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Wilkinson IVL, Pfanzelt M, Sieber SA. Functionalised Cofactor Mimics for Interactome Discovery and Beyond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201136. [PMID: 35286003 PMCID: PMC9401033 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cofactors are required for almost half of all enzyme reactions, but their functions and binding partners are not fully understood even after decades of research. Functionalised cofactor mimics that bind in place of the unmodified cofactor can provide answers, as well as expand the scope of cofactor activity. Through chemical proteomics approaches such as activity-based protein profiling, the interactome and localisation of the native cofactor in its physiological environment can be deciphered and previously uncharacterised proteins annotated. Furthermore, cofactors that supply functional groups to substrate biomolecules can be hijacked by mimics to site-specifically label targets and unravel the complex biology of post-translational protein modification. The diverse activity of cofactors has inspired the design of mimics for use as inhibitors, antibiotic therapeutics, and chemo- and biosensors, and cofactor conjugates have enabled the generation of novel enzymes and artificial DNAzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V L Wilkinson
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Pfanzelt
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Lemon CM, Hanley D, Batka AE, Marletta MA. Ratiometric Oxygen Sensing with H-NOX Protein Conjugates. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10521-10532. [PMID: 35766625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ratiometric sensors are self-referencing constructs that are functional in cells and tissues, and the read-out is independent of sensor concentration. One strategy for ratiometric sensing is to utilize two-color emission, where one component possesses analyte-dependent emission and the other is independent of analyte concentration, serving as an internal standard. In this way, the intensity ratio of the two components is a quantitative measure of the analyte. In this study, protein-based ratiometric oxygen sensors are prepared using the heme nitric oxide/oxygen-binding protein (H-NOX) from the thermophilic bacterium Caldanaerobacter subterraneus. The native heme cofactor is replaced with a Pd(II) or Pt(II) porphyrin as the oxygen-responsive phosphor. Mutagenesis is performed to incorporate a cysteine residue on the protein surface for thiol/maleimide coupling of the oxygen-insensitive dye, which serves as a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor for the porphyrin. While both Pd(II)- and Pt(II)-based sensors are responsive over biologically relevant ranges, the Pd sensor exhibits greater sensitivity at lower oxygen concentrations. Together, these sensors represent a new class of protein-based ratiometric oxygen sensors, and the modular platform allows the oxygen sensitivity to be tailored for a specific application. This proof-of-principle study has identified the key considerations and optimal methodologies to develop and subsequently refine protein-based ratiometric oxygen sensors.
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Wilkinson IVL, Pfanzelt M, Sieber SA. Funktionalisierte Cofaktor‐Analoga für die Erforschung von Interaktomen und darüber hinaus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V. L. Wilkinson
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Martin Pfanzelt
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
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4
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Lemon CM, Marletta MA. Designer Heme Proteins: Achieving Novel Function with Abiological Heme Analogues. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4565-4575. [PMID: 34890183 PMCID: PMC8754152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heme proteins have proven to be a convenient platform for the development of designer proteins with novel functionalities. This is achieved by substituting the native iron porphyrin cofactor with a heme analogue that possesses the desired properties. Replacing the iron center of the porphyrin with another metal provides one inroad to novel protein function. A less explored approach is substitution of the porphyrin cofactor with an alternative tetrapyrrole macrocycle or a related ligand. In general, these ligands exhibit chemical properties and reactivity that are distinct from those of porphyrins. While these techniques have most prominently been utilized to develop artificial metalloenzymes, there are many other applications of this methodology to problems in biochemistry, health, and medicine. Incorporation of synthetic cofactors into protein environments represents a facile way to impart water solubility and biocompatibility. It circumvents the laborious synthesis of water-soluble cofactors, which often introduces substantial charge that leads to undesired bioaccumulation. To this end, the incorporation of unnatural cofactors in heme proteins has enabled the development of designer proteins as optical oxygen sensors, MRI contrast agents, spectroscopic probes, tools to interrogate protein function, antibiotics, and fluorescent proteins.Incorporation of an artificial cofactor is frequently accomplished by denaturing the holoprotein with removal of the heme; the refolded apoprotein is then reconstituted with the artificial cofactor. This process often results in substantial protein loss and does not necessarily guarantee that the refolded protein adopts the native structure. To circumvent these issues, our laboratory has pioneered the use of the RP523 strain of E. coli to incorporate artificial cofactors into heme proteins using expression-based methods. This strain lacks the ability to biosynthesize heme, and the bacterial cell wall is permeable to heme and related molecules. In this way, heme analogues supplemented in the growth medium are incorporated into heme proteins. This approach can also be leveraged for the direct expression of the apoprotein for subsequent reconstitution.These methodologies have been exploited to incorporate non-native cofactors into heme proteins that are resistant to harsh environmental conditions: the heme nitric oxide/oxygen binding protein (H-NOX) from Caldanaerobacter subterraneus (Cs) and the heme acquisition system protein A (HasA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). The exceptional stability of these proteins makes them ideal scaffolds for biomedical applications. Optical oxygen sensing has been accomplished using a phosphorescent ruthenium porphyrin as the artificial heme cofactor. Paramagnetic manganese and gadolinium porphyrins yield high-relaxivity, protein-based MRI contrast agents. A fluorescent phosphorus corrole serves as a heme analogue to produce fluorescent proteins. Iron complexes of nonporphyrin cofactors bound to HasA inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, HasA can deliver a gallium phthalocyanine into the bacterial cytosol to serve as a sensitizer for photochemical sterilization. Together, these examples illustrate the potential for designer heme proteins to address burgeoning problems in the areas of health and medicine. The concepts and methodologies presented in this Account can be extended to the development of next-generation biomedical sensing and imaging agents to identify and quantify clinically relevant metabolites and other key disease biomarkers.
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De novo biosynthesis of a nonnatural cobalt porphyrin cofactor in E. coli and incorporation into hemoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017625118. [PMID: 33850014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017625118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes that bear a nonnative or artificially introduced metal center can engender novel reactivity and enable new spectroscopic and structural studies. In the case of metal-organic cofactors, such as metalloporphyrins, no general methods exist to build and incorporate new-to-nature cofactor analogs in vivo. We report here that a common laboratory strain, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), biosynthesizes cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPPIX) under iron-limited, cobalt-rich growth conditions. In supplemented minimal media containing CoCl2, the metabolically produced CoPPIX is directly incorporated into multiple hemoproteins in place of native heme b (FePPIX). Five cobalt-substituted proteins were successfully expressed with this new-to-nature cobalt porphyrin cofactor: myoglobin H64V V68A, dye decolorizing peroxidase, aldoxime dehydratase, cytochrome P450 119, and catalase. We show conclusively that these proteins incorporate CoPPIX, with the CoPPIX making up at least 95% of the total porphyrin content. In cases in which the native metal ligand is a sulfur or nitrogen, spectroscopic parameters are consistent with retention of native metal ligands. This method is an improvement on previous approaches with respect to both yield and ease-of-implementation. Significantly, this method overcomes a long-standing challenge to incorporate nonnatural cofactors through de novo biosynthesis. By utilizing a ubiquitous laboratory strain, this process will facilitate spectroscopic studies and the development of enzymes for CoPPIX-mediated biocatalysis.
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Abstract
Although fluorescent proteins have been utilized for a variety of biological applications, they have several optical limitations, namely weak red and near-infrared emission and exceptionally broad (>200 nm) emission profiles. The photophysical properties of fluorescent proteins can be enhanced through the incorporation of novel cofactors with the desired properties into a stable protein scaffold. To this end, a fluorescent phosphorus corrole that is structurally similar to the native heme cofactor is incorporated into two exceptionally stable heme proteins: H-NOX from Caldanaerobacter subterraneus and heme acquisition system protein A (HasA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These yellow-orange emitting protein conjugates are examined by steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy. The HasA conjugate exhibits enhanced fluorescence, whereas emission from the H-NOX conjugate is quenched relative to the free corrole. Despite the low fluorescence quantum yields, these corrole-substituted proteins exhibit more intense fluorescence in a narrower spectral profile than traditional fluorescent proteins that emit in the same spectral window. This study demonstrates that fluorescent corrole complexes are readily incorporated into heme proteins and provides an inroad for the development of novel fluorescent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Lemon
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael A Marletta
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Sitte E, Senge MO. The Red Color of Life Transformed - Synthetic Advances and Emerging Applications of Protoporphyrin IX in Chemical Biology. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:3171-3191. [PMID: 32612451 PMCID: PMC7319466 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is the porphyrin scaffold of heme b, a ubiquitous prosthetic group of proteins responsible for oxygen binding (hemoglobin, myoglobin), electron transfer (cytochrome c) and catalysis (cytochrome P450, catalases, peroxidases). PPIX and its metallated derivatives frequently find application as therapeutic agents, imaging tools, catalysts, sensors and in light harvesting. The vast toolkit of accessible porphyrin functionalization reactions enables easy synthetic modification of PPIX to meet the requirements for its multiple uses. In the past few years, particular interest has arisen in exploiting the interaction of PPIX and its synthetic derivatives with biomolecules such as DNA and heme-binding proteins to evolve molecular devices with new functions as well as to uncover potential therapeutic toeholds. This review strives to shine a light on the most recent developments in the synthetic chemistry of PPIX and its uses in selected fields of chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Sitte
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse Street2DublinIreland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse Street2DublinIreland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenberg‐Str. 2a85748GarchingGermany
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Ngo HT, Lewis JEM, Payne DT, D’Souza F, Hill JP, Ariga K, Yoshikawa G, Goldup SM. Rotaxanation as a sequestering template to preclude incidental metal insertion in complex oligochromophores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7447-7450. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09681g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rotaxane as sacrificial template to avoid metal insertion in porphyrinoids during copper catalyzed click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Thien Ngo
- Olfactory Sensors Group
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN)
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Daniel T. Payne
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS)
- National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | | | - Jonathan P. Hill
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science
| | - Genki Yoshikawa
- Olfactory Sensors Group
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN)
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
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9
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Guo Y, Marletta MA. Structural Insight into H‐NOX Gas Sensing and Cognate Signaling Protein Regulation. Chembiochem 2018; 20:7-19. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Guo
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Michael A. Marletta
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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10
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Hespen CW, Bruegger JJ, Guo Y, Marletta MA. Native Alanine Substitution in the Glycine Hinge Modulates Conformational Flexibility of Heme Nitric Oxide/Oxygen (H-NOX) Sensing Proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1631-1639. [PMID: 29757599 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heme nitric oxide/oxygen sensing (H-NOX) domains are direct NO sensors that regulate a variety of biological functions in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Previous work on H-NOX proteins has shown that upon NO binding, a conformational change occurs along two glycine residues on adjacent helices (termed the glycine hinge). Despite the apparent importance of the glycine hinge, it is not fully conserved in all H-NOX domains. Several H-NOX sensors from the family Flavobacteriaceae contain a native alanine substitution in one of the hinge residues. In this work, the effect of the increased steric bulk within the Ala-Gly hinge on H-NOX function was investigated. The hinge in Kordia algicida OT-1 ( Ka H-NOX) is composed of A71 and G145. Ligand-binding properties and signaling function for this H-NOX were characterized. The variant A71G was designed to convert the hinge region of Ka H-NOX to the typical Gly-Gly motif. In activity assays with its cognate histidine kinase (HnoK), the wild type displayed increased signal specificity compared to A71G. Increasing titrations of unliganded A71G gradually inhibits HnoK autophosphorylation, while increasing titrations of unliganded wild type H-NOX does not inhibit HnoK. Crystal structures of both wild type and A71G Ka H-NOX were solved to 1.9 and 1.6 Å, respectively. Regions of H-NOX domains previously identified as involved in protein-protein interactions with HnoK display significantly higher b-factors in A71G compared to wild-type H-NOX. Both biochemical and structural data indicate that the hinge region controls overall conformational flexibility of the H-NOX, affecting NO complex formation and regulation of its HnoK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Hespen
- QB3 Institute, University of California—Berkeley, 356 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Joel J. Bruegger
- QB3 Institute, University of California—Berkeley, 356 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Yirui Guo
- QB3 Institute, University of California—Berkeley, 356 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Michael A. Marletta
- QB3 Institute, University of California—Berkeley, 356 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, QB3 Institute, University of California—Berkeley, 374B Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
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11
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Sun MX, Wang YF, Xu BH, Ma XQ, Zhang SJ. A metal-free direct C (sp3)–H cyanation reaction with cyanobenziodoxolones. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1971-1975. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free direct C(sp3)–H cyanation reaction: cyanobenziodoxolones as cyanating reagents and oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xue Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Resource & Energy Recovery from Waste
- Kaifeng 475004
- P.R. China
| | - Yao-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Bao-Hua Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xin-Qi Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Resource & Energy Recovery from Waste
- Kaifeng 475004
- P.R. China
| | - Suo-Jiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Ngo TH, Labuta J, Lim GN, Webre WA, D'Souza F, Karr PA, Lewis JEM, Hill JP, Ariga K, Goldup SM. Porphyrinoid rotaxanes: building a mechanical picket fence. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6679-6685. [PMID: 30155230 PMCID: PMC6103255 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on recent progress in the synthesis of functional porphyrins for a range of applications using the Cu-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, we describe the active template CuAAC synthesis of interlocked triazole functionalised porphyrinoids in excellent yield. By synthesising interlocked analogues of previously studied porphyrin-corrole conjugates, we demonstrate that this approach gives access to rotaxanes in which the detailed electronic properties of the axle component are unchanged but whose steric properties are transformed by the mechanical "picket fence" provided by the threaded rings. Our results suggest that interlocked functionalised porphyrins, readily available using the AT-CuAAC approach, are sterically hindered scaffolds for the development of new catalysts and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ngo
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) , WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan .
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - J Labuta
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS-SENGEN) , National Institute for Materials Science , Sengen 1-2-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0047 , Japan
| | - G N Lim
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , 305070 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA .
| | - W A Webre
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , 305070 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA .
| | - F D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , 305070 , Denton , TX 76203 , USA .
| | - P A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics , Wayne State College , 111 Main Street , Wayne , Nebraska 68787 , USA
| | - J E M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , University Road , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - J P Hill
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - K Ariga
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics , National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - S M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , University Road , Highfield , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
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Reynolds EW, McHenry MW, Cannac F, Gober JG, Snow CD, Brustad EM. An Evolved Orthogonal Enzyme/Cofactor Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12451-8. [PMID: 27575374 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a strategy that expands the functionality of hemoproteins through orthogonal enzyme/heme pairs. By exploiting the ability of a natural heme transport protein, ChuA, to promiscuously import heme derivatives, we have evolved a cytochrome P450 (P450BM3) that selectively incorporates a nonproteinogenic cofactor, iron deuteroporphyrin IX (Fe-DPIX), even in the presence of endogenous heme. Crystal structures show that selectivity gains are due to mutations that introduce steric clash with the heme vinyl groups while providing a complementary binding surface for the smaller Fe-DPIX cofactor. Furthermore, the evolved orthogonal enzyme/cofactor pair is active in non-natural carbenoid-mediated olefin cyclopropanation. This methodology for the generation of orthogonal enzyme/cofactor pairs promises to expand cofactor diversity in artificial metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , 125 South Road, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew W McHenry
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , 125 South Road, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Fabien Cannac
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , 125 South Road, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joshua G Gober
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , 125 South Road, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christopher D Snow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eric M Brustad
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , 125 South Road, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Li X, Li S, Sun S, Yang F, Zhu W, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Wu Y. Direct Decarboxylative Alkynylation of α,α-Difluoroarylacetic Acids under Transition Metal-Free Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Li Y, Hari DP, Vita MV, Waser J. Cyclic Hypervalent Iodine Reagents for Atom-Transfer Reactions: Beyond Trifluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4436-54. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Switzerland
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Switzerland
| | - Maria Victoria Vita
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Switzerland
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16
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Li Y, Hari DP, Vita MV, Waser J. Cyclische hypervalente Iodreagentien für Atomtransferreaktionen - jenseits der Trifluormethylierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Schweiz
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Schweiz
| | - Maria Victoria Vita
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Schweiz
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Schweiz
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Takanami T, Sugita N, Tsuchiya I. Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Brominated Porphyrins with Functionalized Organomagnesium Reagents: Direct Preparation of Functional-Group-Bearing Free Base Porphyrins. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-s(t)20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Ladomenou K, Nikolaou V, Charalambidis G, Coutsolelos AG. “Click”-reaction: An alternative tool for new architectures of porphyrin based derivatives. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Le Vaillant F, Courant T, Waser J. Room-Temperature Decarboxylative Alkynylation of Carboxylic Acids Using Photoredox Catalysis and EBX Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Le Vaillant F, Courant T, Waser J. Room-Temperature Decarboxylative Alkynylation of Carboxylic Acids Using Photoredox Catalysis and EBX Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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American Chemical Society 2015 National Award Winners. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Träger der nationalen Preise der American Chemical Society 2015. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Alkynes are among the most versatile functional groups in organic synthesis. They are also frequently used in chemical biology and materials science. Whereas alkynes are traditionally added as nucleophiles into organic molecules, hypervalent iodine reagents offer a unique opportunity for the development of electrophilic alkyne synthons. Since 1985, alkynyliodonium salts have been intensively used for the alkynylation of nucleophiles, in particular soft carbon nucleophiles and heteroatoms. They have made an especially strong impact in the synthesis of highly useful ynamides. Nevertheless, their use has been limited by their instability. Since 2009, more stable ethynylbenziodoxol(on)e (EBX) reagents have been identified as superior electrophilic alkyne synthons in many transformations. They can be used for the alkynylation of acidic C-H bonds with bases or aromatic C-H bonds using transition metal catalysts. They were also highly successful for the functionalization of radicals or transition metal-catalyzed domino processes. Finally, they allowed the alkynylation of a further range of heteroatom nucleophiles, especially thiols, under exceptionally mild conditions. With these recent developments, hypervalent iodine reagents have definitively demonstrated their utility for the efficient synthesis of alkynes based on non-classical disconnections.
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Ariafard A. Computational Mechanistic Study of Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Carboxyalkynylation of an Olefin Using an Iodine(III) Oxidant Reagent. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5011758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ariafard
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
- School
of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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Frei R, Wodrich M, Hari DP, Borin PA, Chauvier C, Waser J. Fast and highly chemoselective alkynylation of thiols with hypervalent iodine reagents enabled through a low energy barrier concerted mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16563-73. [PMID: 25365776 PMCID: PMC4311943 DOI: 10.1021/ja5083014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among all functional groups, alkynes occupy a privileged position in synthetic and medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and materials science. Thioalkynes, in particular, are highly useful, as they combine the enhanced reactivity of the triple bond with a sulfur atom frequently encountered in bioactive compounds and materials. Nevertheless, general methods to access these compounds are lacking. In this article, we describe the mechanism and full scope of the alkynylation of thiols using ethynyl benziodoxolone (EBX) hypervalent iodine reagents. Computations led to the discovery of a new, three-atom concerted transition state with a very low energy barrier, which rationalizes the high reaction rate. On the basis of this result, the scope of the reaction was extended to the synthesis of aryl- and alkyl-substituted alkynes containing a broad range of functional groups. New sulfur nucleophiles such as thioglycosides, thioacids, and sodium hydrogen sulfide were also alkynylated successfully to lead to the most general and practical method yet reported for the synthesis of thioalkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew
D. Wodrich
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Antoine Borin
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Chauvier
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and
Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ariafard A. A Density Functional Theory (DFT) Mechanistic Study of Gold(I)-Catalyzed Alkynylation of the Indole and Pyrrole Substrates, Using a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500613t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
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Chen CC, Waser J. Room temperature alkynylation of H-phosphi(na)tes and secondary phosphine oxides with ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12923-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the alkynylation of H-phosphi(na)tes and secondary phosphine oxides at room temperature using ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Chun Chen
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- EPFL SB ISIC LCSO
- 1015 Lausanne (CH), Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- EPFL SB ISIC LCSO
- 1015 Lausanne (CH), Switzerland
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