, Matute RA, Gallardo-Fuentes S. Meisenheimer complexes as hidden intermediates in the aza-S NAr mechanism. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:4238-4247. [PMID: 32432594 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work we report a computational study about the aza-SNAr mechanism in fluorine- and chlorine-containing azines with the aim to unravel the physical factors that determine the reactivity patterns in these heterocycles towards propylamine. The nature of the reaction intermediate was analyzed in terms of its electronic structure based on a topological analysis framework in some non-stationary points along the reaction coordinate. The mechanistic dichotomy of a concerted or a stepwise pathway is interpreted in terms of the qualitative Diabatic Model of Intermediate Stabilization (DMIS) approach, providing a general mechanistic picture for the SNAr process involving both activated benzenes and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. With the information collected, a unified vision of the Meisenheimer complexes as transition state, hidden intermediate or real intermediate was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ormazábal-Toledo
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo OHiggins, Santiago 8370854, Chile. and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sebastián Richter
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrés Robles-Navarro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile and Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología (CEDENNA), Avda. Ecuador 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - Boris Maulén
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo A Matute
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo OHiggins, Santiago 8370854, Chile. and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Sebastián Gallardo-Fuentes
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ortega DE, Matute RA. Description of the Reaction Intermediate Stabilization for the Zimmerman Di-π-methane Rearrangement on the Basis of a Parametric Diabatic Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3573-3580. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E. Ortega
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo OHiggins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Ricardo A. Matute
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo OHiggins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Locke GM, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Nonconjugated Hydrocarbons as Rigid-Linear Motifs: Isosteres for Material Sciences and Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:4590-4647. [PMID: 30387906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ortega DE, Ormazábal-Toledo R, Contreras R, Matute RA. Theoretical insights into the E1cB/E2 mechanistic dichotomy of elimination reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9874-9882. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modeling the E1cB, E2, and E1cB/E2 borderline mechanisms in terms of carbanion stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E. Ortega
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA)
- Universidad Bernardo O Higgins
- Santiago 8370854
- Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ormazábal-Toledo
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA)
- Universidad Bernardo O Higgins
- Santiago 8370854
- Chile
| | - Renato Contreras
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Ricardo A. Matute
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA)
- Universidad Bernardo O Higgins
- Santiago 8370854
- Chile
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matute RA, Pérez P, Chamorro E, Villegas-Escobar N, Cortés-Arriagada D, Herrera B, Gutiérrez-Oliva S, Toro-Labbé A. Reaction Electronic Flux Perspective on the Mechanism of the Zimmerman Di-π-methane Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5969-5974. [PMID: 29486121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The reaction electronic flux (REF) offers a powerful tool in the analysis of reaction mechanisms. Noteworthy, the relationship between aromaticity and REF can eventually reveal subtle electronic events associated with reactivity in aromatic systems. In this work, this relationship was studied for the triplet Zimmerman di-π-methane rearrangement. The aromaticity loss and gain taking place during the reaction is well acquainted by the REF, thus shedding light on the electronic nature of reactions involving dibenzobarrelenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Matute
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 , 7820436 , Santiago , Chile.,Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA) , Universidad Bernardo O Higgins , Santiago 8370854 , Chile
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Andres Bello , Avenida República 275 , 8370146 Santiago , Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Andres Bello , Avenida República 275 , 8370146 Santiago , Chile
| | - Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 , 7820436 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Diego Cortés-Arriagada
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación , Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana , Ignacio Valdivieso 2409 , 8940577 , San Joaquín, Santiago , Chile
| | - Barbara Herrera
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 , 7820436 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Soledad Gutiérrez-Oliva
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 , 7820436 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 , 7820436 , Santiago , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li X, Liao T, Chung LW. Computational Prediction of Excited-State Carbon Tunneling in the Two Steps of Triplet Zimmerman Di-π-Methane Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16438-16441. [PMID: 29037035 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced Zimmerman di-π-methane (DPM) rearrangement of polycyclic molecules to form synthetically useful cyclopropane derivatives was found experimentally to proceed in a triplet excited state. We have applied state-of-the-art quantum mechanical methods, including M06-2X, DLPNO-CCSD(T) and variational transition-state theory with multidimensional tunneling corrections, to an investigation of the reaction rates of the two steps in the triplet DPM rearrangement of dibenzobarrelene, benzobarrelene and barrelene. This study predicts a high probability of carbon tunneling in regions around the two consecutive transition states at 200-300 K, and an enhancement in the rates by 104-276/35-67% with carbon tunneling at 200/300 K. The Arrhenius plots of the rate constants were found to be curved at low temperatures. Moreover, the computed 12C/13C kinetic isotope effects were affected significantly by carbon tunneling and temperature. Our predictions of electronically excited-state carbon tunneling and two consecutive carbon tunneling are unprecedented. Heavy-atom tunneling in some photoinduced reactions with reactive intermediates and narrow barriers can be potentially observed at relatively low temperature in experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Liao
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gorobets E, Wong NE, Paton RS, Derksen DJ. Divergent Photocyclization/1,4-Sigmatropic Rearrangements for the Synthesis of Sesquiterpenoid Derivatives. Org Lett 2017; 19:484-487. [PMID: 28124915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Combined experimental and computational efforts have demonstrated the utility of divergent photocyclization/1,4-sigmatropic rearrangement reactions for developing a general strategy toward the synthesis of cubebane-, spiroaxane-, and guaiane-type sesquiterpenes and related analogues. The configuration of the bridgehead substituent, the choice of solvent, and the wavelength of irradiation all impact diastereoselectivity in this tandem reaction process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgueni Gorobets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Norman E Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Robert S Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford University , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Darren J Derksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Substituent effect on di-π-methane reactions of benzopyrazinobarrelenes and benzoquinoxalinobarrelenes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Matute RA, Garcia-Garibay MA, Houk KN. Theory of substituent effects on the regioselectivity of di-π-methane rearrangements of dibenzobarrelenes. Org Lett 2014; 16:5232-4. [PMID: 25237757 DOI: 10.1021/ol5024823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The regioselectivities of the di-π-methane rearrangements of unsymmetrically substituted dibenzobarrelenes have been explored with DFT (UM06-2X). Regioselectivity depends on the intramolecular hydrogen bonding and originates from specific stabilization of the triplet biradical intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Matute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Samanta D, Rana A, Schmittel M. Quantification of Nonstatistical Dynamics in an Intramolecular Diels–Alder Cyclization without Trajectory Computation. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2368-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500035b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and
Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Anup Rana
- Department of Chemistry and
Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biology, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Competition Between Concerted and Stepwise Dynamics in the Triplet Di-π-Methane Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8664-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
14
|
Jiménez-Osés G, Liu P, Matute RA, Houk KN. Competition Between Concerted and Stepwise Dynamics in the Triplet Di-π-Methane Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|