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Diekamp J, Seidensticker T. Synthesis Strategies towards Tagged Homogeneous Catalysts To Improve Their Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304223. [PMID: 37167065 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of homogeneous catalysts while keeping them in the homogeneous matrix is an ongoing challenge many reactions face if they are to find industrial applications. While a plethora of different synthetic approaches towards better, recyclable homogeneous catalysts exist, the literature shows a gap when one searches for a concise overview of the different catalyst modifications. This Review is designed to close that gap by summarising the existing synthesis pathways towards polar, non-polar, fluorous, and molecular-weight-enlarged catalysts and by examining their respective synthesis routes with a focus on modular and late-stage approaches. Furthermore, we map out the potential for a generally applicable tag library that allows straightforward catalyst modifications to tune them for each desired recycling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Diekamp
- TU Dortmund University, Department for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Seidensticker
- TU Dortmund University, Department for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Fu Y, Bergbreiter DE. Recyclable Polyisobutylene‐Bound HMPA as an Organocatalyst in Recyclable Poly(α‐olefin) Solvents. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Hua Fu
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station 77842-3012 Texas USA
| | - David E. Bergbreiter
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station 77842-3012 Texas USA
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3
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Chen T, Fang Q, Zhou L, Xu Z, Qiu J, Wang M, Wang J. Comparative study of cross-linked and linear thermo-responsive carriers supported palladium nanoparticles in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol: Structure, catalytic activity and responsive catalysis property. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Malinski TJ, Bazzi HS, Bergbreiter DE. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Oligomer Solvent Systems for Sequestration of Trace Organics from Water. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:416-419. [PMID: 30548209 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Low-viscosity poly(α-olefin)s (PAOs) either alone or with functional hydrocarbon oligomer cosolvents are nontoxic, nonvolatile, recyclable solvent systems that effectively and efficiently sequester trace amounts of nonpolar organic compounds such as benzene and halogenated organics from water. More polar compounds including perfluorooctanoic acid and nitrobenzene or water-miscible compounds such as THF and triethylamine can also be sequestered if the PAO phase contains an H-bonding PAO-anchored cosolvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Malinski
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Hassan S Bazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - David E Bergbreiter
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX, 77842-3012, USA
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Functionalized Polyisobutylene and Liquid/Liquid Separations as a Method for Scavenging Transition Metals from Homogeneously Catalyzed Reactions. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app9010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ethanedithiol-functionalized polyisobutylene was prepared in one step by a photoinitiated thiol-ene “click” reaction starting from ethanedithiol and polyisobutylene (PIB). The functionalized oligomer product was then used as a soluble sequestrant for transition metals. This PIB-bound thioether-thiol ligand is phase selectively soluble in alkanes and it quantitatively sequesters common transition metals like Cu2+ and Pd2+ into an alkane phase, separating them from polar solvents in a biphasic liquid/liquid separation. The chelating thioether-thiol ligand was also successfully used to remove Cu and Pd transition metal catalyst residues from products in crude reaction mixtures in both azide/alkyne click reactions and cross-coupling reactions using a liquid/liquid extraction. Separation efficiencies exceeding 95% and in many cases 99% were achieved.
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Levchenko V, Sundsli B, Øien-Ødegaard S, Tilset M, Hansen FK, Bonge-Hansen T. Bottom-Up Synthesis of Acrylic and Styrylic RhII
Carboxylate Polymer Beads: Solid-Supported Analogs of Rh2
(OAc)4. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Levchenko
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Bård Sundsli
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Sigurd Øien-Ødegaard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Mats Tilset
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Finn K. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Tore Bonge-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1033, Blindern NO-0315 Oslo Norway
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Phase-selectively soluble, polymer-supported salen catalyst prepared using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chao CG, Kumar MP, Riaz N, Khanoyan RT, Madrahimov ST, Bergbreiter DE. Polyisobutylene Oligomers as Tools for Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Solubilization. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Gang Chao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Manyam Praveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nadia Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Raquel T. Khanoyan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | | | - David E. Bergbreiter
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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Liang Y, Watson C, Malinski T, Tepera J, Bergbreiter DE. Soluble polymer supports for homogeneous catalysis in flow reactions. PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe use of polyisobutylene and poly(4-dodecylstyrene) bound catalysts that contain transition metal or organocatalysts for cyclopropanation, ring-closing metathesis, and nucleophilic catalysis in flow chemistry schemes is described and compared with similar catalysts used in batch reactions. These Rh(II) carboxylate catalysts, N-heterocyclic carbene-ligated Ru(II) benzylidene catalysts, and analogs of 4-dimethylaminopyridine catalysts were used in reactions in heptane in flow and then separated in a gravity based liquid/liquid separation using a biphasic heptane/acetonitrile mixture. The less dense catalyst-containing phase in that separation was continuously used in flow with fresh substrate solution. Leaching of catalysts, yields, and turnover frequencies in these flow reactions were comparable with prior results obtained with the same phase isolable catalysts in batch reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Liang
- 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Christopher Watson
- 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Thomas Malinski
- 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - Justin Tepera
- 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - David E. Bergbreiter
- 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
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Harrell ML, Malinski T, Torres-López C, Gonzalez K, Suriboot J, Bergbreiter DE. Alternatives for Conventional Alkane Solvents. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14650-14657. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. Harrell
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Thomas Malinski
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Coralys Torres-López
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Kimberly Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Jakkrit Suriboot
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - David E. Bergbreiter
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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