1
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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2
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Jiang S, Wang W, Mou C, Zou J, Jin Z, Hao G, Chi YR. Facile access to benzofuran derivatives through radical reactions with heteroatom-centered super-electron-donors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7381. [PMID: 37968279 PMCID: PMC10651860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of suitable electron donors is critical to single-electron-transfer (SET) processes. The use of heteroatom-centered anions as super-electron-donors (SEDs) for direct SET reactions has rarely been studied. Here we show that heteroatom anions can be applied as SEDs to initiate radical reactions for facile synthesis of 3-substituted benzofurans. Phosphines, thiols and anilines bearing different substitution patterns work well in this inter-molecular radical coupling reaction and the 3-functionalized benzofuran products bearing heteroatomic functionalities are given in moderate to excellent yields. The reaction mechanism is elucidated via control experiments and computational methods. The afforded products show promising applications in both organic synthesis and pesticide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chengli Mou
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Juan Zou
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Gefei Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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3
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Zhao Z, Pang Y, Zhao Z, Zhou PP, Wang Y. Supramolecular catalysis with ethers enabled by dual chalcogen bonding activation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6347. [PMID: 37816750 PMCID: PMC10564790 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of ethers by weak interactions is a long-standing objective in supramolecular catalysis, but yet it remains an underdeveloped topic. The obstacles towards solving this problem are prominent since it is difficult for a weak interaction to cleave a relatively strong C-O σ-bond and moreover, the ionic intermediate composing of an alkoxide ion and an electrophilic carbocation would deactivate weak interaction donors. Herein, we describe a distinctive activation mode, dual Se···π and Se···O bonding, that could activate benzylic as well as allylic ether C-O σ-bonds to achieve cyclization, coupling and elimination reactions. This dual Se···π and Se···O bonding catalysis approach could tolerate various alkoxide leaving groups, while the other representative weak interaction donors showed no catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuanling Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of the Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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4
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Lenz P, Oshimizu R, Klabunde S, Daniliuc CG, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Tendyck JC, Mori T, Uhl W, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Yamaguchi S, Studer A. Oxy-Borylenes as Photoreductants: Synthesis and Application in Dehalogenation and Detosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209391. [PMID: 36005897 PMCID: PMC9825981 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While the range of accessible borylenes has significantly broadened over the last decade, applications remain limited. Herein, we present tricoordinate oxy-borylenes as potent photoreductants that can be readily activated by visible light. Facile oxidation of CAAC stabilized oxy-borylenes (CAAC)(IPr2 Me2 )BOR (R=TMS, CH2 CH2 C6 H5 , CH2 CH2 (4-F)C6 H4 ) to their corresponding radical cations is achieved with mildly oxidizing ferrocenium ion. Cyclovoltammetric studies reveal ground-state redox potentials of up to -1.90 V vs. Fc+/0 for such oxy-borylenes placing them among the strongest organic super electron donors. Their ability as photoreductants is further supported by theoretical studies and showcased by the application as stoichiometric reagents for the photochemical hydrodehalogenation of aryl chlorides, aryl bromides and unactivated alkyl bromides as well as the detosylation of anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lenz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Ryo Oshimizu
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya UniversityFuro, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Sina Klabunde
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Jonas C. Tendyck
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Tatsuya Mori
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya UniversityFuro, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3048149MünsterGermany,Instituto de Fisica de São CarlosUniversidade de Sao PauloAvenida Trabalhador Saocarlense 400São CarlosSP, 13566-590Brazil
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS)Nagoya UniversityFuro, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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5
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Lenz P, Oshimizu R, Klabunde S, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Tendyck JC, Mori T, Uhl W, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Yamaguchi S, Studer A. Oxy‐Borylenes as Photoreductants: Synthesis and Application in Dehalogenation and Detosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lenz
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Ryo Oshimizu
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Sina Klabunde
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Jonas C. Tendyck
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Tatsuya Mori
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Werner Uhl
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Michael R. Hansen
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Fachbereich 12 Chemie und Pharmazie Chemistry and pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Fisica de Sao Carlos BRAZIL
| | | | - Armido Studer
- Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster GERMANY
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6
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Widness JK, Enny DG, McFarlane-Connelly KS, Miedenbauer MT, Krauss TD, Weix DJ. CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12229-12246. [PMID: 35772053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Strong reducing agents (<-2.0 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) enable a wide array of useful organic chemistry, but suffer from a variety of limitations. Stoichiometric metallic reductants such as alkali metals and SmI2 are commonly employed for these reactions; however, considerations including expense, ease of use, safety, and waste generation limit the practicality of these methods. Recent approaches utilizing energy from multiple photons or electron-primed photoredox catalysis have accessed reduction potentials equivalent to Li0 and shown how this enables selective transformations of aryl chlorides via aryl radicals. However, in some cases, low stability of catalytic intermediates can limit turnover numbers. Herein, we report the ability of CdS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) to function as strong photoreductants and present evidence that a highly reducing electron is generated from two consecutive photoexcitations of CdS QDs with intermediate reductive quenching. Mechanistic experiments suggest that Auger recombination, a photophysical phenomenon known to occur in photoexcited anionic QDs, generates transient thermally excited electrons to enable the observed reductions. Using blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and sacrificial amine reductants, aryl chlorides and phosphate esters with reduction potentials up to -3.4 V vs SCE are photoreductively cleaved to afford hydrodefunctionalized or functionalized products. In contrast to small-molecule catalysts, QDs are stable under these conditions and turnover numbers up to 47 500 have been achieved. These conditions can also effect other challenging reductions, such as tosylate protecting group removal from amines, debenzylation of benzyl-protected alcohols, and reductive ring opening of cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K Widness
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel G Enny
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Mahilet T Miedenbauer
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Bhuyan S, Mandal S, Jana S, Chhetri K, Roy BG. Efficient greener visible light catalyzed debenzylation of benzyl ethers and esters: A gateway to wider exploitation of stable benzyl protecting group. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saibal Jana
- University of Liverpool Chemistry Liverpool UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Biswajit Gopal Roy
- Sikkim University Chemistry 6th Mile, TadongGangtokSikkim 737102 Gangtok INDIA
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8
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Zhao Y, Rollet M, Charles L, Canard G, Gigmes D, Vanelle P, Broggi J. Switching from Single to Simultaneous Free‐Radical and Anionic Polymerization with Enamine‐Based Organic Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Marion Rollet
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) 13288 Marseille France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
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9
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Zhao Y, Rollet M, Charles L, Canard G, Gigmes D, Vanelle P, Broggi J. Switching from Single to Simultaneous Free-Radical and Anionic Polymerization with Enamine-Based Organic Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19389-19396. [PMID: 34157792 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although most monomers can polymerize through different propagation pathways, polymerization-initiating systems that can switch from one mode to another are rare. In this study, we demonstrate that enamine-based organic electron donors (OEDs) constitute the first systems able to initiate either free-radical or anionic polymerization under simple, mild, and safe conditions. While direct electron-transfer reduction of monomers by OEDs results in the initiation of anionic chain-growth polymerization, introduction of a competing oxidant with a higher reduction potential than the monomer switches the former anionic propagation to a clean radical-propagation process. The benefit of this dual-mode activator is highlighted in the synthesis of an interpenetrating polymer network through simultaneous initiation of radical and anionic propagation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Rollet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
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10
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Frenette BL, Arsenault N, Walker SL, Decken A, Dyker CA. Bis(Iminophosphorano)-Substituted Pyridinium Ions and their Corresponding Bispyridinylidene Organic Electron Donors. Chemistry 2021; 27:8528-8536. [PMID: 33834560 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optimized synthetic procedures for pyridinium ions featuring iminophosphorano (-N=PR3 ; R=Ph, Cy) π-donor substituents in the 2- and 4- positions are described. Crystallographic and theoretical studies reveal that the strongly donating substituents severely polarize the π-electrons of the pyridyl ring at the expense of aromaticity. Moreover, the pyridinium ions are readily deprotonated to generate powerful bispyridinylidene (BPY) organic electron donors. Electrochemical studies show exceptionally low redox potentials for the two-electron BPY/BPY2+ couples, ranging from -1.71 V vs the saturated calomel electrode for 3PhPh (with four Ph3 P=N- groups) to -1.85 V for 3CyCy (with four Cy3 P=N- groups). These new compounds represent the most reducing neutral organic electron donors (OEDs) currently known. Some preliminary reductions involving 3CyCy showed enhanced capability owing to its low redox potential, such as the thermally activated reduction of an aryl chloride, but purification challenges were often encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Nadine Arsenault
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sarah L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
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11
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Tintori G, Fall A, Assani N, Zhao Y, Bergé-Lefranc D, Redon S, Vanelle P, Broggi J. Generation of powerful organic electron donors by water-assisted decarboxylation of benzimidazolium carboxylates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In situ and easy generation of organic electron donors from water-activation of carboxylate precursors allows OED-promoted intermolecular radical addition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tintori
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Arona Fall
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Nadhrata Assani
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | | | - Sébastien Redon
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
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12
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Glaser F, Larsen CB, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Aryl dechlorination and defluorination with an organic super-photoreductant. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1035-1041. [PMID: 32588869 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct excitation of the commercially available super-electron donor tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) with light-emitting diodes at 440 or 390 nm provides a stoichiometric reductant that is able to reduce aryl chlorides and fluorides. The method is very simple and requires only TDAE, substrate, and solvent at room temperature. The photoactive excited state of TDAE has a lifetime of 17.3 ns in cyclohexane at room temperature and an oxidation potential of ca.-3.4 V vs. SCE. This makes TDAE one of the strongest photoreductants able to operate on the basis of single excitation with visible photons. Direct substrate activation occurs in benzene, but acetone is reduced by photoexcited TDAE and substrate reduction takes place by a previously unexplored solvent radical anion mechanism. Our work shows that solvent can have a leveling effect on the photochemically available redox power, reminiscent of the pH-leveling effect that solvent has in acid-base chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Cui Y, Xiang L, Wang J, Li C, Hao W, Ye Q. Storage and release of two electrons from an electron-rich carbon-carbon bond: boron mediated reversible coupling of DMAP and 9-azajulolidine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6794-6797. [PMID: 32432259 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the preparation of [{(dpp-bian)BBr}Li(DME)3] (2, dpp-bian = 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl) imino]acenaphthene) and [{(dpp-bian)BL}+Br-] (5, L = DMAP; 6, L = 9-azajulolidine). The 4,4-coupling of DMAP and 2,2-coupling of 9-azajulolidine can be achieved either by the reaction of 2 with L, or by one-electron reduction of borenium cations 5 and 6. Oxidation of 3 and 4 leads to C-C cleavage and regeneration of 5 and 6. All new compounds have been structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, P. R. China.
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14
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Zhang L, Jiao L. Visible-Light-Induced Organocatalytic Borylation of Aryl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9124-9128. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
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15
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Tang S, Zhang X, Sun J, Niu D, Chruma JJ. 2-Azaallyl Anions, 2-Azaallyl Cations, 2-Azaallyl Radicals, and Azomethine Ylides. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10393-10457. [PMID: 30302999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the use of 2-azaallyl anions, 2-azaallyl cations, and 2-azaallyl radicals in organic synthesis up through June 2018. Particular attention is paid to both foundational studies and recent advances over the past decade involving semistabilized and nonstabilized 2-azaallyl anions as key intermediates in various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming processes. Both transition-metal-catalyzed and transition-metal-free transformations are covered. Azomethine ylides, which have received significant attention elsewhere, are discussed briefly with the primary focus on critical comparisons with 2-azaallyl anions in regard to generation and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jason J Chruma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE), College of Chemistry, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, College of Physical Sciences & Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , People's Republic of China
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16
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Lei Y, Yang J, Qi R, Wang S, Wang R, Xu Z. Arylation of benzyl amines with aromatic nitriles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11881-11884. [PMID: 30283923 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06408c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the past years, the activations of aromatic nitriles for radical arylations under photoirradiation have been developed. We here report the first example of radical arylations using aromatic nitriles without the assistance of photoirradiation. Importantly, with this method, the direct arylation of C(sp3)-H in benzyl amines provided a practical method for the synthesis of diarylmethylamines without the use of precious transition metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Lei
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Rupeng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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17
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Reduction of nitroarenes, azoarenes and hydrazine derivatives by an organic super electron donor. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Martin JD, Dyker CA. Facile preparation and isolation of neutral organic electron donors based on 4-dimethylaminopyridine. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of new neutral bis-2-(4-dimethylamino)pyridinylidene electron donors featuring N-akyl groups of varying lengths (propyl, butyl, hexyl, dodecyl) have been prepared from 4-dimethylaminopyridine by means of a simple two-step procedure. Each derivative could be isolated in high yield and could be stored indefinitely under inert atmosphere. The electron donors were chemically oxidized to the corresponding bipyridinium ions, and all compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. As an emerging class of electron transfer agents, the availability of the isolated neutral bispyridinylidenes should be beneficial for cases that are incompatible with generating the electron donor in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - C. Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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19
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Zhang L, Jiao L. Super electron donors derived from diboron. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2711-2722. [PMID: 29732055 PMCID: PMC5911971 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-electron transfer is an important process in organic chemistry, in which a single-electron reductant (electron donor) acts as a key component. Compared with metal-based electron donors, organic electron donors have some unique advantages, such as tunable reduction ability and mild reaction conditions. The development of novel organic electron donors with good reduction ability together with ease of preparation is in high demand. Based on the pyridine-catalyzed radical borylation reaction developed in our laboratory, we have discovered that, the reaction system consisting of a diboron(4) compound, methoxide and a pyridine derivative could smoothly produce super electron donors in situ. Two boryl-pyridine based species, the major one being a trans-2H,2'H-[2,2'-bipyridine]-1,1'-diide borate complex and the minor one being a pyridine radical anion-borate complex, were observed and carefully characterized. These complexes were found to be organic super electron donors unprecedented in literature, and their formation mechanisms were studied by DFT calculations. The diboron/methoxide/pyridine system enables the preparation of organic super electron donors from easily accessible starting materials under mild conditions, which has the potential to be a general and practical single-electron reducing agent in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084 , China .
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS) , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084 , China .
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20
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Tintori G, Nabokoff P, Buhaibeh R, Bergé-Lefranc D, Redon S, Broggi J, Vanelle P. Base-Free Generation of Organic Electron Donors from Air-Stable Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3148-3153. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tintori
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Pierre Nabokoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Ruqaya Buhaibeh
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - David Bergé-Lefranc
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD; Laboratoire IMBE UMR 7263; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Sébastien Redon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
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21
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Tintori G, Nabokoff P, Buhaibeh R, Bergé-Lefranc D, Redon S, Broggi J, Vanelle P. Base-Free Generation of Organic Electron Donors from Air-Stable Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tintori
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Pierre Nabokoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Ruqaya Buhaibeh
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - David Bergé-Lefranc
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD; Laboratoire IMBE UMR 7263; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Sébastien Redon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Qiang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zaher Shah
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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23
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Evoniuk CJ, Gomes GDP, Hill SP, Fujita S, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Coupling N–H Deprotonation, C–H Activation, and Oxidation: Metal-Free C(sp3)–H Aminations with Unprotected Anilines. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16210-16221. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean P. Hill
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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24
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Smith AJ, Young A, Rohrbach S, O'Connor EF, Allison M, Wang HS, Poole DL, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Electron-Transfer and Hydride-Transfer Pathways in the Stoltz-Grubbs Reducing System (KOtBu/Et3SiH). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Simon Rohrbach
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Erin F. O'Connor
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Mark Allison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Hong-Shuang Wang
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Darren L. Poole
- Flexible Discovery Unit; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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25
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Smith AJ, Young A, Rohrbach S, O'Connor EF, Allison M, Wang HS, Poole DL, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Electron-Transfer and Hydride-Transfer Pathways in the Stoltz-Grubbs Reducing System (KOtBu/Et 3 SiH). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13747-13751. [PMID: 28892585 PMCID: PMC5656899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies by Stoltz, Grubbs et al. have shown that triethylsilane and potassium tert-butoxide react to form a highly attractive and versatile system that shows (reversible) silylation of arenes and heteroarenes as well as reductive cleavage of C-O bonds in aryl ethers and C-S bonds in aryl thioethers. Their extensive mechanistic studies indicate a complex network of reactions with a number of possible intermediates and mechanisms, but their reactions likely feature silyl radicals undergoing addition reactions and SH 2 reactions. This paper focuses on the same system, but through computational and experimental studies, reports complementary facets of its chemistry based on a) single-electron transfer (SET), and b) hydride delivery reactions to arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Simon Rohrbach
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Erin F O'Connor
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Mark Allison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Hong-Shuang Wang
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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26
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Su Y, Li Y, Ganguly R, Kinjo R. Crystalline boron-linked tetraaminoethylene radical cations. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7419-7423. [PMID: 29163893 PMCID: PMC5674142 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03528d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron-linked tetraaminoethylene radical cations has been isolated.
Single-electron oxidation of neutral boryl-linked tetraaminoethylene derivatives 4 led to the formation of radical cations 4˙+, which have been isolated and fully characterized. X-ray diffraction analysis, EPR spectroscopy, and computational studies revealed that the unpaired electron is delocalized over the B2N4C2 skeleton and the spin density mainly resides on the carbon and boron atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Su
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry , School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Link 21 , Singapore 637371 .
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry , School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Link 21 , Singapore 637371 .
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry , School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Link 21 , Singapore 637371 .
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry , School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Link 21 , Singapore 637371 .
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27
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Melaimi M, Jazzar R, Soleilhavoup M, Bertrand G. Cyclische Alkylaminocarbene (CAACs): Neues von guten Bekannten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory, UMI 3555, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory, UMI 3555, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Michèle Soleilhavoup
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory, UMI 3555, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory, UMI 3555, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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28
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Melaimi M, Jazzar R, Soleilhavoup M, Bertrand G. Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs): Recent Developments. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10046-10068. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory, UMI 3555, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory, UMI 3555, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Michèle Soleilhavoup
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory, UMI 3555, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory, UMI 3555, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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29
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Munz D, Chu J, Melaimi M, Bertrand G. NHC‐CAAC Heterodimers with Three Stable Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Munz
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Jiaxiang Chu
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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30
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Munz D, Chu J, Melaimi M, Bertrand G. NHC‐CAAC Heterodimers with Three Stable Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12886-90. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Munz
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Jiaxiang Chu
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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31
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Broggi J, Rollet M, Clément JL, Canard G, Terme T, Gigmes D, Vanelle P. Polymerization Initiated by Organic Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5994-9. [PMID: 27061743 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization reactions with organic electron donors (OED) as initiators are presented herein. The metal-free polymerization of various activated alkene and cyclic ester monomers was performed in short reaction times, under mild conditions, with small amounts of organic reducing agents, and without the need for co-initiators or activation by photochemical, electrochemical, or other methods. Hence, OED initiators enabled the development of an efficient, rapid, room-temperature process that meets the technical standards expected for industrial processes, such as energy savings, cost-effectiveness and safety. Mechanistic investigations support an electron-transfer initiation pathway that leads to the reduction of the monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France. .,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPCR (ICR), 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Marion Rollet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CROPS (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Clément
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CROPS (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPCR (ICR), 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CROPS (ICR), 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France. .,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPCR (ICR), 13005, Marseille, France.
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32
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Broggi J, Rollet M, Clément J, Canard G, Terme T, Gigmes D, Vanelle P. Polymerization Initiated by Organic Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273 13013 Marseille France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPCR (ICR) 13005 Marseille France
| | - Marion Rollet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273 13013 Marseille France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CROPS (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Jean‐Louis Clément
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273 13013 Marseille France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CROPS (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325 13009 Marseille France
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273 13013 Marseille France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPCR (ICR) 13005 Marseille France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273 13013 Marseille France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CROPS (ICR) 13013 Marseille France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273 13013 Marseille France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPCR (ICR) 13005 Marseille France
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33
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Howard KT, Chisholm JD. Preparation and Applications of 4-Methoxybenzyl Esters in Organic Synthesis. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2016; 48:1-36. [PMID: 27546912 DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2016.1127096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Howard
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; Anhui 230026 P. R. China), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (P. R. China
| | - Xu-Hong Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Yun-He Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; Anhui 230026 P. R. China), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (P. R. China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; Anhui 230026 P. R. China), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (P. R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
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35
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Hanson SS, Doni E, Traboulsee KT, Coulthard G, Murphy JA, Dyker CA. Pushing the Limits of Neutral Organic Electron Donors: A Tetra(iminophosphorano)-Substituted Bispyridinylidene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Hanson SS, Doni E, Traboulsee KT, Coulthard G, Murphy JA, Dyker CA. Pushing the limits of neutral organic electron donors: a tetra(iminophosphorano)-substituted bispyridinylidene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26213345 PMCID: PMC4581462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A new ground-state organic electron donor has been prepared that features four strongly π-donating iminophosphorano substituents on a bispyridinylidene skeleton. Cyclic voltammetry reveals a record redox potential of −1.70 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for the couple involving the neutral organic donor and its dication. This highly reducing organic compound can be isolated (44 %) or more conveniently generated in situ by a deprotonation reaction involving its readily prepared pyridinium ion precursor. This donor is able to reduce a variety of aryl halides, and, owing to its redox potential, was found to be the first organic donor to be effective in the thermally induced reductive S–N bond cleavage of N,N-dialkylsulfonamides, and reductive hydrodecyanation of malonitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3 (Canada)
| | - Eswararao Doni
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL (UK)
| | - Kyle T Traboulsee
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3 (Canada)
| | - Graeme Coulthard
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL (UK)
| | - John A Murphy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL (UK).
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3 (Canada).
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37
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Doni E, Murphy JA. Evolution of neutral organic super-electron-donors and their applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:6073-87. [PMID: 24690952 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48969h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, metal-free chemistry has received significant attention due to its inherent qualities and its potential savings in the costs of (i) reagents and (ii) environmental treatments of residues. In this context, recently developed neutral organic electron-donors have shown an ability to perform challenging reductions that are traditionally the preserve of reactive metals and metal-based complexes, under mild reaction conditions. Hence, this feature article is aimed at describing the evolution of neutral organic super-electron-donors and their rapidly developing applications in electron-transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswararao Doni
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
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38
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Hanson SS, Richard NA, Dyker CA. Powerful Bispyridinylidene Organic Reducing Agents with Iminophosphorano π-Donor Substituents. Chemistry 2015; 21:8052-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Zhou S, Doni E, Anderson GM, Kane RG, MacDougall SW, Ironmonger VM, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Identifying the Roles of Amino Acids, Alcohols and 1,2-Diamines as Mediators in Coupling of Haloarenes to Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17818-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengze Zhou
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Eswararao Doni
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Greg M. Anderson
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan G. Kane
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott W. MacDougall
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria M. Ironmonger
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Murphy
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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40
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Szostak M, Spain M, Eberhart AJ, Procter DJ. Mechanism of SmI2/Amine/H2O-Promoted Chemoselective Reductions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (Esters, Acids, and Amides) to Alcohols. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11988-2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5018525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Szostak
- Department
of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Malcolm Spain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Eberhart
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Procter
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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41
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Abstract
Based on simple ideas of electron-rich alkenes, exemplified by tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethene, TDAE, and on additional driving force associated with aromatization, families of very powerful neutral organic super-electron-donors (SEDs) have been developed. In the ground state, they carry out metal-free reductions of a range of functional groups. Iodoarenes are reduced either to aryl radicals or, with stronger donors, to aryl anions. Reduction to aryl radicals allows the initiation of very efficient transition-metal-free coupling of haloarenes to arenes. The donors also reduce alkyl halides, arenesulfonamides, triflates, and triflamdes, Weinreb amides, and acyloin derivatives. Under photoactivation at 365 nm, they are even more powerful and reductively cleave aryl chlorides. They reduce unactivated benzenes to the corresponding radical anions and display original selectivities in preferentially reducing benzenes over malonates or cyanoacetates. Additionally, they reductively cleave ArC-X, ArX-C (X = N or O) and ArC-C bonds, provided that the two resulting fragments are somewhat stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Murphy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure
and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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42
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Szostak M, Spain M, Procter DJ. On the role of pre- and post-electron-transfer steps in the SmI2 /amine/H(2)O-mediated reduction of esters: new mechanistic insights and kinetic studies. Chemistry 2014; 20:4222-6. [PMID: 24615806 PMCID: PMC4497321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the SmI2 -mediated reduction of unactivated esters has been studied using a combination of kinetic, radical clocks and reactivity experiments. The kinetic data indicate that all reaction components (SmI2 , amine, H2 O) are involved in the rate equation and that electron transfer is facilitated by Brønsted base assisted deprotonation of water in the transition state. The use of validated cyclopropyl-containing radical clocks demonstrates that the reaction occurs via fast, reversible first electron transfer, and that the electron transfer from simple Sm(II) complexes to aliphatic esters is rapid. Notably, the mechanistic details presented herein indicate that complexation between SmI2 , H2 O and amines affords a new class of structurally diverse, thermodynamically powerful reductants for efficient electron transfer to carboxylic acid derivatives as an attractive alternative to the classical hydride-mediated reductions and as a source of acyl-radical equivalents for CC bond forming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Szostak
- School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterOxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL (UK), Fax: (+44) 161-275-4939
| | - Malcolm Spain
- School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterOxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL (UK), Fax: (+44) 161-275-4939
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterOxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL (UK), Fax: (+44) 161-275-4939
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43
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Zhou S, Anderson GM, Mondal B, Doni E, Ironmonger V, Kranz M, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Organic super-electron-donors: initiators in transition metal-free haloarene–arene coupling. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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44
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Jiang M, Li Y, Yang H, Zong R, Jin Y, Fu H. Metal-free UV-Vis-light-induced aerobic oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids in the absence of a photosensitizer. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46516k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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45
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Doni E, Murphy JA. Reductive decyanation of malononitriles and cyanoacetates using photoactivated neutral organic super-electron-donors. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free reductive procedure for decyanation of malononitriles and cyanoacetates, using photoactivated organic electron donors, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswararao Doni
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - John A. Murphy
- WestCHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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46
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O'Sullivan S, Doni E, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Metal-Free Reductive Cleavage of CN and SN Bonds by Photoactivated Electron Transfer from a Neutral Organic Donor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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O'Sullivan S, Doni E, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Metal-free reductive cleavage of C-N and S-N bonds by photoactivated electron transfer from a neutral organic donor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:474-8. [PMID: 24311295 PMCID: PMC4227565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A photoactivated neutral organic super electron donor cleaves challenging arenesulfonamides derived from dialkylamines at room temperature. It also cleaves a) ArC–NR and b) ArN–C bonds. This study also highlights the assistance given to these cleavage reactions by the groups attached to N in (a) and to C in (b), by lowering LUMO energies and by stabilizing the products of fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O'Sullivan
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL (UK)
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48
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Doni E, Mondal B, O’Sullivan S, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Overturning established chemoselectivities: selective reduction of arenes over malonates and cyanoacetates by photoactivated organic electron donors. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10934-7. [PMID: 23859883 PMCID: PMC3755536 DOI: 10.1021/ja4050168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of metal-based reducing reagents, including metals, metal complexes, and metal salts, has produced an empirical order of reactivity that governs our approach to chemical synthesis. However, this reactivity may be influenced by stabilization of transition states, intermediates, and products through substrate-metal bonding. This article reports that in the absence of such stabilizing interactions, established chemoselectivities can be overthrown. Thus, photoactivation of the recently developed neutral organic superelectron donor 5 selectively reduces alkyl-substituted benzene rings in the presence of activated esters and nitriles, in direct contrast to metal-based reductions, opening a new perspective on reactivity. The altered outcomes arising from the organic electron donors are attributed to selective interactions between the neutral organic donors and the arene rings of the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswararao Doni
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow
G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Bhaskar Mondal
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow
G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Steven O’Sullivan
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow
G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow
G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Murphy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow
G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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