1
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Koball A, Obst F, Gaitzsch J, Voit B, Appelhans D. Boosting Microfluidic Enzymatic Cascade Reactions with pH-Responsive Polymersomes by Spatio-Chemical Activity Control. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400282. [PMID: 38989686 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic flow reactors permit the implementation of sensitive biocatalysts in polymeric environments (e.g., hydrogel dots), mimicking nature through the use of diverse microstructures within defined confinements. However, establishing complex hybrid structures to mimic biological processes and functions under continuous flow with optimal utilization of all components involved in the reaction process represents a significant scientific challenge. To achieve spatial, chemical, and temporal control for any microfluidic application, compartmentalization is required, as well as the unification of different sensitive compartments in the reaction chamber for the microfluidic flow design. This study presents a self-regulating microfluidic system fabricated by a sequential photostructuring process with an intermediate chemical process step to realize pH-sensitive hybrid structures for the fabrication of a microfluidic double chamber reactor for controlled enzymatic cascade reaction (ECR). The key point is the adaptation and retention of the function of pH-responsive horseradish peroxidase-loaded polymersomes in a microfluidic chip under continuous flow. ECR is successfully triggered and controlled by an interplay between glucose oxidase-converted glucose, the membrane state of pH-responsive polymersomes, and other parameters (e.g., flow rate and fluid composition). This study establishes a promising noninvasive regulatory platform for extended spatio-chemical control of current and future ECR and other cascade reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Koball
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie der Polymere, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, D-01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie der Polymere, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
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2
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An eco-friendly and very low catalyst loading continuous condensation of primary amines and 1,3 Di carbonyl compounds: Synthesis of enaminones and enaminoesters by microreactor technology. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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3
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Monbaliu JCM, Legros J. Will the next generation of chemical plants be in miniaturized flow reactors? LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1349-1357. [PMID: 36278262 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00796g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For decades, a production paradigm based on centralized, stepwise, large scale processes has dominated the chemical industry horizon. While effective to meet an ever increasing demand for high value-added chemicals, the so-called macroscopic batch reactors are also associated with inherent weaknesses and threats; some of the most obvious ones were tragically illustrated over the past decades with major industrial disasters and impactful disruptions of advanced chemical supplies. The COVID pandemic has further emphasized that a change in paradigm was necessary to sustain chemical production with an increased safety, reliable supply chains and adaptable productivities. More than a decade of research and technology development has led to alternative and effective chemical processes relying on miniaturised flow reactors (a.k.a. micro and mesofluidic reactors). Such miniaturised reactors bear the potential to solve safety concerns and to improve the reliability of chemical supply chains. Will they initiate a new paradigm for a more localized, safe and reliable chemical production?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium.
| | - Julien Legros
- COBRA Laboratory, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France.
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4
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Killi N, Bartenbach J, Kuckling D. Polymeric Networks Containing Amine Derivatives as Organocatalysts for Knoevenagel Reaction within Continuously Driven Microfluidic Reactors. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030171. [PMID: 36975620 PMCID: PMC10048661 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Knoevenagel reaction is a classic reaction in organic chemistry for the formation of C-C bonds. In this study, various catalytic monomers for Knoevenagel reactions were synthesized and polymerized via photolithography to form polymeric gel dots with a composition of 90% catalyst, 9% gelling agent and 1% crosslinker. Furthermore, these gel dots were inserted into a microfluidic reactor (MFR) and the conversion of the reaction using gel dots as catalysts in the MFR for 8 h at room temperature was studied. The gel dots containing primary amines showed a better conversion of about 83–90% with aliphatic aldehyde and 86–100% with aromatic aldehyde, compared to the tertiary amines (52–59% with aliphatic aldehyde and 77–93% with aromatic aldehydes) which resembles the reactivity of the amines. Moreover, the addition of polar solvent (water) in the reaction mixture and the swelling properties of the gel dots by altering the polymer backbone showed a significant enhancement in the conversion of the reaction, due to the increased accessibility of the catalytic sites in the polymeric network. These results suggested the primary-amine-based catalysts facilitate better conversion compared to tertiary amines and the reaction solvent had a significant influence on organocatalysis to improve the efficiency of MFR.
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5
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Zhang W, Lopez H, Boselli L, Bigini P, Perez-Potti A, Xie Z, Castagnola V, Cai Q, Silveira CP, de Araujo JM, Talamini L, Panini N, Ristagno G, Violatto MB, Devineau S, Monopoli MP, Salmona M, Giannone VA, Lara S, Dawson KA, Yan Y. A Nanoscale Shape-Discovery Framework Supporting Systematic Investigations of Shape-Dependent Biological Effects and Immunomodulation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1547-1559. [PMID: 34958549 PMCID: PMC8793145 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Since it is now possible to make, in a controlled fashion, an almost unlimited variety of nanostructure shapes, it is of increasing interest to understand the forms of biological control that nanoscale shape allows. However, a priori rational investigation of such a vast universe of shapes appears to present intractable fundamental and practical challenges. This has limited the useful systematic investigation of their biological interactions and the development of innovative nanoscale shape-dependent therapies. Here, we introduce a concept of biologically relevant inductive nanoscale shape discovery and evaluation that is ideally suited to, and will ultimately become, a vehicle for machine learning discovery. Combining the reproducibility and tunability of microfluidic flow nanochemistry syntheses, quantitative computational shape analysis, and iterative feedback from biological responses in vitro and in vivo, we show that these challenges can be mastered, allowing shape biology to be explored within accepted scientific and biomedical research paradigms. Early applications identify significant forms of shape-induced biological and adjuvant-like immunological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Guangdong
Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation
Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong P.R. China
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hender Lopez
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School
of Physics and Optometric & Clinical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman D07XT95, Ireland
| | - Luca Boselli
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paolo Bigini
- Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - André Perez-Potti
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Zengchun Xie
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Qi Cai
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Camila P. Silveira
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Joao M. de Araujo
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Departamento
de Física Teórica e Experimental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Laura Talamini
- Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Panini
- Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Department
of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina B. Violatto
- Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Devineau
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marco P. Monopoli
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mario Salmona
- Istituto
di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria A. Giannone
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sandra Lara
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kenneth A. Dawson
- Guangdong
Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation
Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong P.R. China
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yan Yan
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of
Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular
and Biomedical Research, University College
Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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6
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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7
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Grisoni F, Huisman BJH, Button AL, Moret M, Atz K, Merk D, Schneider G. Combining generative artificial intelligence and on-chip synthesis for de novo drug design. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg3338. [PMID: 34117066 PMCID: PMC8195470 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Automating the molecular design-make-test-analyze cycle accelerates hit and lead finding for drug discovery. Using deep learning for molecular design and a microfluidics platform for on-chip chemical synthesis, liver X receptor (LXR) agonists were generated from scratch. The computational pipeline was tuned to explore the chemical space of known LXRα agonists and generate novel molecular candidates. To ensure compatibility with automated on-chip synthesis, the chemical space was confined to the virtual products obtainable from 17 one-step reactions. Twenty-five de novo designs were successfully synthesized in flow. In vitro screening of the crude reaction products revealed 17 (68%) hits, with up to 60-fold LXR activation. The batch resynthesis, purification, and retesting of 14 of these compounds confirmed that 12 of them were potent LXR agonists. These results support the suitability of the proposed design-make-test-analyze framework as a blueprint for automated drug design with artificial intelligence and miniaturized bench-top synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Grisoni
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Berend J H Huisman
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L Button
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Department of Computational Biology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Moret
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth Atz
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Merk
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, RETHINK, Zurich, Switzerland.
- ETH Singapore SEC Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Puglisi A, Rossi S. Stereoselective organocatalysis and flow chemistry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organic synthesis has traditionally been performed in batch. Continuous-flow chemistry was recently rediscovered as an enabling technology to be applied to the synthesis of organic molecules. Organocatalysis is a well-established methodology, especially for the preparation of enantioenriched compounds. In this chapter we discuss the use of chiral organocatalysts in continuous flow. After the classification of the different types of catalytic reactors, in Section 2, each class will be discussed with the most recent and significant examples reported in the literature. In Section 3 we discuss homogeneous stereoselective reactions in flow, with a look at the stereoselective organophotoredox transformations in flow. This research topic is emerging as one of the most powerful method to prepare enantioenriched products with structures that would otherwise be challenging to make. Section 4 describes the use of supported organocatalysts in flow chemistry. Part of the discussion will be devoted to the choice of the support. Examples of packed-bed, monolithic and inner-wall functionalized reactors will be introduced and discussed. We hope to give an overview of the potentialities of the combination of (supported) chiral organocatalysts and flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
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9
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Satheeshkumar C, Jung BJ, Jang H, Lee W, Seo M. Surface Modification of Parylene C Film via Buchwald-Hartwig Amination for Organic Solvent-Compatible and Flexible Microfluidic Channel Bonding. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000520. [PMID: 33225498 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification offers an efficient and economical route to installing functional groups on a polymer surface. This work demonstrates that primary amine groups can be introduced onto a polymer surface via Buchwald-Hartwig amination, and the functionalized substrates can be chemically bonded to produce functional microfluidic devices. By activating the CCl bond in commercially used poly(chloro-p-xylylene) (parylene C) by Pd catalyst and substituting Cl with the amine source, the amine groups are successfully installed in a facile and recyclable manner. The substrates can be covalently bonded with each other via amine-isocyanate chemistry, providing much higher bonding strength compared to previous methods based on noncovalent adhesive coatings. As a result, transparent and flexible microfluidic channels can be fabricated that are compatible with organic solvents and high pressure. Retention of amine group reactivity in the channel suggests the potential of this methodology for the surface immobilization of functional molecules for microfluidic reactors and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnadurai Satheeshkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Jung
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hansol Jang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Wonhee Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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10
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Flow chemistry as a tool to access novel chemical space for drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1547-1563. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective scrutinizes flow chemistry as a useful tool for medicinal chemists to expand the current chemical capabilities in drug discovery. This technology has demonstrated his value not only for the traditional reactions used in Pharma for the last 20 years, but also for bringing back to the lab underused chemistries to access novel chemical space. The combination with other technologies, such as photochemistry and electrochemistry, is opening new avenues for reactivity that will smoothen the access to complex molecules. The introduction of all these technologies in automated platforms will improve the productivity of medicinal chemistry labs reducing the cycle times to get novel and differentiated bioactive molecules, accelerating discovery cycle times.
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11
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Judzewitsch PR, Corrigan N, Trujillo F, Xu J, Moad G, Hawker CJ, Wong EHH, Boyer C. High-Throughput Process for the Discovery of Antimicrobial Polymers and Their Upscaled Production via Flow Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Francisco Trujillo
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- Manufacturing, CSIRO, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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12
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Zhou C, Lin X, Lu Y, Zhang J. Flexible on-demand cell-free protein synthesis platform based on a tube-in-tube reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A flexible on-demand cell-free protein synthesis platform using a tube-in-tube reactor is established for continuous synthesis of different protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Zhou
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Xiaomei Lin
- Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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13
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Tashi M, Shafiee B, Sakamaki Y, Hu JY, Heidrick Z, Khosropour AR, Beyzavi MH. Micro-flow nanocatalysis: synergic effect of TfOH@SPIONs and micro-flow technology as an efficient and robust catalytic system for the synthesis of plasticizers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37835-37840. [PMID: 35558628 PMCID: PMC9089408 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07838f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of continuous flow technology with immobilizing of only 0.13 mol% of triflic acid (TfOH) on silica-encapsulated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) under solvent-free conditions successfully provided a powerful, efficient, and eco-friendly route for the synthesis of plasticizers. The turnover frequency value in micro-flow conditions varied in the range of 948.7 to 7384.6 h-1 compared to 403.8 to 3099 h-1 for in-flask. This technique works efficiently, encouraging future applications of micro-flow nano-catalysis in green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan81746-73441IsfahanIran
| | - Behnaz Shafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan81746-73441IsfahanIran
| | - Yoshie Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansas 72701USA
| | - Ji-Yun Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansas 72701USA
| | - Zachary Heidrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansas 72701USA
| | - Ahmad R. Khosropour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan81746-73441IsfahanIran,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansas 72701USA
| | - M. Hassan Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansas 72701USA
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14
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Jayaraman A, Misal Castro LC, Fontaine FG. Practical and Scalable Synthesis of Borylated Heterocycles Using Bench-Stable Precursors of Metal-Free Lewis Pair Catalysts. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Jayaraman
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et de Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Luis C. Misal Castro
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et de Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Frédéric-Georges Fontaine
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et de Chimie Verte (C3V), Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
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15
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Li G, Pu X, Shang M, Zha L, Su Y. Intensification of liquid-liquid two-phase mass transfer in a capillary microreactor system. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxiao Li
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Xin Pu
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Minjing Shang
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Li Zha
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education); Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
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16
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Development of Microplatforms to Mimic the In Vivo Architecture of CNS and PNS Physiology and Their Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9060285. [PMID: 29882823 PMCID: PMC6027402 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that govern nervous tissues function remains a challenge. In vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems provide a simplistic platform to evaluate systematic investigations but often result in unreliable responses that cannot be translated to pathophysiological settings. Recently, microplatforms have emerged to provide a better approximation of the in vivo scenario with better control over the microenvironment, stimuli and structure. Advances in biomaterials enable the construction of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds, which combined with microfabrication, allow enhanced biomimicry through precise control of the architecture, cell positioning, fluid flows and electrochemical stimuli. This manuscript reviews, compares and contrasts advances in nervous tissues-on-a-chip models and their applications in neural physiology and disease. Microplatforms used for neuro-glia interactions, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), blood-brain barrier (BBB) and studies on brain cancer, metastasis and neurodegenerative diseases are addressed. Finally, we highlight challenges that can be addressed with interdisciplinary efforts to achieve a higher degree of biomimicry. Nervous tissue microplatforms provide a powerful tool that is destined to provide a better understanding of neural health and disease.
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17
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Shvydkiv O, Jähnisch K, Steinfeldt N, Yavorskyy A, Oelgemöller M. Visible-light photooxygenation of α-terpinene in a falling film microreactor. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Damiati S, Mhanna R, Kodzius R, Ehmoser EK. Cell-Free Approaches in Synthetic Biology Utilizing Microfluidics. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E144. [PMID: 29509709 PMCID: PMC5867865 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary branch of science which aims to mimic complex biological systems by creating similar forms. Constructing an artificial system requires optimization at the gene and protein levels to allow the formation of entire biological pathways. Advances in cell-free synthetic biology have helped in discovering new genes, proteins, and pathways bypassing the complexity of the complex pathway interactions in living cells. Furthermore, this method is cost- and time-effective with access to the cellular protein factory without the membrane boundaries. The freedom of design, full automation, and mimicking of in vivo systems reveal advantages of synthetic biology that can improve the molecular understanding of processes, relevant for life science applications. In parallel, in vitro approaches have enhanced our understanding of the living system. This review highlights the recent evolution of cell-free gene design, proteins, and cells integrated with microfluidic platforms as a promising technology, which has allowed for the transformation of the concept of bioprocesses. Although several challenges remain, the manipulation of biological synthetic machinery in microfluidic devices as suitable 'homes' for in vitro protein synthesis has been proposed as a pioneering approach for the development of new platforms, relevant in biomedical and diagnostic contexts towards even the sensing and monitoring of environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Damiati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rami Mhanna
- Biomedical Engineering Program, The American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon.
| | - Rimantas Kodzius
- Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq.
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitecture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Abstract
This critical review summarizes the developments in the integration of micro-optical elements with microfluidic platforms for facilitating detection and automation of bio-analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Science
- 518055 Shenzhen
- China
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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20
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Giraudeau P, Felpin FX. Flow reactors integrated with in-line monitoring using benchtop NMR spectroscopy. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art flow reactors integrated with in-line benchtop NMR are thoroughly discussed with highlights on the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
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21
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Abstract
Small-molecule drug discovery can be viewed as a challenging multidimensional problem in which various characteristics of compounds - including efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety - need to be optimized in parallel to provide drug candidates. Recent advances in areas such as microfluidics-assisted chemical synthesis and biological testing, as well as artificial intelligence systems that improve a design hypothesis through feedback analysis, are now providing a basis for the introduction of greater automation into aspects of this process. This could potentially accelerate time frames for compound discovery and optimization and enable more effective searches of chemical space. However, such approaches also raise considerable conceptual, technical and organizational challenges, as well as scepticism about the current hype around them. This article aims to identify the approaches and technologies that could be implemented robustly by medicinal chemists in the near future and to critically analyse the opportunities and challenges for their more widespread application.
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22
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Zitzmann FD, Jahnke HG, Nitschke F, Beck-Sickinger AG, Abel B, Belder D, Robitzki AA. A novel microfluidic microelectrode chip for a significantly enhanced monitoring of NPY-receptor activation in live mode. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:4294-4302. [PMID: 29119176 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00754j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip devices that combine, e.g. chemical synthesis with integrated on-chip analytics and multi-compartment organ-on-a-chip approaches, are a fast and attractive evolving research area. While integration of appropriate cell models in microfluidic setups for monitoring the biological activity of synthesis products or test compounds is already in focus, the integration of label-free bioelectronic analysis techniques is still poorly realized. In this context, we investigated the capabilities of impedance spectroscopy as a non-destructive real-time monitoring technique for adherent cell models in a microfluidic setup. While an initial adaptation of a microelectrode array (MEA) layout from a static setup revealed clear restrictions in the application of impedance spectroscopy in a microfluidic chip, we could demonstrate the advantage of a FEM simulation based rational MEA layout optimization for an optimum electrical field distribution within microfluidic structures. Furthermore, FEM simulation based analysis of shear stress and time-dependent test compound distribution led to identification of an optimal flow rate. Based on the simulation derived optimized microfluidic MEA, comparable impedance spectra characteristics were achieved for HEK293A cells cultured under microfluidic and static conditions. Furthermore, HEK293A cells expressing Y1 receptors were used to successfully demonstrate the capabilities of impedimetric monitoring of cellular alterations in the microfluidic setup. More strikingly, the maximum impedimetric signal for the receptor activation was significantly increased by a factor of 2.8. Detailed investigations of cell morphology and motility led to the conclusion that cultivation under microfluidic conditions could lead to an extended and stabilized cell-electrode interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska D Zitzmann
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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23
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Li G, Shang M, Song Y, Su Y. Characterization of liquid-liquid mass transfer performance in a capillary microreactor system. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxiao Li
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Minjing Shang
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yang Song
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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24
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Sesen M, Alan T, Neild A. Droplet control technologies for microfluidic high throughput screening (μHTS). LAB ON A CHIP 2017. [PMID: 28631799 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00005g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The transition from micro well plate and robotics based high throughput screening (HTS) to chip based screening has already started. This transition promises reduced droplet volumes thereby decreasing the amount of fluids used in these studies. Moreover, it significantly boosts throughput allowing screening to keep pace with the overwhelming number of molecular targets being discovered. In this review, we analyse state-of-the-art droplet control technologies that exhibit potential to be used in this new generation of screening devices. Since these systems are enclosed and usually planar, even some of the straightforward methods used in traditional HTS such as pipetting and reading can prove challenging to replicate in microfluidic high throughput screening (μHTS). We critically review the technologies developed for this purpose in depth, describing the underlying physics and discussing the future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhsincan Sesen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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25
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Aim: Computational chemogenomics models the compound–protein interaction space, typically for drug discovery, where existing methods predominantly either incorporate increasing numbers of bioactivity samples or focus on specific subfamilies of proteins and ligands. As an alternative to modeling entire large datasets at once, active learning adaptively incorporates a minimum of informative examples for modeling, yielding compact but high quality models. Results/methodology: We assessed active learning for protein/target family-wide chemogenomic modeling by replicate experiment. Results demonstrate that small yet highly predictive models can be extracted from only 10–25% of large bioactivity datasets, irrespective of molecule descriptors used. Conclusion: Chemogenomic active learning identifies small subsets of ligand–target interactions in a large screening database that lead to knowledge discovery and highly predictive models.
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27
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Hwang YJ, Coley CW, Abolhasani M, Marzinzik AL, Koch G, Spanka C, Lehmann H, Jensen KF. A segmented flow platform for on-demand medicinal chemistry and compound synthesis in oscillating droplets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6649-6652. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03584e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An automated flow chemistry platform performs single/multi-phase and single/multi-step chemistries in 14 μL droplets with online analysis and product collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | - Guido Koch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Carsten Spanka
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | | | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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28
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Recent Advances of Microfluidics Technologies in the Field of Medicinal Chemistry. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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29
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Meščić A, Šalić A, Gregorić T, Zelić B, Raić-Malić S. Continuous flow-ultrasonic synergy in click reactions for the synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazolyl appended 4,5-unsaturated l-ascorbic acid derivatives. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of flow chemistry and batch-based synthetic procedures has been successfully applied to the assembly of novel 4,5-unsaturated l-ascorbic acid series 6a–6n with diverse C-6-substituted 1,2,3-triazole moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Meščić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Anita Šalić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Reaction Engineering and Catalysis
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Tomislav Gregorić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Bruno Zelić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Reaction Engineering and Catalysis
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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30
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31
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Heiland JJ, Warias R, Lotter C, Mauritz L, Fuchs PJW, Ohla S, Zeitler K, Belder D. On-chip integration of organic synthesis and HPLC/MS analysis for monitoring stereoselective transformations at the micro-scale. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:76-81. [PMID: 27896351 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01217e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic system, seamlessly integrating microflow and microbatch synthesis with a HPLC/nano-ESI-MS functionality on a single glass chip. The microfluidic approach allows to efficiently steer and dispense sample streams down to the nanoliter-range for studying reactions in quasi real-time. In a proof-of-concept study, the system was applied to explore amino-catalyzed reactions, including asymmetric iminium-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylations in microflow and micro confined reaction vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef J Heiland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Patrick J W Fuchs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee. 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Ohla
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee. 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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32
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Lotter C, Poehler E, Heiland JJ, Mauritz L, Belder D. Enantioselective reaction monitoring utilizing two-dimensional heart-cut liquid chromatography on an integrated microfluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4648-4652. [PMID: 27824367 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chip-integrated, two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography is introduced to monitor enantioselective continuous micro-flow synthesis. The herein described development of the first two-dimensional HPLC-chip was realized by the integration of two different columns packed with reversed-phase and chiral stationary phase material on a microfluidic glass chip, coupled to mass spectrometry. Directed steering of the micro-flows at the joining transfer cross enabled a heart-cut operation mode to transfer the chiral compound of interest from the first to the second chromatographic dimension. This allows for an interference-free determination of the enantiomeric excess by seamless hyphenation to electrospray mass spectrometry. The application for rapid reaction optimization at micro-flow conditions is exemplarily shown for the asymmetric organocatalytic continuous micro-flow synthesis of warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lotter
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Poehler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Josef J Heiland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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33
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Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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35
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Chen S, Wan Q, Badu‐Tawiah AK. Picomole‐Scale Real‐Time Photoreaction Screening: Discovery of the Visible‐Light‐Promoted Dehydrogenation of Tetrahydroquinolines under Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9345-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Qiongqiong Wan
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
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36
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Chen S, Wan Q, Badu‐Tawiah AK. Picomole‐Scale Real‐Time Photoreaction Screening: Discovery of the Visible‐Light‐Promoted Dehydrogenation of Tetrahydroquinolines under Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Qiongqiong Wan
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
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37
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Bao J, Tranmer GK. The utilization of copper flow reactors in organic synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:3037-44. [PMID: 25536021 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow chemistry techniques has flourished over the past decade, with the field expanding to include the use of copper flow reactors in bench-top organic synthesis in recent years. These reactors are available in a variety of forms and possess a number of advantages over their batch reaction counterparts, in terms of both safety and yield. This review will highlight the current research employing copper flow reactors, such as 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions ('click' chemistry), macrocyclizations (via 'click' chemistry), Sonogashira C-C couplings, Ullmann couplings, decarboxylations, and other reported findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
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38
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Abstract
Computational medicinal chemistry offers viable strategies for finding, characterizing, and optimizing innovative pharmacologically active compounds. Technological advances in both computer hardware and software as well as biological chemistry have enabled a renaissance of computer-assisted "de novo" design of molecules with desired pharmacological properties. Here, we present our current perspective on the concept of automated molecule generation by highlighting chemocentric methods that may capture druglike chemical space, consider ligand promiscuity for hit and lead finding, and provide fresh ideas for the rational design of customized screening of compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,inSili.com LLC , Segantinisteig 3, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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Krone KM, Warias R, Ritter C, Li A, Acevedo-Rocha CG, Reetz MT, Belder D. Analysis of Enantioselective Biotransformations Using a Few Hundred Cells on an Integrated Microfluidic Chip. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2102-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. Krone
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Ritter
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aitao Li
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Carlos G. Acevedo-Rocha
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Poznik M, König B. Fast colorimetric screening for visible light photocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00117c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new photocatalytic transformations in organic synthesis is accelerated by a rapid parallel screening based on UV measurements or visual inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Poznik
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
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41
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Gemoets HPL, Su Y, Shang M, Hessel V, Luque R, Noël T. Liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors. Chem Soc Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an exhaustive overview of the engineering principles, safety aspects and chemistry associated with liquid phase oxidation in continuous-flow microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes P. L. Gemoets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Minjing Shang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- E14014 Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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42
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Porta R, Benaglia M, Puglisi A. Flow Chemistry: Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Products. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Porta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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43
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Microfluidic solvent extraction, stripping, and phase disengagement for high-value platinum chloride solutions. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Wang G, Yuan C, Fu B, He L, Reichmanis E, Wang H, Zhang Q, Li Y. Flow Effects on the Controlled Growth of Nanostructured Networks at Microcapillary Walls for Applications in Continuous Flow Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:21580-21588. [PMID: 26352859 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost microfluidic devices are desirable for many chemical processes; however, access to robust, inert, and appropriately structured materials for the inner channel wall is severely limited. Here, the shear force within confined microchannels was tuned through control of reactant solution fluid-flow and shown to dramatically impact nano- through microstructure growth. Combined use of experimental results and simulations allowed controlled growth of 3D networked Zn(OH)F nanostructures with uniform pore distributions and large fluid contact areas on inner microchannel walls. These attributes facilitated subsequent preparation of uniformly distributed Pd and PdPt networks with high structural and chemical stability using a facile, in situ conversion method. The advantageous properties of the microchannel based catalytic system were demonstrated using microwave-assisted continuous-flow coupling as a representative reaction. High conversion rates and good recyclability were obtained. Controlling materials nanostructure via fluid-flow-enhanced growth affords a general strategy to optimize the structure of an inner microchannel wall for desired attributes. The approach provides a promising pathway toward versatile, high-performance, and low-cost microfluidic devices for continuous-flow chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, and ‡Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, MOE, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Cansheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, and ‡Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, MOE, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Boyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, and ‡Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, MOE, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Luye He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, and ‡Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, MOE, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, and ‡Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, MOE, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, and ‡Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, MOE, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, and ‡Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, MOE, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yaogang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, and ‡Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, MOE, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ⊥School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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45
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Hsueh N, Clarkson GJ, Shipman M. Generation and Ring Opening of Aziridines in Telescoped Continuous Flow Processes. Org Lett 2015; 17:3632-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Hsueh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Michael Shipman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
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46
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Reis NM, Li Puma G. A novel microfluidic approach for extremely fast and efficient photochemical transformations in fluoropolymer microcapillary films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8414-7. [PMID: 25849647 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique optical properties of the fluoropolymer microcapillary film (MCF) material combined with the extremely fast photoinactivation of Herpes HSV-1 virus, and photodegradation of indigo carmine, diclofenac and benzoylecgonine in the MCF array photoreactor, demonstrate a new, flexible and inexpensive platform for rapid photochemical transformations, high-throughput process analytics and photochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Reis
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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47
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Abstract
AbstractRadicals are easily generated via hydrogen transfer form secondary alcohols or tertiary amines using photochemical sensitization with ketones. They can subsequently add to the electron deficient double bond of furanones. The addition of the alcohols is particularly efficient. Therefore, this reaction was used to characterize and to compare the efficiency of different photochemical continuous flow microreactors. A range of micro-structured reactors were tested and their performances evaluated. The enclosed microchip enabled high space-time-yields but its microscopic dimensions limited its productivity. In contrast, the open microcapillary model showed a greater potential for scale-up and reactor optimization. A 10-microcapillary reactor was therefore constructed and utilized for typical R&D applications. Compared to the corresponding batch processes, the microreactor systems gave faster conversions, improved product qualities and higher yields. Similar reactions have also been carried out with electronically excited furanones and other α,β-unsaturated ketones. In this case, hydrogen is transferred directly to the excited olefin. This reaction part may occur either in one step, i.e., electron and proton are transferred simultaneously, or it may occur in two steps, i.e., the electron is transferred first and the proton follows. In the first case, a C–C bond is formed in the α position of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and in the second case this bond is formed in the β position. For the first reaction, the influence of stereochemical elements of the substrate on the regioselectivity of the hydrogen abstraction on the side chain has been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oelgemöller
- 1College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- 2CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
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48
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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49
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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50
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Guo Y, Li L, Li F, Zhou H, Song Y. Inkjet print microchannels based on a liquid template. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1759-1764. [PMID: 25686015 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple method to fabricate microchannels is demonstrated based on an inkjet printing liquid template. The morphology of the liquid template can be well controlled by using ink with viscosity sensitive to temperature. The as-prepared Y-shape microchannel is used as a microfluidic reactor for an acylation fluorigenic reaction in a matrix of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Arbitrary modification of the microchannels could be easily realized synchronously with the formation of the microchannels. By grafting polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto the internal surface, an anti-biosorption microchannel is obtained. The facile method will be significant for the fabrication of a microfluidic chip with functional modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Lab of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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