1
|
Marks LD, Olson KP. Flexoelectricity, Triboelectricity, and Free Interfacial Charges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310546. [PMID: 39183520 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Triboelectricity has been a topic of some confusion for many years, probably because it is very diverse and some of the fundamental science has not been clear. This is now starting to change. A few years ago, the importance of flexoelectricity at asperities is pointed out. That paper exploited the established physics of compensation of bound surface or interfacial charges without going into detail. The purpose of this paper is to expand further on this, mapping from the established physics of electrostatics with contact potentials and Maxwell's displacement field to the underlying fundamentals of charge transfer in triboelectricity. Examples from the published literature are used to illustrate this. In the discussion, some of the open questions and challenges to the community are mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L D Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - K P Olson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Galembeck F, Santos LP, Burgo TAL, Galembeck A. The emerging chemistry of self-electrified water interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2578-2602. [PMID: 38305696 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Water is known for dissipating electrostatic charges, but it is also a universal agent of matter electrification, creating charged domains in any material contacting or containing it. This new role of water was discovered during the current century. It is proven in a fast-growing number of publications reporting direct experimental measurements of excess charge and electric potential. It is indirectly verified by its success in explaining surprising phenomena in chemical synthesis, electric power generation, metastability, and phase transition kinetics. Additionally, electrification by water is opening the way for developing green technologies that are fully compatible with the environment and have great potential to contribute to sustainability. Electrification by water shows that polyphasic matter is a charge mosaic, converging with the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect, which was discovered one century ago but is still often ignored. Electrified sites in a real system are niches showing various local electrochemical potentials for the charged species. Thus, the electrified mosaics display variable chemical reactivity and mass transfer patterns. Water contributes to interfacial electrification from its singular structural, electric, mixing, adsorption, and absorption properties. A long list of previously unexpected consequences of interfacial electrification includes: "on-water" reactions of chemicals dispersed in water that defy current chemical wisdom; reactions in electrified water microdroplets that do not occur in bulk water, transforming the droplets in microreactors; and lowered surface tension of water, modifying wetting, spreading, adhesion, cohesion, and other properties of matter. Asymmetric capacitors charged by moisture and water are now promising alternative equipment for simultaneously producing electric power and green hydrogen, requiring only ambient thermal energy. Changing surface tension by interfacial electrification also modifies phase-change kinetics, eliminating metastability that is the root of catastrophic electric discharges and destructive explosions. It also changes crystal habits, producing needles and dendrites that shorten battery life. These recent findings derive from a single factor, water's ability to electrify matter, touching on the most relevant aspects of chemistry. They create tremendous scientific opportunities to understand the matter better, and a new chemistry based on electrified interfaces is now emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Galembeck
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, 13083-872, Campinas, Brazil.
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia, 13080-661, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leandra P Santos
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia, 13080-661, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago A L Burgo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Andre Galembeck
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burgo TL, Pereira GKR, Iglesias BA, Moreira KS, Valandro LF. AFM advanced modes for dental and biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105475. [PMID: 36195052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several analytical methods have been employed to elucidate bonding mechanisms between dental hard tissues, luting agents and restorative materials. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging that has been extensively used in materials science, but its full capabilities are poorly explored by dental research community. In fact, commonly used to obtain topographic images of different surfaces, it turns out that AFM is an underestimated technique considering that there are dozens of basic and advanced modes that are scarcely used to explain properties of biomaterials. Thus, this paper addresses the use of phase-contrast imaging, force-distance curves, nanomechanical and Kelvin probe force techniques during AFM analysis to explore topological, nanomechanical and electrical properties of Y-TZP samples modified by different surface treatments, which has been widely used to promote adhesive enhancements to such substrate. The AFM methods are capable of access erstwhile inaccessible properties of Y-TZP which allowed us to describe its adhesive properties correctly. Thus, AFM technique emerges as a key tool to investigate the complex nature of biomaterials and highlighting its inherent interdisciplinarity that can be successfully used for bridging fragmented disciplines such as solid-state physics, microbiology and dental sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ThiagoA L Burgo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Ibilce, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São Jose do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
- MSciD and Ph.D. Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Kelly S Moreira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- MSciD and Ph.D. Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Triboelectricity has been known since antiquity, but the fundamental science underlying this phenomenon lacks consensus. We present a flexoelectric model for triboelectricity where contact deformation induced band bending at the nanoscale is the driving force for charge transfer. This framework is combined with first-principles and finite element calculations to explore charge transfer implications for different contact geometry and materials combinations. We demonstrate that our ab initio based formulation is compatible with existing empirical models and experimental observations including charge transfer between similar materials and size/pressure dependencies associated with triboelectricity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mizzi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Laurence D Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santos da Campo YA, Mehler D, Lorenzett E, Moreira KS, Devens AL, Dos Santos LP, Galembeck F, Burgo TAL. Electromechanical coupling in elastomers: a correlation between electrostatic potential and fatigue failure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26653-26660. [PMID: 34557879 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02442f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of electromechanical coupling in elastomers showed periodic electrification in phase with rubber stretching but following different electrostatic potential patterns. In this work, a Kelvin electrode monitored silicone and natural rubber electrification for extended periods until the rubber tubing underwent rupture. The electric potential of the rubber follows regular, quasi-sinusoidal patterns at the beginning and during the whole run, except when close to rubber fatigue failure, changing into complex waveforms. The attractors on natural latex and silicone rubber become chaotic at roughly 50 seconds before rubber rupture when the nearby orbits diverge wildly. Thus, mechanical-to-electrical transduction in rubber alerts fatigue failure nearly one minute ahead of the breakdown. Moreover, electrostatic potential maps of stretched rubbers show the electrification of the rupture sites, evidencing the electrostatic contribution to the breakdown. These results show the convenient features of electromechanical coupling in rubbers for the non-contact, real-time prediction of the rubber fatigue failure, adding to the possibility of environmental energy harvesting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan A Santos da Campo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Dylan Mehler
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel Lorenzett
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly S Moreira
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ana L Devens
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Galembeck
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Thiago A L Burgo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. .,Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feng Y, Benassi E, Zhang L, Li X, Wang D, Zhou F, Liu W. Concealed Wireless Warning Sensor Based on Triboelectrification and Human-Plant Interactive Induction. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9870936. [PMID: 34013208 PMCID: PMC8106444 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9870936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous development of artificial intelligence, the demand for sensors with simple preparation and strong concealment continues to increase. However, most of the high-sensitivity sensors have complex manufacturing methods, high costs, and single functions. In this paper, a sensitive motion sensor based on the triboelectric interaction between a living plant and the human body was designed to detect the real-time movements of human beings and provide danger warning. A certain relationship exists between the triboelectric signal and the distance between the plant and the human body, with effective signals being detected in the range of 1.8 m. In addition, the triboelectric signal generated by each person is unique like a fingerprint, which can be used for biometrics. On the basis of the triboelectric signal, a wireless character entry warning system is designed. This sensor can not only send out a wireless warning signal at a specific distance but also allow one to receive the warning information synchronously on a mobile phone in real time. The wireless movement sensor receives signals through a living plant, and it has the characteristics of convenient use, strong concealment, and shielding difficulty. This sensor has the potential to be widely used in person recognition, danger warning, and motion monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yange Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry and New Materials, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Enrico Benassi
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Public Technical Service Center, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Daoai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry and New Materials, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mizzi CA, Lin AYW, Marks LD. Does Flexoelectricity Drive Triboelectricity? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:116103. [PMID: 31573269 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.116103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The triboelectric effect, charge transfer during sliding, is well established but the thermodynamic driver is not well understood. We hypothesize here that flexoelectric potential differences induced by inhomogeneous strains at nanoscale asperities drive tribocharge separation. Modeling single asperity elastic contacts suggests that nanoscale flexoelectric potential differences of ±1-10 V or larger arise during indentation and pull-off. This hypothesis agrees with several experimental observations, including bipolar charging during stick slip, inhomogeneous tribocharge patterns, charging between similar materials, and surface charge density measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Mizzi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - A Y W Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - L D Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Musa UG, Cezan SD, Baytekin B, Baytekin HT. The Charging Events in Contact-Separation Electrification. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2472. [PMID: 29410440 PMCID: PMC5802787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact electrification (CE)-charging of surfaces that are contacted and separated, is a common phenomenon, however it is not completely understood yet. Recent studies using surface imaging techniques and chemical analysis revealed a 'spatial' bipolar distribution of charges at the nano dimension, which made a paradigm shift in the field. However, such analyses can only provide information about the charges that remained on the surface after the separation, providing limited information about the actual course of the CE event. Tapping common polymers and metal surfaces to each other and detecting the electrical potential produced on these surfaces 'in-situ' in individual events of contact and separation, we show that, charges are generated and transferred between the surfaces in both events; the measured potential is bipolar in contact and unipolar in separation. We show, the 'contact-charges' on the surfaces are indeed the net charges that results after the separation process, and a large contribution to tribocharge harvesting comes, in fact, from the electrostatic induction resulting from the generated CE charges. Our results refine the mechanism of CE providing information for rethinking the conventional ranking of materials' charging abilities, charge harvesting, and charge prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umar G Musa
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Doruk Cezan
- Chemistry Department, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilge Baytekin
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
- Chemistry Department, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - H Tarik Baytekin
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Burgo TAL, Batista BC, Galembeck F. Electricity on Rubber Surfaces: A New Energy Conversion Effect. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8940-8947. [PMID: 31457421 PMCID: PMC6645551 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the conversion of mechanical energy to electricity, by periodically stretching rubber tubing and allowing it to relax. The rubber surface shows periodic and reversible electrostatic potential variations, in phase with the tubing length. The potential change depends on the elastomer used: silicone loses charge when stretched and becomes strongly negative when relaxed, whereas the stretched natural rubber is positive, becoming negative when relaxed. Every other elastomeric material that was tested also showed periodic potential but followed different patterns. When the motion stops, the potential on the resting samples decreases quickly to zero. The potential oscillation amplitude decreases when the relative humidity decreases from 65 to 27%, but it is negligible when the rubber tubing is previously swollen with water or paraffin oil. Elastomer charging patterns do not present the well-known characteristics of piezo-, flexo-, or triboelectricity, and they are discussed considering rubber rheology, wear, and surface properties, including the possibility of surface piezoelectricity. The following mechanism is suggested: rubber stretching provokes chemical and morphology changes in its surface, followed by a change in the surface concentration of H+ and OH- ions adsorbed along with water. The possibility of the occurrence of similar variations in other systems (both inert and biological) is discussed, together with its implications for energy scavenging from the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A. L. Burgo
- Department
of Physics, Federal University of Santa
Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno C. Batista
- University
of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Galembeck
- University
of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Galembeck F, Burgo TAL, Balestrin LBS, Gouveia RF, Silva CA, Galembeck A. Friction, tribochemistry and triboelectricity: recent progress and perspectives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09604e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions during polymer friction or contact produce ionic fragments distributed on positive and negative domains at both surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Galembeck
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory
- CNPEM
- Campinas, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|