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Ophus C. Four-Dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (4D-STEM): From Scanning Nanodiffraction to Ptychography and Beyond. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:563-582. [PMID: 31084643 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is widely used for imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy of materials down to atomic resolution. Recent advances in detector technology and computational methods have enabled many experiments that record a full image of the STEM probe for many probe positions, either in diffraction space or real space. In this paper, we review the use of these four-dimensional STEM experiments for virtual diffraction imaging, phase, orientation and strain mapping, measurements of medium-range order, thickness and tilt of samples, and phase contrast imaging methods, including differential phase contrast, ptychography, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA,USA
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2
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Kumar P, Gruza B, Bojarowski SA, Dominiak PM. Extension of the transferable aspherical pseudoatom data bank for the comparison of molecular electrostatic potentials in structure-activity studies. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES 2019; 75:398-408. [PMID: 30821272 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transferable aspherical pseudoatom data bank, UBDB2018, is extended with over 130 new atom types present in small and biological molecules of great importance in biology and chemistry. UBDB2018 can be applied either as a source of aspherical atomic scattering factors in a standard X-ray experiment (dmin ≃ 0.8 Å) instead of the independent atom model (IAM), and can therefore enhance the final crystal structure geometry and refinement parameters; or as a tool to reconstruct the molecular charge-density distribution and derive the electrostatic properties of chemical systems for which 3D structural data are available. The extended data bank has been extensively tested, with the focus being on the accuracy of the molecular electrostatic potential computed for important drug-like molecules, namely the HIV-1 protease inhibitors. The UBDB allows the reconstruction of the reference B3LYP/6-31G** potentials, with a root-mean-squared error of 0.015 e bohr-1 computed for entire potential grids which span values from ca 200 e bohr-1 to ca -0.1 e bohr-1 and encompass both the inside and outside regions of a molecule. UBDB2018 is shown to be applicable to enhancing the physical meaning of the molecular electrostatic potential descriptors used to construct predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship/quantitative structure-property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) models for drug discovery studies. In addition, it is suggested that electron structure factors computed from UBDB2018 may significantly improve the interpretation of electrostatic potential maps measured experimentally by means of electron diffraction or single-particle cryo-EM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Barbara Gruza
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Sławomir Antoni Bojarowski
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Paulina Maria Dominiak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
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Gallagher-Jones M, Ophus C, Bustillo KC, Boyer DR, Panova O, Glynn C, Zee CT, Ciston J, Mancia KC, Minor AM, Rodriguez JA. Nanoscale mosaicity revealed in peptide microcrystals by scanning electron nanodiffraction. Commun Biol 2019; 2:26. [PMID: 30675524 PMCID: PMC6338664 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in lattice structure across sub-regions of protein crystals are challenging to assess when relying on whole crystal measurements. Because of this difficulty, macromolecular structure determination from protein micro and nanocrystals requires assumptions of bulk crystallinity and domain block substructure. Here we map lattice structure across micron size areas of cryogenically preserved three-dimensional peptide crystals using a nano-focused electron beam. This approach produces diffraction from as few as 1500 molecules in a crystal, is sensitive to crystal thickness and three-dimensional lattice orientation. Real-space maps reconstructed from unsupervised classification of diffraction patterns across a crystal reveal regions of crystal order/disorder and three-dimensional lattice tilts on the sub-100nm scale. The nanoscale lattice reorientation observed in the micron-sized peptide crystal lattices studied here provides a direct view of their plasticity. Knowledge of these features facilitates an improved understanding of peptide assemblies that could aid in the determination of structures from nano- and microcrystals by single or serial crystal electron diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Gallagher-Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Karen C. Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - David R. Boyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Ouliana Panova
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Calina Glynn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chih-Te Zee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Kevin Canton Mancia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jose A. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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4
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Thomas JM. Reflections on the value of electron microscopy in the study of heterogeneous catalysts. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160714. [PMID: 28265196 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) is arguably the single most powerful method of characterizing heterogeneous catalysts. Irrespective of whether they are bulk and multiphasic, or monophasic and monocrystalline, or nanocluster and even single-atom and on a support, their structures in atomic detail can be visualized in two or three dimensions, thanks to high-resolution instruments, with sub-Ångstrom spatial resolutions. Their topography, tomography, phase-purity, composition, as well as the bonding, and valence-states of their constituent atoms and ions and, in favourable circumstances, the short-range and long-range atomic order and dynamics of the catalytically active sites, can all be retrieved by the panoply of variants of modern EM. The latter embrace electron crystallography, rotation and precession electron diffraction, X-ray emission and high-resolution electron energy-loss spectra (EELS). Aberration-corrected (AC) transmission (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have led to a revolution in structure determination. Environmental EM is already playing an increasing role in catalyst characterization, and new advances, involving special cells for the study of solid catalysts in contact with liquid reactants, have recently been deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Meurig Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS , UK
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Shorokhov D, Zewail AH. Perspective: 4D ultrafast electron microscopy--Evolutions and revolutions. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:080901. [PMID: 26931672 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this Perspective, the evolutionary and revolutionary developments of ultrafast electron imaging are overviewed with focus on the "single-electron concept" for probing methodology. From the first electron microscope of Knoll and Ruska [Z. Phys. 78, 318 (1932)], constructed in the 1930s, to aberration-corrected instruments and on, to four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy (4D UEM), the developments over eight decades have transformed humans' scope of visualization. The changes in the length and time scales involved are unimaginable, beginning with the micrometer and second domains, and now reaching the space and time dimensions of atoms in matter. With these advances, it has become possible to follow the elementary structural dynamics as it unfolds in real time and to provide the means for visualizing materials behavior and biological functions. The aim is to understand emergent phenomena in complex systems, and 4D UEM is now central for the visualization of elementary processes involved, as illustrated here with examples from past achievements and future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shorokhov
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ahmed H Zewail
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Meurig Thomas J. Developments in Structural Chemistry from the Viewpoint of a Solid-state Chemist: A Review Prompted by the Sixtieth Anniversary of Professor Jack Dunitz's Research Group in the ETH, Zurich. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Meurig Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy; University of Cambridge; 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
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Marks LD, Peng L. Nanoparticle shape, thermodynamics and kinetics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:053001. [PMID: 26792459 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/5/053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles can be beautiful, as in stained glass windows, or they can be ugly as in wear and corrosion debris from implants. We estimate that there will be about 70,000 papers in 2015 with nanoparticles as a keyword, but only one in thirteen uses the nanoparticle shape as an additional keyword and research focus, and only one in two hundred has thermodynamics. Methods for synthesizing nanoparticles have exploded over the last decade, but our understanding of how and why they take their forms has not progressed as fast. This topical review attempts to take a critical snapshot of the current understanding, focusing more on methods to predict than a purely synthetic or descriptive approach. We look at models and themes which are largely independent of the exact synthetic method whether it is deposition, gas-phase condensation, solution based or hydrothermal synthesis. Elements are old dating back to the beginning of the 20th century-some of the pioneering models developed then are still relevant today. Others are newer, a merging of older concepts such as kinetic-Wulff constructions with methods to understand minimum energy shapes for particles with twins. Overall we find that while there are still many unknowns, the broad framework of understanding and predicting the structure of nanoparticles via diverse Wulff constructions, either thermodynamic, local minima or kinetic has been exceedingly successful. However, the field is still developing and there remain many unknowns and new avenues for research, a few of these being suggested towards the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Haberfehlner G, Trügler A, Schmidt FP, Hörl A, Hofer F, Hohenester U, Kothleitner G. Correlated 3D Nanoscale Mapping and Simulation of Coupled Plasmonic Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7726-30. [PMID: 26495933 PMCID: PMC4643356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Electron tomography in combination with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) experiments and simulations was used to unravel the interplay between structure and plasmonic properties of a silver nanocuboid dimer. The precise 3D geometry of the particles fabricated by means of electron beam lithography was reconstructed through electron tomography, and the full three-dimensional information was used as an input for simulations of energy-loss spectra and plasmon resonance maps. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory was found throughout, bringing the comparison between EELS imaging and simulations to a quantitative and correlative level. In addition, interface mode patterns, normally masked by the projection nature of a transmission microscopy investigation, could be unambiguously identified through tomographic reconstruction. This work overcomes the need for geometrical assumptions or symmetry restrictions of the sample in simulations and paves the way for detailed investigations of realistic and complex plasmonic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Haberfehlner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Electron
Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University
of Technology, Steyrergasse
17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Trügler
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P. Schmidt
- Institute for Electron
Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University
of Technology, Steyrergasse
17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Hörl
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Hofer
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Electron
Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University
of Technology, Steyrergasse
17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Hohenester
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Electron
Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University
of Technology, Steyrergasse
17, 8010 Graz, Austria
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9
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Haberfehlner G, Thaler P, Knez D, Volk A, Hofer F, Ernst WE, Kothleitner G. Formation of bimetallic clusters in superfluid helium nanodroplets analysed by atomic resolution electron tomography. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8779. [PMID: 26508471 PMCID: PMC4640115 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure, shape and composition are the basic parameters responsible for properties of nanoscale materials, distinguishing them from their bulk counterparts. To reveal these in three dimensions at the nanoscale, electron tomography is a powerful tool. Advancing electron tomography to atomic resolution in an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope remains challenging and has been demonstrated only a few times using strong constraints or extensive filtering. Here we demonstrate atomic resolution electron tomography on silver/gold core/shell nanoclusters grown in superfluid helium nanodroplets. We reveal morphology and composition of a cluster identifying gold- and silver-rich regions in three dimensions and we estimate atomic positions without using any prior information and with minimal filtering. The ability to get full three-dimensional information down to the atomic scale allows understanding the growth and deposition process of the nanoclusters and demonstrates an approach that may be generally applicable to all types of nanoscale materials. Advancing electron tomography to atomic resolution is a powerful and challenging process. Here, the authors demonstrate atomic resolution electron tomography on silver-gold core-shell nanoclusters grown in superfluid helium nanodroplets, revealing their three-dimensional morphology and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Haberfehlner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Thaler
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Volk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Hofer
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang E Ernst
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
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10
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Thomas JM, Leary RK, Eggeman AS, Midgley PA. The rapidly changing face of electron microscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Eggeman AS, Krakow R, Midgley PA. Scanning precession electron tomography for three-dimensional nanoscale orientation imaging and crystallographic analysis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7267. [PMID: 26028514 PMCID: PMC4458861 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from electron tomography provide important morphological, compositional, optical and electro-magnetic information across a wide range of materials and devices. Precession electron diffraction, in combination with scanning transmission electron microscopy, can be used to elucidate the local orientation of crystalline materials. Here we show, using the example of a Ni-base superalloy, that combining these techniques and extending them to three dimensions, to produce scanning precession electron tomography, enables the 3D orientation of nanoscale sub-volumes to be determined and provides a one-to-one correspondence between 3D real space and 3D reciprocal space for almost any polycrystalline or multi-phase material. High-resolution microscopy allows imaging of information on the atomic scale. Here, by combining precession electron diffraction with scanning transmission electron microscopy, the authors demonstrate an efficient, alternative technique to determine the three-dimensional orientation of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Eggeman
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Robert Krakow
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
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Saghi Z, Benning M, Leary R, Macias-Montero M, Borras A, Midgley PA. Reduced-dose and high-speed acquisition strategies for multi-dimensional electron microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40679-015-0007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMulti-dimensional electron microscopy has recently gained considerable interest thanks to the advent of microscopes with unprecedented analytical and in situ capabilities. These information-rich imaging modes, though, are often subject to long acquisition times and large data generation. In this paper, we explore novel acquisition strategies and reconstruction algorithms to retrieve reliable reconstructions from datasets that are limited in terms of both per image and tilt series angular sampling. We show that inpainting techniques are capable of restoring scanning transmission electron microscopy images in which a very restricted number of pixels are scanned, while compressed sensing tomographic reconstruction is capable of minimising artefacts due to angular subsampling. An example of robust reconstruction from data constituting a dose reduction of 10× is presented, using an organic/inorganic core-shell nanowire as a test sample. The combination of these novel acquisition schemes and image recovery strategies provides new avenues to reduced-dose and high-speed imaging.
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Zhang W, Zheng WT. Transmission electron microscopy finds plenty of room on the surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14461-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01705j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The merit of transmission electron microscopy is unraveled for the key progress, emerging opportunities and fascinating perspectives in surface exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, and Key Laboratory of Mobile Materials MOE, and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Wei Tao Zheng
- Department of Materials Science, and Key Laboratory of Mobile Materials MOE, and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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Blaise-Pascal-Medaillen: J. M. Thomas und H. Schmidbaur / ORCHEM-Preis: D. B. Werz und F. Schoenebeck / Morley-Medaille: S. J. Rowan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Blaise Pascal Medals: J. M. Thomas and H. Schmidbaur / ORCHEM Prize: D. B. Werz and F. Schoenebeck / Morley Medal: S. J. Rowan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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