1
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Qi Z, Wen S, Hao Li, Liu S, Jiang D. Palladium-Catalyzed Aminosulfonylation of ortho-Iodoanilines with the Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide for the Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydro-benzothiadiazine 1,1-Dioxides. Org Lett 2023; 25:7322-7326. [PMID: 37791747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient Pd-catalyzed oxidative cyclization system is developed for the chemo- and regioselective synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides, which are formed through aminosulfonylation of ortho-iodoanilines with SO2. DABSO is utilized as the source of SO2, and the organic compound O2 acts as an oxidant. This direct C-S, S-N, and C-N functionalization is highly efficient, and broad functional group tolerance is observed, resulting in moderate to excellent yields of 3,4-dihydro-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides. Furthermore, this method is amenable to gram-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Qi
- Department of Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong 273155, P. R. China
| | - Simiaomiao Wen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Provincial First-Class Applied Discipline (Pharmacy), Changsha, 410219, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong 273155, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Dongfang Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Provincial First-Class Applied Discipline (Pharmacy), Changsha, 410219, China
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2
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Bower JK, Reese MS, Mazin IM, Zarnitsa LM, Cypcar AD, Moore CE, Sokolov AY, Zhang S. C(sp 3)-H cyanation by a formal copper(iii) cyanide complex. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1301-1307. [PMID: 36756315 PMCID: PMC9891353 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06573h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High-valent metal oxo complexes are prototypical intermediates for the activation and hydroxylation of alkyl C-H bonds. Substituting the oxo ligand with other functional groups offers the opportunity for additional C-H functionalization beyond C-O bond formation. However, few species aside from metal oxo complexes have been reported to both activate and functionalize alkyl C-H bonds. We herein report the first example of an isolated copper(iii) cyanide complex (LCuIIICN) and its C-H cyanation reactivity. We found that the redox potential (E ox) of substrates, instead of C-H bond dissociation energy, is a key determinant of the rate of PCET, suggesting an oxidative asynchronous CPET or ETPT mechanism. Among substrates with the same BDEs, those with low redox potentials transfer H atoms up to a million-fold faster. Capitalizing on this mechanistic insight, we found that LCuIIICN is highly selective for cyanation of amines, which is predisposed to oxidative asynchronous or stepwise transfer of H+/e-. Our study demonstrates that the asynchronous effect of PCET is an appealing tool for controlling the selectivity of C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamey K. Bower
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University100 W. 18 AveColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Maxwell S. Reese
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University100 W. 18 AveColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Ilia M. Mazin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University100 W. 18 AveColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Lina M. Zarnitsa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University100 W. 18 AveColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Andrew D. Cypcar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University100 W. 18 AveColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University100 W. 18 AveColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Alexander Yu. Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University100 W. 18 AveColumbusOH43210USA
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 W. 18th Ave Columbus OH 43210 USA
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3
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All-in-one functional supramolecular nanoparticles based on pillar[5]arene for controlled generation, storage and release of singlet oxygen. Front Chem Sci Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Yu F, Valles DA, Chen W, Daniel SD, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. Regioselective α-Cyanation of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:6364-6368. [PMID: 36036764 PMCID: PMC9548390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary alicyclic amines are converted to α-aminonitriles via addition of TMSCN to their corresponding imines, intermediates that are produced in situ via the oxidation of amine-derived lithium amides with simple ketone oxidants. Amines with an existing α-substituent undergo regioselective α'-cyanation even if the C-H bonds at that site are less activated. Amine α-arylation can be combined with α'-cyanation to generate difunctionalized products in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Yu
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Daniel A. Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Weijie Chen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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5
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Kumar GS, Shinde PS, Chen H, Muralirajan K, Kancherla R, Rueping M. Paired Electrolysis for Decarboxylative Cyanation: 4-CN-Pyridine, a Versatile Nitrile Source. Org Lett 2022; 24:6357-6363. [PMID: 36036921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A decarboxylative cyanation of amino acids under paired electrochemical reaction conditions has been developed. 4-CN-pyridine was found to be a new and effective cyanation reagent under catalyst-free conditions. Mechanistic studies support a nucleophilic reaction pathway, and the cyanation protocol can be applied to diverse substrates including N,N-dialkyl aniline and indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Sathish Kumar
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant S Shinde
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifeng Chen
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Xu F, Zhang F, Wang W, Yao M, Lin X, Yang F, Qian Y, Chen Z. Iron(III)-catalyzed α-cyanation and carbonylation with 2-pyridylacetonitrile: divergent synthesis of α-amino nitriles and tetrahydroisoquinolinones. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7031-7035. [PMID: 36018561 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed oxidative synthesis of N-aryl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) toward tetrahydroisoquinoline-based derivatives is reported. A wide range of α-amino nitriles and tetrahydroisoquinolinones are synthesized in moderate to good yields. This approach involves a new organic nitrile source, a cheap iron catalyst under an oxygen atmosphere, and temperature-controlled divergent synthesis and features complete selectivity and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Fanglian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Mingxu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Xing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Yiping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Zhengwang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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7
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Novel Enzymatic Method for Imine Synthesis via the Oxidation of Primary Amines Using D-Amino Acid Oxidase from Porcine Kidney. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During studies on the oxidative cyanation reaction catalyzed by a variant of D-amino acid oxidase from porcine kidney (pkDAO) (Y228L/R283G), an unexpected formation of 1-phenyl-N-(1-phenylethylidene)ethanamine (PPEA) was detected. The optimal reaction conditions for the synthesis of PPEA and the reaction mechanism were investigated using the pkDAO variant. The highest PPEA synthesis was obtained in the reaction with 150 mM (R)-MBA at pH 9.0 and at 20 °C. Since PPEA synthesis proceeded by trapping the intermediate 1-phenylethanimine (1-PEI) by 15N-labeled n-hexylamine, which is not a substrate for the pKDAO variant, it was deduced that PPEA would be synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution of 1-PEI by another molecule of (R)-MBA. PPEA was further identified by its conversion to bis(1-phenylethyl)amine (BPEA) through reduction with NaBH4. Thus, a new enzymatic method of imine synthesis by oxidation of primary amine by the variant pkDAO was achieved for the first time.
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8
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Grundke C, Silva RC, Kitzmann WR, Heinze K, de Oliveira KT, Opatz T. Photochemical α-Aminonitrile Synthesis Using Zn-Phthalocyanines as Near-Infrared Photocatalysts. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5630-5642. [PMID: 35421314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While photochemical transformations with sunlight almost exclusively utilize the UV-vis part of the solar spectrum, the majority of the photons emitted by the sun have frequencies in the near-infrared region. Phthalocyanines show high structural similarity to the naturally occurring light-harvesting porphyrins, chlorins, and mainly bacteriochlorins and are also known for being efficient and affordable near-infrared light absorbers as well as triplet sensitizers for the production of singlet oxygen. Although having been neglected for a long time in synthetic organic chemistry due to their low solubility and high tendency toward aggregation, their unique photophysical properties and chemical robustness make phthalocyanines attractive photocatalysts for the application in near-infrared-light-driven synthesis strategies. Herein, we report a cheap, simple, and efficient photocatalytic protocol, which is easily scalable under continuous-flow conditions. Various phthalocyanines were studied as near-infrared photosensitizers in oxidative cyanations of tertiary amines to generate α-aminonitriles, a synthetically versatile compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grundke
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rodrigo C Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Das A, Chatani N. Rh(I)-catalysed imine-directed C-H functionalization via the oxidative [3 + 2] cycloaddition of benzylamine derivatives with maleimides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1123-1126. [PMID: 34981093 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06622f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Rh(I)-catalysed imine-directed oxidative [3 + 2] cycloaddition of benzylamines with maleimides is reported. A wide range of both benzylamines and maleimides is applicable to the reaction. A one-pot three component strategy using benzylamines, 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, and maleimides is successfully achieved. Mechanistic studies including deuterium labelling experiments suggest that a zwitterionic intermediate is formed and is a key intermediate through the Rh-catalysed activation of a benzylic C(sp3)-H bond of the imine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Das
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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10
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Lu B, Wang J, Zhang Z, Yan X, Zhao Q, Ding Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Yao Y. Pillar[5]arene based supramolecular polymer for a singlet oxygen reservoir. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of supramolecular polymer based on pillararene for the storage and control release of singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Zhecheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yue Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
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12
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Kim DP, Sharma BM, Nikam AV, Lahore S, Ahn GN. Cyanide-Free Cyanation of sp2 and sp-Carbons by Oxazole based Masked CN Source Using Flow Microreactors. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103777. [PMID: 34963029 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a cyanide-free continuous-flow process for cyanation of sp 2 and sp carbons to synthesize aryl, vinyl and acetylenic nitriles from (5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl) boronic acid [OxBA] reagent as a sole source of carbon-bound masked -CN source. Non-toxic and stable OxBA reagent is generated by lithiation-borylation of bromo-oxazole, and the consecutive Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with aryl, vinyl, or acetylenic halides and demasking [4 + 2]/retro-[4 + 2] sequence were successfully accomplished to give the desired cyano compounds with reasonably good yields in a four-step flow manner. A unique feature of this cyanation protocol in flow enables to cyanate a variety of sp 2 and sp carbons to produce a broad spectrum of aryl acetonitrile. It is envisaged that the OxBA based cyanation would replace existing unstable and toxic approaches as well as non-toxic cyanation using two different sources of "C" and "N" to incorporate the -CN group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Pyo Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, chemical engineering, san 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, 790-784, Pohang, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Brijesh M Sharma
- Pohang Gonggwa Daehakgyo Sinsojae Gonghakgwa: Pohang University of Science and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Arun V Nikam
- Pohang Gonggwa Daehakgyo Sinsojae Gonghakgwa: Pohang University of Science and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Santosh Lahore
- Pohang Gonggwa Daehakgyo Sinsojae Gonghakgwa: Pohang University of Science and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Gwang-Noh Ahn
- Pohang Gonggwa Daehakgyo Sinsojae Gonghakgwa: Pohang University of Science and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
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13
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Surface modification boosts exciton extraction in confined layered structure for selective oxidation reaction. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Askey H, Grayson JD, Tibbetts JD, Turner-Dore JC, Holmes JM, Kociok-Kohn G, Wrigley GL, Cresswell AJ. Photocatalytic Hydroaminoalkylation of Styrenes with Unprotected Primary Alkylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15936-15945. [PMID: 34543004 PMCID: PMC8499025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic, intermolecular hydroaminoalkylation (HAA) of styrenes provides a powerful disconnection for pharmacologically relevant γ-arylamines, but current methods cannot utilize unprotected primary alkylamines as feedstocks. Metal-catalyzed HAA protocols are also highly sensitive to α-substitution on the amine partner, and no catalytic solutions exist for α-tertiary γ-arylamine synthesis via this approach. We report a solution to these problems using organophotoredox catalysis, enabling a direct, modular, and sustainable preparation of α-(di)substituted γ-arylamines, including challenging electron-neutral and moderately electron-rich aryl groups. A broad range of functionalities are tolerated, and the reactions can be run on multigram scale in continuous flow. The method is applied to a concise, protecting-group-free synthesis of the blockbuster drug Fingolimod, as well as a phosphonate mimic of its in vivo active form (by iterative α-C-H functionalization of ethanolamine). The reaction can also be sequenced with an intramolecular N-arylation to provide a general and modular access to valuable (spirocyclic) 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyridines. Mechanistic and kinetic studies support an irreversible hydrogen atom transfer activation of the alkylamine by the azidyl radical and some contribution from a radical chain. The reaction is photon-limited and exhibits a zero-order dependence on amine, azide, and photocatalyst, with a first-order dependence on styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah
E. Askey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - James D. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Joshua D. Tibbetts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | | | - Jake M. Holmes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Kohn
- Materials
and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Gail L. Wrigley
- Oncology
R&D, Research & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K.
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15
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Kim K, Lee S, Hong SH. Direct C(sp 3)-H Cyanation Enabled by a Highly Active Decatungstate Photocatalyst. Org Lett 2021; 23:5501-5505. [PMID: 34228456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient, direct C(sp3)-H cyanation was developed under mild photocatalytic conditions. The method enabled the direct cyanation of various C(sp3)-H substrates with excellent functional group tolerance. Notably, complex natural products and bioactive compounds were efficiently cyanated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulchan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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16
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Wellauer J, Miladinov D, Buchholz T, Schütz J, Stemmler RT, Medlock JA, Bonrath W, Sparr C. Organophotocatalytic Aerobic Oxygenation of Phenols in a Visible-Light Continuous-Flow Photoreactor. Chemistry 2021; 27:9748-9752. [PMID: 33871915 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A mild photocatalytic phenol oxygenation enabled by a continuous-flow photoreactor using visible light and pressurized air is described herein. Products for wide-ranging applications, including the synthesis of vitamins, were obtained in high yields by precisely controlling principal process parameters. The reactor design permits low organophotocatalyst loadings to generate singlet oxygen. It is anticipated that the efficient aerobic phenol oxygenation to benzoquinones and p-quinols contributes to sustainable synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Wellauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dragan Miladinov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Buchholz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Schütz
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - René T Stemmler
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Werner Bonrath
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Chen Z, Zheng S, Wang Z, Liao Z, Yuan W. Electron Donor‐Acceptor Complex Enabled Photocyanation of Tertiary Amines with a Stable and User‐Friendly Cyanobenziodoxolone Reagent. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zimin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Songlin Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Zijie Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Zixuan Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Road Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
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18
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Shi S, Yang X, Tang M, Hu J, Loh TP. Direct Synthesis of α-Amino Nitriles from Sulfonamides via Base-Mediated C-H Cyanation. Org Lett 2021; 23:4018-4022. [PMID: 33970649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a transition-metal-free reaction system that enables α-cyanation of sulfonamides through C-H bond cleavage for the preparation of α-amino nitriles, including difficult-to-access all-alkyl α-tertiary scaffolds. More than 50 substrate examples prove a wide functional group tolerance. Additionally, its synthetic practicality is highlighted by gram-scalability and the late-stage modification of natural compounds. Mechanistic experiments suggest that this process involves in situ formation of an imine intermediate via base-promoted elimination of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Shi
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xianyu Yang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Man Tang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiefeng Hu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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19
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Li N, Ning Y, Wu X, Xie J, Li W, Zhu C. A highly selective decarboxylative deuteration of carboxylic acids. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5505-5510. [PMID: 34163771 PMCID: PMC8179560 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00528f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report a mild and practical method for precise deuteration of aliphatic carboxylic acids by synergistic photoredox and HAT catalysis. The reaction delivers excellent D-incorporation (up to 99%) at predicted sites even in substrates bearing reactive C-H bonds or versatile functional groups. The use of a recirculation reactor with a peristaltic pump supports a scalable preparative ability (up to 50 mmol) under very mild reaction conditions. The practical and precise deuteration of readily available complex carboxylic acids makes this protocol promising for the preparation of deuterium-labelled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yunyun Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 200032 China
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20
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Grayson JD, Cresswell AJ. γ-Amino phosphonates via the photocatalytic α-C–H alkylation of primary amines. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Gao J, Weng X, Ma C, Xu X, Fang P, Mei T. Electrochemical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-Mediated α-Cyanation and Phosphonylation of Cyclic Amines with Metal-Free Conditions. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Patel RI, Sharma S, Sharma A. Cyanation: a photochemical approach and applications in organic synthesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the photocatalytic cyanation strategies to construct C(sp2)–CN, C(sp3)–CN and X–CN (X = N, S) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan I. Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
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23
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Abstract
Photochemical transformations of molecular building blocks have become an important and widely recognized research field in the past decade. Detailed and deep understanding of novel photochemical catalysts and reaction concepts with visible light as the energy source has enabled a broad application portfolio for synthetic organic chemistry. In parallel, continuous-flow chemistry and microreaction technology have become the basis for thinking and doing chemistry in a novel fashion with clear focus on improved process control for higher conversion and selectivity. As can be seen by the large number of scientific publications on flow photochemistry in the recent past, both research topics have found each other as exceptionally well-suited counterparts with high synergy by combining chemistry and technology. This review will give an overview on selected reaction classes, which represent important photochemical transformations in synthetic organic chemistry, and which benefit from mild and defined process conditions by the transfer from batch to continuous-flow mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology/Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
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24
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Xia Q, Li Y, Cheng L, Liang X, Cao C, Dai P, Deng H, Zhang W, Wang Q. Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex-Initiated Photochemical Cyanation for the Preparation of α-Amino Nitriles. Org Lett 2020; 22:9638-9643. [PMID: 33285068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An electron donor-acceptor complex-initiated α-cyanation of tertiary amines has been described. The reaction protocol provides a novel method to synthesize various α-amino nitriles under mild conditions. The reaction can proceed smoothly without the presence of photocatalysts and transition metal catalysts, and either oxidants are unnecessary or O2 is the only oxidant. The practicality of this method is showcased not only by the late-stage functionalization of natural alkaloid derivatives and pharmaceutical intermediate, but also by the applicability of a stop-flow microtubing reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lan Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenlin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongping Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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25
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Mori-Quiroz LM, Londhe SS, Clift MD. Formal α-Allylation of Primary Amines by a Dearomative, Palladium-Catalyzed Umpolung Allylation of N-(Aryloxy)imines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14827-14846. [PMID: 33152244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-(Aryloxy)imines, readily accessible by condensation/tautomerization of (pseudo)benzylic primary amines and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, undergo efficient allylation to afford a wide range of homoallylic primary amines following hydrolytic workup. Deprotonation of N-(aryloxy)imines generates a delocalized 2-azaallyl anion-type nucleophile that engages in dearomative C-C bond-forming reactions with allylpalladium(II) electrophiles generated from allylic tert-butyl carbonates. This reactivity umpolung enables the formal α-allylation of (pseudo)benzylic primary amines. Mechanistic studies reveal that the apparent regioselectivity of the desired bond-forming event is a convergent process that is initiated by unselective allylation of N-(aryloxy)imines to give several regioisomeric species, which subsequently rearrange via stepwise [1,3]- or concerted [3,3]-sigmatropic shifts, ultimately converging to provide the desired regioisomer of the amine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Mori-Quiroz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1140 Gray-Little Hall, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Shrikant S Londhe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1140 Gray-Little Hall, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael D Clift
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1140 Gray-Little Hall, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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26
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Abstract
Flow chemistry is a widely explored technology whose intrinsic features both facilitate and provide reproducible access to a broad range of chemical processes that are otherwise inefficient or problematic. At its core, a flow chemistry module is a stable set of conditions - traditionally thought of as an externally applied means of activation/control (e.g. heat or light) - through which reagents are passed. In an attempt to simplify the teaching and dissemination of this field, we envisioned that the key advantages of the technique, such as reproducibility and the correlation between reaction time and position within the reactor, allow for the redefinition of a flow module to a more synthetically relevant one based on the overall induced effect. We suggest a rethinking of the approach to flow modules, distributing them in two subclasses: transformers and generators, which can be described respectively as a set of conditions for either performing a specific transformation or for generating a reactive intermediate. The chemistry achieved by transformers and generators is (ideally) independent of the substrate introduced, meaning that they must be robust to small adjustments necessary for the adaptation to different starting materials and reagents while ensuring the same chemical outcome. These redefined modules can be used for single-step reactions or in multistep processes, where modules can be connected to each other in reconfigurable combinations to create chemical assembly systems (CAS) targeting compounds and libraries sharing structural cores. With this tutorial review, we provide a guide to the overall approach to flow chemistry, discussing the key parameters for the design of transformers and generators as well as the development of chemical assembly systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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27
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Brittain WDG, Lloyd CM, Cobb SL. Synthesis of complex unnatural fluorine-containing amino acids. J Fluor Chem 2020; 239:109630. [PMID: 33144742 PMCID: PMC7583769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The area of fluorinated amino acid synthesis has seen rapid growth over the past decade. As reports of singly fluorinated natural amino acid derivatives have grown, researchers have turned their attention to develop methodology to access complex proteinogenic examples. A variety of reaction conditions have been employed in this area, exploiting new advances in the wider synthetic community such as photocatalysis and palladium cross-coupling. In addition, novel fluorinated functional groups have also been incorporated into amino acids, with SFX and perfluoro moieties now appearing with more frequency in the literature. This review focuses on synthetic methodology for accessing complex non-proteinogenic amino acids, along with amino acids containing multiple fluorine atoms such as CF3, SF5 and perfluoroaromatic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carissa M Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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28
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Bedi A, Manor Armon A, Gidron O. Effect of Twisting on the Capture and Release of Singlet Oxygen by Tethered Twisted Acenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:7809-7813. [PMID: 32966095 PMCID: PMC8323967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The use of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
to capture and release singlet oxygen is of considerable importance
in materials chemistry, synthesis, and photodynamic therapy. Here
we studied the ability of a series of tethered twistacenes, possessing
different degrees of backbone twist, to capture and release singlet
oxygen via the reversible Diels–Alder reaction. When the twistacene
acts as both a sensitizer and a diene, the photo-oxidation rate depends
on the extinction coefficient of the irradiation wavelength. However,
when the twistacenes function solely as a diene, the rate of photo-oxidation
increases with increasing twist. The rate of the reverse reaction,
the singlet oxygen release, also increases with increasing twist.
The calculated transition state energy decreases with increasing twist,
which can explain the observed trend. The presence of the tether significantly
increases the reversibility of the reaction, which can proceed in
repeated forward and reverse cycles in very high yield under mild
conditions, as required for molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Bedi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Amit Manor Armon
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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29
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Grundke C, Vierengel N, Opatz T. ‐Aminonitriles: From Sustainable Preparation to Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. CHEM REC 2020; 20:989-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grundke
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nina Vierengel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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30
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Wang H, Jiang S, Liu W, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Luo Y, Xie Y. Ketones as Molecular Co-catalysts for Boosting Exciton-Based Photocatalytic Molecular Oxygen Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11093-11100. [PMID: 32219966 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Excitonic processes in semiconductors open up the possibility for pursuing photocatalytic organic synthesis. However, the insufficient spin relaxation and robust nonradiative decays in semiconductors place restrictions on both quantum yield and selectivity of these reactions. Herein, by taking polymeric carbon nitride (PCN)/acetone as a prototypical system, we propose that extrinsic aliphatic ketones can serve as molecular co-catalysts for promoting spin-flip transition and suppressing non-radiative energy losses. Spectroscopic investigations indicate that hot excitons in PCN can be transferred to ketones, while triplet excitons in ketones can be transferred to PCN. As such, the PCN/ketone systems exhibit considerable triplet-exciton accumulation and extended visible-light response, leading to excellent performance in exciton-based photocatalysis, such as singlet oxygen generation. This work provides a fundamental understanding of energy harvesting in semiconductor/molecule systems, and paves the way for optimizing exciton-based photocatalysis via molecular co-catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.,Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Shenlong Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.,Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.,Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
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31
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Wang H, Jiang S, Liu W, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Luo Y, Xie Y. Ketones as Molecular Co‐catalysts for Boosting Exciton‐Based Photocatalytic Molecular Oxygen Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSynergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
- Institute of EnergyHefei Comprehensive National Science Center Hefei Anhui 230031 P. R. China
| | - Shenlong Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSynergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSynergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSynergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
- Institute of EnergyHefei Comprehensive National Science Center Hefei Anhui 230031 P. R. China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSynergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSynergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSynergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
- Institute of EnergyHefei Comprehensive National Science Center Hefei Anhui 230031 P. R. China
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32
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Costa E Silva R, Oliveira da Silva L, de Andrade Bartolomeu A, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Recent applications of porphyrins as photocatalysts in organic synthesis: batch and continuous flow approaches. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:917-955. [PMID: 32461773 PMCID: PMC7214915 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we present relevant and recent applications of porphyrin derivatives as photocatalysts in organic synthesis, involving both single electron transfer (SET) and energy transfer (ET) mechanistic approaches. We demonstrate that these highly conjugated photosensitizers show increasing potential in photocatalysis since they combine both photo- and electrochemical properties which can substitute available metalloorganic photocatalysts. Batch and continuous-flow approaches are presented highlighting the relevance of enabling technologies for the renewal of porphyrin applications in photocatalysis. Finally, the reaction scale in which the methodologies were developed are highlighted since this is an important parameter in the authors' opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Costa E Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luely Oliveira da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, PA, 68502-100, Brazil
| | | | - Timothy John Brocksom
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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33
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Orsy G, Fülöp F, Mándity IM. N-Acetylation of Amines in Continuous-Flow with Acetonitrile-No Need for Hazardous and Toxic Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081985. [PMID: 32340371 PMCID: PMC7221708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous-flow acetylation reaction was developed, applying cheap and safe reagent, acetonitrile as acetylation agent and alumina as catalyst. The method developed utilizes milder reagent than those used conventionally. The reaction was tested on various aromatic and aliphatic amines with good conversion. The catalyst showed excellent reusability and a scale-up was also carried out. Furthermore, a drug substance (paracetamol) was also synthesized with good conversion and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Orsy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- MTA TTK Lendület Artificial Transporter Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudosok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Research Group of Stereochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (I.M.M.); Tel.: +36-1-3826-616 (I.M.M.)
| | - István M. Mándity
- MTA TTK Lendület Artificial Transporter Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudosok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre u. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (I.M.M.); Tel.: +36-1-3826-616 (I.M.M.)
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34
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Echevarría I, Vaquero M, Quesada R, Espino G. Synthesis of α-amino nitriles through one-pot selective Ru-photocatalyzed oxidative cyanation of amines. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00580k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A new family of Ru(ii) photocatalysts exhibits excellent performance in the efficient and eco-friendly one-pot preparation of α-amino nitriles from primary and secondary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Echevarría
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- Burgos
- Spain
| | - Mónica Vaquero
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- Burgos
- Spain
| | - Roberto Quesada
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- Burgos
- Spain
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- Burgos
- Spain
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35
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Stanek F, Pawlowski R, Morawska P, Bujok R, Stodulski M. Dehydrogenation and α-functionalization of secondary amines by visible-light-mediated catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2103-2112. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated process for dehydrogenation of amines has been described. The given protocol showed a broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions and excellent results without the requirement of tedious purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Stanek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Robert Pawlowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Robert Bujok
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Maciej Stodulski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
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36
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37
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Vasu D, Fuentes de Arriba AL, Leitch JA, de Gombert A, Dixon DJ. Primary α-tertiary amine synthesis via α-C-H functionalization. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3401-3407. [PMID: 30996928 PMCID: PMC6429468 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A quinone-mediated general synthetic platform for the construction of primary α-tertiary amines from abundant primary α-branched amine starting materials is described. This procedure pivots on the efficient in situ generation of reactive ketimine intermediates and subsequent reaction with carbon-centered nucleophiles such as organomagnesium and organolithium reagents, and TMSCN, creating quaternary centers. Furthermore, extension to reverse polarity photoredox catalysis enables reactivity with electrophiles, via a nucleophilic α-amino radical intermediate. This efficient, broadly applicable and scalable amine-to-amine synthetic platform was successfully applied to library and API synthesis and in the functionalization of drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjayan Vasu
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , UK .
| | - Angel L Fuentes de Arriba
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , UK .
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , UK .
| | - Antoine de Gombert
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , UK .
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , UK .
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38
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Yu QY, Zhai GY, Cui TL, Su H, Xue ZH, Zhang JJ, Pauzauskie PJ, Hirano SI, Li XH, Chen JS. Photogenerated singlet oxygen over zeolite-confined carbon dots for shape selective catalysis. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Yi B, Yan N, Yi N, Xie Y, Wen X, Au CT, Lan D. Oxidative cyanation of N-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline induced by visible light for the synthesis of α-aminonitrile using potassium thiocyanate as a “CN” agent. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29721-29725. [PMID: 35531501 PMCID: PMC9071963 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06120g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of α-aminonitrile, through visible-light-induced oxidative cyanation of N-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline with potassium thiocyanate, has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yi
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Rechemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Institute of Engineering
- Xiangtan
- P. R. China
| | - Ning Yan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Rechemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Institute of Engineering
- Xiangtan
- P. R. China
| | - Niannian Yi
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Rechemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Institute of Engineering
- Xiangtan
- P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Rechemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Institute of Engineering
- Xiangtan
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Wen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Rechemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Institute of Engineering
- Xiangtan
- P. R. China
| | - Chak-Tong Au
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Rechemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Institute of Engineering
- Xiangtan
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Lan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Waste Rechemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Institute of Engineering
- Xiangtan
- P. R. China
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40
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Riente P, Noël T. Application of metal oxide semiconductors in light-driven organic transformations. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we provide an up-to-date overview of metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) as versatile and inexpensive photocatalysts to enable light-driven organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Riente
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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41
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Santoro S, Ferlin F, Ackermann L, Vaccaro L. C-H functionalization reactions under flow conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2767-2782. [PMID: 30942788 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization technologies have progressed enormously in the last decade as testified by the great number of publications that have appeared in the literature, which are receiving great attention from researchers from different areas of expertise. While most of the protocols reported realize the C-H functionalization processes under batch conditions, there is a growing interest in the development of continuous-flow procedures aiming at increasing the performances of established methodologies or the definition of otherwise unfeasible transformations. This review summarizes the application of flow technologies for the realization of C-H functionalization reactions. According to the type of flow reactors necessary, two main general approaches are possible for the application of flow techniques, namely the use of homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Each example is discussed and accompanied by the description of the main features and benefits of the use of flow compared to batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santoro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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42
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Zhang T, Qiao J, Song H, Xu F, Liu X, Xu C, Ma J, Liu H, Sun Z, Chu W. Cu(OAc)2-Mediated benzimidazole-directed C–H cyanation using 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetonitrile as the cyano source. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The C–H activation catalytic system was originally applied to the C(sp2)–H cyanation of aryls/heteroaryls to synthesize 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)aryl nitriles.
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43
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Akwi FM, Watts P. Continuous flow chemistry: where are we now? Recent applications, challenges and limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13894-13928. [PMID: 30483683 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A general outlook of the changing face of chemical synthesis is provided in this article through recent applications of continuous flow processing in both industry and academia. The benefits, major challenges and limitations associated with the use of this mode of processing are also given due attention as an attempt to put into perspective the current position of continuous flow processing, either as an alternative or potential combinatory technology for batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
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44
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Ioannou GI, Montagnon T, Kalaitzakis D, Pergantis SA, Vassilikogiannakis G. One-Pot Synthesis of Diverse γ-Lactam Scaffolds Facilitated by a Nebulizer-Based Continuous Flow Photoreactor. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018; 2:860-864. [PMID: 30393758 PMCID: PMC6197048 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of a modified prototype continuous flow reactor (CFR) as a pivotal part of a number of versatile singlet oxygen-mediated reaction sequences is presented herein. These sequences target rapid access to structural complexity and diversity. The prototype reactor achieves high conversions and productivities by attaining large specific surface areas for these biphasic reactions. In the reactor, the reaction solution is nebulized (using either oxygen or air) and the resulting aerosol is irradiated by an LED jacket that surrounds the Pyrex reaction chamber. The one pot procedures developed herein are, according to many different criteria, both highly efficient and green. The key common intermediates and the source of both the complexity and variety of the final products are N-acyl imminium ions (NAI; protonated N-acyl enamines). The initial substrates are simple and readily accessible furans and the diverse array of products is composed of different complex γ-lactams. Many of the products are of particular interest due to their close relationships to known biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamsyn Montagnon
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CreteVasilika Vouton71003CreteGreece
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45
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Nauth AM, Schechtel E, Dören R, Tremel W, Opatz T. TiO2 Nanoparticles Functionalized with Non-innocent Ligands Allow Oxidative Photocyanation of Amines with Visible/Near-Infrared Photons. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14169-14177. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Nauth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eugen Schechtel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - René Dören
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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46
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Lennox AJJ, Goes SL, Webster MP, Koolman HF, Djuric SW, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Aminoxyl-Mediated α-Cyanation of Secondary Piperidines for Pharmaceutical Building Block Diversification. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11227-11231. [PMID: 30141925 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Secondary piperidines are ideal pharmaceutical building blocks owing to the prevalence of piperidines in commercial drugs. Here, we report an electrochemical method for cyanation of the heterocycle adjacent to nitrogen without requiring protection or substitution of the N-H bond. The reaction utilizes ABNO (9-azabicyclononane N-oxyl) as a catalytic mediator. Electrochemical oxidation of ABNO generates the corresponding oxoammonium species, which promotes dehydrogenation of the 2° piperidine to the cyclic imine, followed by addition of cyanide. The low-potential, mediated electrolysis process is compatible with a wide range of heterocyclic and oxidatively sensitive substituents on the piperidine ring and enables synthesis of unnatural amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J J Lennox
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon L Goes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Matthew P Webster
- AbbVie, Global Pharmaceutical R&D , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Hannes F Koolman
- AbbVie, Global Pharmaceutical R&D , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Stevan W Djuric
- AbbVie, Global Pharmaceutical R&D , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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47
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Yilmaz O, Oderinde MS, Emmert MH. Photoredox-Catalyzed C α-H Cyanation of Unactivated Secondary and Tertiary Aliphatic Amines: Late-Stage Functionalization and Mechanistic Studies. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11089-11100. [PMID: 30160970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and mechanistic studies of a general, high-yielding amine Cα-H cyanation protocol via photoredox catalysis. Inexpensive NaCN is employed as the cyanide source and air is the external oxidant, resulting in mild and highly functional group tolerant conditions. Notably, efficient Cα-H cyanations of secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines and of complex, biologically active compounds (drugs) can be performed using the established methodology. Mechanistic studies suggest that the carboxylic acid additive has three effects: formation of a stabilizing hemiaminal intermediate, prevention of catalyst decomposition by protonating the substrate, and modulation of fluorescence quenching of the photoexcited catalyst species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , 100 Institute Road , Worcester , Massachusetts 01609 , United States
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Medicine Design & Oncology, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Marion H Emmert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , 100 Institute Road , Worcester , Massachusetts 01609 , United States
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48
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Fudickar W, Linker T. Release of Singlet Oxygen from Aromatic Endoperoxides by Chemical Triggers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12971-12975. [PMID: 30070421 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The generation of reactive singlet oxygen under mild conditions is of current interest in chemistry, biology, and medicine. We were able to release oxygen from dipyridylanthracene endoperoxides (EPOs) by using a simple chemical trigger at low temperature. Protonation and methylation of such EPOs strongly accelerated these reactions. Furthermore, the methyl pyridinium derivatives are water soluble and therefore serve as oxygen carriers in aqueous media. Methylation of the EPO of the ortho isomer affords the parent form directly without increasing the temperature under very mild conditions. This exceptional behavior is ascribed to the close contact between the nitrogen atom and the peroxo group. Singlet oxygen is released upon this reaction, and can be used to oxygenate an acceptor such as tetramethylethylene in the dark with no heating. Thus, a new chemical source of singlet oxygen has been found, which is triggered by a simple stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Fudickar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Torsten Linker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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49
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Fudickar W, Linker T. Chemisch induzierte Freisetzung von Singulettsauerstoff aus aromatischen Endoperoxiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Fudickar
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Torsten Linker
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
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50
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de Souza JM, Brocksom TJ, McQuade DT, de Oliveira KT. Continuous Endoperoxidation of Conjugated Dienes and Subsequent Rearrangements Leading to C-H Oxidized Synthons. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7574-7585. [PMID: 29860826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the continuous flow photooxidation of several conjugated dienes and subsequent rearrangement using a practical and safe continuous-flow homemade engineered setup. End-to-end approaches involving endoperoxidation, Kornblum-DeLaMare rearrangement, and additional rearrangements are comprehensively detailed with optimization, scope, and scale-up to obtain useful hydroxyenones, furans, and 1,4-dicarbonyl building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M de Souza
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas , Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , SP 09210-580 , Brazil
| | - D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23284-3068 , United States
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
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