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Rahrt R, Koszinowski K. C versus O Protonation in Zincate Anions: A Simple Gas-Phase Model for the Surprising Kinetic Stability of Organometallics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203611. [PMID: 36692992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
For better understanding the intrinsic reactivity of organozinc reagents, we have examined the protolysis of the isolated zincate ions Et3 Zn- , Et2 Zn(OH)- , and Et2 Zn(OH)2 Li- by 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol in the gas phase. The protonation of the hydroxy groups and the release of water proceed much more efficiently than the protonation of the ethyl groups and the liberation of ethane. Quantum-chemical computations and statistical-rate theory calculations fully reproduce the experimental findings and attribute the lower reactivity of the more basic ethyl moiety to higher intrinsic barriers, which override the thermodynamic preference for its protonation. Thus, our minimalistic gas-phase model provides evidence for the intrinsically low reactivity of organozinc reagents toward proton donors and helps to explain their remarkable kinetic stability against moisture and even protic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rahrt
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Fabijanczuk KC, Altalhi WAO, Aldajani AMO, Canty AJ, McLuckey SA, O'Hair RAJ. Ion-pairs as a gateway to transmetalation: aryl transfer from boron to nickel and magnesium. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5699-5705. [PMID: 35323833 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00746k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-ion reactions between tris-1,10-phenantholine metal dications, [(phen)3M]2+ (where M = Ni and Mg), and the tetraphenylborate anion yield the ion-pairs {[(phen)3M]2+[BPh4]-}+. The ion-pairs undergo transmetalation upon loss of a phen ligand to give the organometallic complexes [(phen)2M(Ph)]+. DFT calculations, used to determine the energy barriers for the transmetalation reactions and the hydrolysis reactions, are entirely consistent with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weam A O Altalhi
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. .,Department of Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Hotat Bani Tamim, 16511 Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma M O Aldajani
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. .,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, P.O. Box 551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Allan J Canty
- School of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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3
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van Stipdonk MJ, Tatosian IJ, Iacovino AC, Bubas AR, Metzler LJ, Sherman MC, Somogyi A. Gas-Phase Deconstruction of UO 22+: Mass Spectrometry Evidence for Generation of [OU VICH] + by Collision-Induced Dissociation of [U VIO 2(C≡CH)] . JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:796-805. [PMID: 30911904 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Because of the high stability and inertness of the U=O bonds, activation and/or functionalization of UO22+ and UO2+ remain challenging tasks. We show here that collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the uranyl-propiolate cation, [UVIO2(O2C-C≡CH)]+, can be used to prepare [UVIO2(C≡CH)]+ in the gas phase by decarboxylation. Remarkably, CID of [UVIO2(C≡CH)]+ caused elimination of CO to create [OUVICH]+, thus providing a new example of a well-defined substitution of an "yl" oxo ligand of UVIO22+ in a unimolecular reaction. Relative energies for candidate structures based on density functional theory calculations suggest that the [OUVICH]+ ion is a uranium-methylidyne product, with a U≡C triple bond composed of one σ-bond with contributions from the U df and C sp hybrid orbitals, and two π-bonds with contributions from the U df and C p orbitals. Upon isolation, without imposed collisional activation, [OUVICH]+ appears to react spontaneously with O2 to produce [UVO2]+. Graphical Abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J van Stipdonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - Irena J Tatosian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Anna C Iacovino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Amanda R Bubas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Luke J Metzler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Mary C Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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4
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Jin Q, Li J, Ariafard A, Canty AJ, O'Hair RA. Formation and reactions of the 1, 8-naphthyridine (napy) ligated geminally dimetallated phenyl complexes [(napy)Cu 2(Ph)] +, [(napy)Ag 2(Ph)] + and [(napy)CuAg(Ph)] . EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:30-43. [PMID: 30773925 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718795959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion trap mass spectrometry experiments and density functional theory calculations have been used to examine the routes to the formation of the 1,8-naphthyridine (napy) ligated geminally dimetallated phenyl complexes [(napy)Cu2(Ph)]+, [(napy)Ag2(Ph)]+ and [(napy)CuAg(Ph)]+ via extrusion of CO2 or SO2 under collision-induced dissociation conditions from their corresponding precursor complexes [(napy)Cu2(O2CPh)]+, [(napy)Ag2(O2CPh)]+, [(napy)CuAg(O2CPh)]+ and [(napy)Cu2(O2SPh)]+, [(napy)Ag2(O2SPh)]+, [(napy)CuAg(O2SPh)]+. Desulfination was found to be more facile than decarboxylation. Density functional theory calculations reveal that extrusion proceeds via two transition states: TS1 enables isomerization of the O, O-bridged benzoate to its O-bound form; TS2 involves extrusion of CO2 or SO2 with the concomitant formation of the organometallic cation and has the highest barrier. Of all the organometallic cations, only [(napy)Cu2(Ph)]+ reacts with water via hydrolysis to give [(napy)Cu2(OH)]+, consistent with density functional theory calculations which show that hydrolysis proceeds via the initial formation of the adduct [(napy)Cu2(Ph)(H2O)]+ which then proceeds via TS3 in which the coordinated H2O is deprotonated by the coordinated phenyl anion to give the product complex [(napy)Cu2(OH)(C6H6)]+, which then loses benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Jin
- 1 School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiaye Li
- 1 School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Allan J Canty
- 3 School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Aj O'Hair
- 1 School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Gimbert Y, Lesage D, Fressigné C, Maddaluno J. Lithium Amide Protected against Hydrolysis by Aggregated Lithium Halides: An MS + DFT Investigation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8141-8147. [PMID: 28696698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supported by mass spectrometry experiments, DFT computations indicate that the lithium amide of a 3-aminopyrrolidine (lithium benzhydryl(1-benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)amide, 1-Li) is protected, up to a certain limit, against hydrolysis when it is aggregated with a strongly polar partner such as LiCl, LiBr, or MeLi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Gimbert
- Université Grenoble Alpes (DCM) , UMR CNRS-UGA 5250 BP 53, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Denis Lesage
- Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS, IPCM (UMR 8232), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Catherine Fressigné
- Normandie Université , UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038), Rouen 76000, France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Université , UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038), Rouen 76000, France
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6
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Zavras A, Krstić M, Dugourd P, Bonačić‐Koutecký V, O'Hair RAJ. Selectivity Effects in Bimetallic Catalysis: Role of the Metal Sites in the Decomposition of Formic Acid into H
2
and CO
2
by the Coinage Metal Binuclear Complexes [dppmMM′(H)]
+. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Zavras
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne 30 Flemington Rd Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology, Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary, Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST) University of Split Meštrovićevo Šetalište 45 21000 Split Croatia
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière, CNRS Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F-69622 Lyon France
| | - Vlasta Bonačić‐Koutecký
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology, Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM) at Interdisciplinary, Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (ICAST) University of Split Meštrovićevo Šetalište 45 21000 Split Croatia
- Chemistry Department Humboldt University of Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Richard A. J. O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne 30 Flemington Rd Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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7
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Tabares AA, Zoellner RW. Magnesepin, 1,4-dimagnesocin, 1,4,7-trimagnesonin, and their C6H6Mgn,n=1-3, isomers: A density functional computational investigation. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Canale V, Robinson R, Zavras A, Khairallah GN, d'Alessandro N, Yates BF, O'Hair RAJ. Two Spin-State Reactivity in the Activation and Cleavage of CO2 by [ReO2](.). J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1934-1938. [PMID: 27193088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rhenium dioxide anion [ReO2](-) reacts with carbon dioxide in a linear ion trap mass spectrometer to produce [ReO3](-) corresponding to activation and cleavage of a C-O bond. Isotope labeling experiments using [Re(18)O2](-) reveal that (18)O/(16)O scrambling does not occur prior to cleavage of the C-O bond. Density functional theory calculations were performed to examine the mechanism for this oxygen atom abstraction reaction. Because the spins of the ground states are different for the reactant and product ions ((3)[ReO2](-) versus (1)[ReO3](-)), both reaction surfaces were examined in detail and multiple [O2Re-CO2](-) intermediates and transition structures were located and minimum energy crossing points were calculated. The computational results show that the intermediate [O2Re(η(2)-C,O-CO2)](-) species most likely initiates C-O bond activation and cleavage. The stronger binding affinity of CO2 within this species and the greater instabilities of other [O2Re-CO2)](-) intermediates are significant enough that oxygen atom exchange is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Canale
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Engineering and Geology (INGEO), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti and Pescara , Viale Pindaro, 42, I-65127 Pescara, Italy
| | - Robert Robinson
- School of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Athanasios Zavras
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - George N Khairallah
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicola d'Alessandro
- Department of Engineering and Geology (INGEO), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti and Pescara , Viale Pindaro, 42, I-65127 Pescara, Italy
| | - Brian F Yates
- School of Physical Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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9
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Vikse KL, Zavras A, Thomas TH, Ariafard A, Khairallah GN, Canty AJ, Yates BF, O’Hair RAJ. Prying open a Reactive Site for Allylic Arylation by Phosphine-Ligated Geminally Diaurated Aryl Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista L. Vikse
- ARC Centre of Excellence
for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Athanasios Zavras
- ARC Centre of Excellence
for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tudor H. Thomas
- ARC Centre of Excellence
for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - George N. Khairallah
- ARC Centre of Excellence
for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Allan J. Canty
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brian F. Yates
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard A. J. O’Hair
- ARC Centre of Excellence
for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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10
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Lesage D, Barozzino-Consiglio G, Duwald R, Fressigné C, Harrison-Marchand A, Faull KF, Maddaluno J, Gimbert Y. A Lithium Amide Protected Against Protonation in the Gas Phase: Unexpected Effect of LiCl. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6441-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Lesage
- Sorbonne
Universités, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232, Case 45, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Romain Duwald
- Normandie
Université (COBRA), UMR CNRS-Université de Rouen-INSA de Rouen 6014, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Fressigné
- Normandie
Université (COBRA), UMR CNRS-Université de Rouen-INSA de Rouen 6014, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Anne Harrison-Marchand
- Normandie
Université (COBRA), UMR CNRS-Université de Rouen-INSA de Rouen 6014, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Kym F. Faull
- Pasarow
Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and
Human Behavior and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90019 United States
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie
Université (COBRA), UMR CNRS-Université de Rouen-INSA de Rouen 6014, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Yves Gimbert
- Université
Grenoble Alpes (DCM), UMR CNRS-UJF 5250 BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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11
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O’Hair RAJ, Rijs NJ. Gas phase studies of the Pesci decarboxylation reaction: synthesis, structure, and unimolecular and bimolecular reactivity of organometallic ions. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:329-40. [PMID: 25594228 DOI: 10.1021/ar500377u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Decarboxylation chemistry has a rich history, and in more recent times, it has been recruited in the quest to develop cheaper, cleaner, and more efficient bond-coupling reactions. Thus, over the past two decades, there has been intense investigation into new metal-catalyzed reactions of carboxylic substrates. Understanding the elementary steps of metal-mediated transformations is at the heart of inventing new reactions and improving the performance of existing ones. Fortunately, during the same time period, there has been a convergence in mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, which allows these catalytic processes to be examined efficiently in the gas phase. Thus, electrospray ionization (ESI) sources have been combined with ion-trap mass spectrometers, which in turn have been modified to either accept radiation from tunable OPO lasers for spectroscopy based structural assignment of ions or to allow the study of ion-molecule reactions (IMR). The resultant "complete" gas-phase chemical laboratories provide a platform to study the elementary steps of metal-catalyzed decarboxylation reactions in exquisite detail. In this Account, we illustrate how the powerful combination of ion trap mass spectrometry experiments and DFT calculations can be systematically used to examine the formation of organometallic ions and their chemical transformations. Specifically, ESI-MS allows the transfer of inorganic carboxylate complexes, [RCO2M(L)n](x), (x = charge) from the condensed to the gas phase. These mass selected ions serve as precursors to organometallic ions [RM(L)n](x) via neutral extrusion of CO2, accessible by slow heating in the ion trap using collision induced dissociation (CID). This approach provides access to an array of organometallic ions with well-defined stoichiometry. In terms of understanding the decarboxylation process, we highlight the role of the metal center (M), the organic group (R), and the auxiliary ligand (L), along with cluster nuclearity, in promoting the formation of the organometallic ion. Where isomeric organometallic ions are generated and normal MS approaches cannot distinguish them, we describe approaches to elucidate the decarboxylation mechanism via determination of their structure. These "unmasked" organometallic ions, [RM(L)n](x), can also be structurally interrogated spectroscopically or via CID. We have thus compared the gas-phase structures and decomposition of several highly reactive and synthetically important organometallic ions for the first time. Perhaps the most significant aspect of this work is the study of bimolecular reactions, which provides experimental information on mechanistically obscure bond-formation and cross-coupling steps and the intrinsic reactivity of ions. We have sought to understand transformations of substrates including acid-base and hydrolysis reactions, along with reactions resulting in C-C bond formation. Our studies also allow a direct comparison of the performance of different metal catalysts in the individual elementary steps associated with protodecarboxylation and decarboxylative alkylation cycles. Electronic structure (DFT and ab initio) and dynamics (RRKM) calculations provide further mechanistic insights into these reactions. The broad implications of this research are that new reactions can be discovered and that the performance of metal catalysts can be evaluated in terms of each of their elementary steps. This has been particularly useful for the study of metal-mediated decarboxylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. J. O’Hair
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicole J. Rijs
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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