1
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Zheng R, Cheng M, Ma R, Schipper D, Pichugin K, Sciaini G. Solvent effects on the intramolecular charge transfer excited state of 3CzClIPN: a broadband transient absorption study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1039-1045. [PMID: 38093689 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04975b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The prediction of solvent properties using molecular probes often relies on correlating steady-state absorption and fluorescence measurements, as well as determining absorption maxima and/or Stokes shifts. In this study, we employ femtosecond broadband transient absorption (fs-bb-TA) spectroscopy to investigate the spectroscopic behaviour of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) excited state of 3CzClIPN (2,4,6-tri(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-5-chloroisophthalonitrile), a representative ICT organic molecule, in both aromatic and non-aromatic solvents. Unlike observations in non-aromatic media, fs-bb-TA spectra of 3CzClIPN in aromatic solvents exhibit enhanced spectral broadening that strongly correlates with the solvent's polarity. We hypothesise that this spectral broadening originates from a wider configurational energy landscape experienced by the positively charged carbazole Cz+ group, owing to the larger size and, consequently, reduced solvation effectiveness of aromatic solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Zheng
- The Ultrafast Electron Imaging Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Meixin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Ruishu Ma
- The Ultrafast Electron Imaging Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Derek Schipper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Kostyantyn Pichugin
- The Ultrafast Electron Imaging Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Germán Sciaini
- The Ultrafast Electron Imaging Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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2
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“Stacked-arene”-type organocatalysts: utilization of π-π interaction as an electron tuning tool. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Domínguez SE, Vuolle A, Fattori A, Ääritalo T, Cangiotti M, Damlin P, Ottaviani MF, Kvarnström C. Enhancement of charge-assisted hydrogen bond capabilities due to O-alkylation proximity in alkoxy cationic polythiophenes: solution- and solid-state evidence via EPR, AFM and surface free energy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6011-6025. [PMID: 35199803 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04792b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the array of applications for cationic polythiophenes (CPTs), there is still a need for structure-function guidelines and mechanistic understanding of their solution- and solid-state properties. This work presents a solution- and solid-state investigation of the effect of O-alkylation proximity on the hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) capabilities of alkoxy-CPTs, based on comparing an imidazolium alkoxy CPT with strong cation-pi, pi+ and positive charge-assisted hydrogen bonding (+CAHB) capabilities (PIMa), with two isothiouronium alkoxy CPTs with two-point +CAHB capabilities (PT1 & PT2), which have short and long alkoxy side chains, respectively. Our results show that a closer proximity of O-alkylation strengthens the +CAHB capabilities of PT1: in aqueous solutions, PT2 aggregates have a stronger interaction with cationic EPR spin probes than aggregates of PIMa and PT1, which in turn show a similar extent of repulsion towards the cationic spin probes. In solid-state, atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that PIMa generates dendritic structures onto mica, with features of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), indicating strong interactions with the anionic substrate due to a high configurational entropy during spreading, regardless of being drop-casted from water or 1,4-dioxane-water (W-DI), despite the latter disturbing H-bonding due to selective solvation. PT1 is also capable of generating dendritic structures resembling ballistic aggregation (BA). However, this occurs only when casting from water, since W-DI generates island-like aggregates resembling attachment limited aggregation (ALA), which is the morphology generated by PT2 regardless of the solvent. Finally, spin-coated films of PIMa and PT1 show similar dispersivity of the surface free energy (SFE), which in turn is larger than that in PT2 films, which are also more affected when casted from W-DI, presenting much larger decreases of dispersivity. These results constitute a novel empirical structure-function guideline that could be useful for optimal design and/or processing of alkoxy CPTs. For example, dendritic patterns have recently gained attention since the colloidal droplet drying is related to engineering applications including inkjet printing, biosensing, and functional material design, while the SFE is relevant for opto- and bio-electronic applications of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs). This information could also be useful when analyzing previous results obtained from alkoxy CPTs with different side chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Antti Vuolle
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Timo Ääritalo
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Pia Damlin
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - M Francesca Ottaviani
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Carita Kvarnström
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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4
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Morisue M, Kawanishi M, Kusukawa T. Preferential solvation of meso-methyl BODIPYs with pyridine via pseudo-hydrogen-bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3478-3485. [PMID: 35076038 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05281k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study explored unexpected pseudo-hydrogen bond interactions between meso-methyl BODIPYs and pyridine or acridine. NMR spectral evidence indicated that the meso-methyl group and BF2 core of BODIPYs formed C-H⋯N and C-H⋯F-B pseudo-hydrogen bonds with pyridine, respectively. The weak binding strength was attributed to the preferential solvation of pyridine in the vicinity of meso-methyl BODIPYs in cyclohexane. The observations were explained by the formation of pseudo-hydrogen bonds based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) formalism. In contrast, acridine binds to BODIPY with a moderate binding strength. QTAIM formalism suggested the existence of the complementary pseudo-hydrogen bonds, which superficially seemed to rationalise the experimental observations. However, extensive NMR experiments have found no discrete geometry for the complex, indicating considerable geometric freedom. This discrepancy suggests that the static pictures based on the QTAIM analyses conflict with the enthalpy-entropy compensation principle in essential thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Morisue
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Miho Kawanishi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kusukawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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5
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Gong H, Zhang C, Ogaki T, Inuzuka H, Hashizume D, Miyajima D. Azacalix[3]triazines: A Substructure of Triazine‐Based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Featuring Anion‐π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gong
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Takuya Ogaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Daigo Miyajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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6
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Khurana R, Mohanty J, Barooah N, Bhasikuttan AC. Photoinduced emissive naphthalenediimide radical anion in the confinement of cucurbituril nanocavity; in situ generation of gold nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Gong H, Zhang C, Ogaki T, Inuzuka H, Hashizume D, Miyajima D. Azacalix[3]triazines: A Substructure of Triazine-Based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Featuring Anion-π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16377-16381. [PMID: 33955147 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) has garnered broad research interest due to its unique catalytic properties. However, GCN, prepared by general methods, possesses myriad structural defects and it has been difficult to elucidate their intrinsic physical properties. We report the development of azacalix[3]triazines (AC3Ts), a substructure of triazine-based GCN (Tz-GCN). Despite the electron-deficient natures of triazine, AC3Ts capture protons as organic superbases. We reveal the unique anion-π interactions of AC3Ts that alters the ionization potentials of AC3Ts. To the best of our knowledge, these features have not yet been recognized for Tz-GCN. These unveiled features of AC3Ts are expected to expand the usage scope and possibilities for GCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gong
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Takuya Ogaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daigo Miyajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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8
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Jamadar A, Karan CK, Biswas S, Das A. Structural influence on stimuli-responsive halogen-bonded luminescent supramolecular polymers from heteroditopic isomers. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Halogen-bonded (XB) supramolecular polymers from two heteroditopic, emissive hydroxyquinoline-based structural isomers displayed distinctly different crystal packing & stimuli-responsive morphologies, due to the varying XB directionality & strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshoy Jamadar
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Chandan Kumar Karan
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Subhendu Biswas
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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9
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Gayen K, Nandi N, Das KS, Hermida-Merino D, Hamley IW, Banerjee A. The aging effect on the enhancement of thermal stability, mechanical stiffness and fluorescence properties of histidine-appended naphthalenediimide based two-component hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10106-10114. [PMID: 32716462 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00468e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A histidine attached naphthalenediimide (NDI)-containing amphiphilic molecule (NDIP) self-assembles into nanotubes in aqueous solution at pH 6.6 as revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies. This histidine-appended NDI forms a two-component hydrogel in the presence of tartaric acid at a molar ratio of 1 : 2. A morphological transformation was observed from a nanotube structure in the non-gel aggregated state of histidine appended NDI to interconnected cross-linked nanofibers of the two-component hydrogel in the presence of tartaric acid. Interestingly, the gel exhibits an unusual behavior upon aging compared to the fresh gel. It is found that the thermal stability and gel stiffness increase very significantly upon aging. Another important feature noted is that the very weak fluorescence of the fresh gel is transformed into bright greenish fluorescence upon aging. These results suggest that intermolecular interactions among the gelator molecules and tartaric acid in the gel phase slowly increase with time to form a mechanically very stiff and thermally robust gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Gayen
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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10
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Paraja M, Matile S. Primary Anion–π Catalysis of Epoxide‐Opening Ether Cyclization into Rings of Different Sizes: Access to New Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6273-6277. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paraja
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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11
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Primary Anion–π Catalysis of Epoxide‐Opening Ether Cyclization into Rings of Different Sizes: Access to New Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Zhang Z, Chen D. Hydrazone–aromatic interaction: the vital role in molecular self-assembly of benzaldehyde hydrazones. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01978b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A scarce NNC⋯π interaction, which plays an essential role in defining the crystal packing patterns, has been found widespread in benzaldehyde (cyanoacetyl)hydrazones, and is rationalized by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
| | - Dejun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
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13
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Chen C, Li H. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Amino Acid Modified NDI Lanthanide Coordination Complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 100081 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 100081 Beijing P. R. China
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14
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Chen C, Wu Y, Li H. Fine-Tuning Aromatic Stacking and Single-Crystal Photoluminescence Through Coordination Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 100081 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; 443 Via Ortega 94305-4125 Stanford CA United States
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; 100081 Beijing P. R. China
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15
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Bootsma AN, Wheeler SE. Tuning Stacking Interactions between Asp-Arg Salt Bridges and Heterocyclic Drug Fragments. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 59:149-158. [PMID: 30507185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stacking interactions can play an integral role in the strength and selectivity of protein-drug binding and are of particular interest given the ubiquity and variety of heterocyclic fragments in drugs. In addition to traditional stacking interactions between aromatic rings, stacking interactions involving heterocyclic drug fragments and protein salt bridges have also been observed. These "salt-bridge stacking interactions" can be quite strong but are not well understood. We studied stacked dimers of the acetate···guanidinium ion pair with a diverse set of 63 heterocycles using robust ab initio methods. The computed interaction energies span more than 10 kcal mol-1, indicating the sensitivity of these salt-bridge stacking interactions to heterocycle features. Trends in both the strength and preferred geometry of these interactions can be understood through analyses of the electrostatic potentials and electric fields above the heterocycles. We have developed new heterocycle descriptors that quantify these effects and used them to create robust predictors of the strength of salt-bridge stacking interactions both in the gas phase and a protein-like dielectric environment. These predictive tools, combined with a set of qualitative guidelines, should facilitate the choice of heterocycles that maximize salt-bridge stacking interactions in drug binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Bootsma
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States.,Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Steven E Wheeler
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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16
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Yang JD, Ji P, Xue XS, Cheng JP. Recent Advances and Advisable Applications of Bond Energetics in Organic Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8611-8623. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengju Ji
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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17
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Wiedbrauk S, Bartelmann T, Thumser S, Mayer P, Dube H. Simultaneous complementary photoswitching of hemithioindigo tweezers for dynamic guest relocalization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1456. [PMID: 29654233 PMCID: PMC5899155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote control of complex molecular behavior and function is one key problem in modern chemistry. Using light signaling for this purpose has many advantages, however the integration of different photo processes into a wholesome yet complex system is highly challenging. Here we report an alternative approach to increase complexity of light control-simultaneous complementary photoswitching-in which spectral overlap is used as an advantage to drastically reduce the signaling needed for controlling multipart supramolecular assemblies. Two photoswitchable molecular tweezers respond to the same light signals with opposite changes in their binding affinities. In this way the configuration of two host tweezers and ultimately the dynamic relocation of a guest molecule can be trigged by only one signal reversibly in the same solution. This approach should provide a powerful tool for the construction of sophisticated, integrated, and multi-responsive smart molecular systems in any application driven field of chemistry. Controlling complex photoresponsive systems while minimizing light input is highly challenging. Here, the authors report two photoswitchable molecular tweezers responding to the same light signals with opposite changes in their binding affinities towards a guest molecule allowing for its “light-economic” relocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wiedbrauk
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, München, 81377, Germany
| | - Thomas Bartelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, München, 81377, Germany
| | - Stefan Thumser
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, München, 81377, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, München, 81377, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, München, 81377, Germany.
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18
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Zhang X, Liu L, López-Andarias J, Wang C, Sakai N, Matile S. Anion-π
Catalysis: Focus on Nonadjacent Stereocenters. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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19
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Wang Y, Monfredini A, Deyris PA, Blanchard F, Derat E, Maestri G, Malacria M. All-metal aromatic cationic palladium triangles can mimic aromatic donor ligands with Lewis acidic cations. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7394-7402. [PMID: 29163890 PMCID: PMC5672843 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03475j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present that cationic rings can act as donor ligands thanks to suitably delocalized metal-metal bonds. This could grant parent complexes with the peculiar properties of aromatic rings that are crafted with main group elements. We assembled Pd nuclei into equilateral mono-cationic triangles with unhindered faces. Like their main group element counterparts and despite their positive charge, these noble-metal rings form stable bonding interactions with other cations, such as positively charged silver atoms, to deliver the corresponding tetranuclear dicationic complexes. Through a mix of modeling and experimental techniques we propose that this bonding mode is an original coordination-like one rather than a 4-centre-2-electron bond, which have already been observed in three dimensional aromatics. The present results thus pave the way for the use of suitable metal rings as ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Wang
- ICSN CNRS (UPR2301) , 1 Av. de la Terrasse, Bat. 27 , 91198 Gif s/Yvette , France
| | - Anna Monfredini
- Dipartimento SCVSA , Università degli Studi di Parma , 17/A Parco Area delle Scienze , 43124 Parma , Italy .
| | | | - Florent Blanchard
- ICSN CNRS (UPR2301) , 1 Av. de la Terrasse, Bat. 27 , 91198 Gif s/Yvette , France
| | - Etienne Derat
- UPMC Sorbonne Université , IPCM (UMR CNRS 8232) , 4 place Jussieu, C. 229 , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- ICSN CNRS (UPR2301) , 1 Av. de la Terrasse, Bat. 27 , 91198 Gif s/Yvette , France
- Dipartimento SCVSA , Università degli Studi di Parma , 17/A Parco Area delle Scienze , 43124 Parma , Italy .
| | - Max Malacria
- ICSN CNRS (UPR2301) , 1 Av. de la Terrasse, Bat. 27 , 91198 Gif s/Yvette , France
- UPMC Sorbonne Université , IPCM (UMR CNRS 8232) , 4 place Jussieu, C. 229 , 75005 Paris , France
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20
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López-Andarias J, Frontera A, Matile S. Anion−π Catalysis on Fullerenes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13296-13299. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Andarias
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Alegre-Requena JV, Marqués-López E, Herrera RP. “Push–Pull π+/π–” (PPππ) Systems in Catalysis. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan V. Alegre-Requena
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis
Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eugenia Marqués-López
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis
Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis
Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea
(ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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22
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Chuard N, Fujisawa K, Morelli P, Saarbach J, Winssinger N, Metrangolo P, Resnati G, Sakai N, Matile S. Activation of Cell-Penetrating Peptides with Ionpair−π Interactions and Fluorophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11264-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chuard
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Fujisawa
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paola Morelli
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Saarbach
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- NFMLab,
Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio
Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- NFMLab,
Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio
Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Al Kobaisi M, Bhosale SV, Latham K, Raynor AM, Bhosale SV. Functional Naphthalene Diimides: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11685-11796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Kobaisi
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Sidhanath V. Bhosale
- Polymers
and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
, Hyderabad, Telangana-500007, India
| | - Kay Latham
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Aaron M. Raynor
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
| | - Sheshanath V. Bhosale
- School
of Applied Sciences, RMIT University
, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria
3001, Australia
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24
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Abstract
Water-soluble, deep cavitands serve as chaperones of long-chain diesters for their selective hydrolysis in aqueous solution. The cavitands bind the diesters in rapidly exchanging, folded J-shape conformations that bury the hydrocarbon chain and expose each ester group in turn to the aqueous medium. The acid hydrolyses in the presence of the cavitand result in enhanced yields of monoacid monoester products. Product distributions indicate a two- to fourfold relative decrease in the hydrolysis rate constant of the second ester caused by the confined space in the cavitand. The rate constant for the first acid hydrolysis step is enhanced approximately 10-fold in the presence of the cavitand, compared with control reactions of the molecules in bulk solution. Hydrolysis under basic conditions (saponification) with the cavitand gave >90% yields of the corresponding monoesters. Under basic conditions the cavitand complex of the monoanion precipitates from solution and prevents further reaction.
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25
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Novák M, Foroutan-Nejad C, Marek R. Modulating Electron Sharing in Ion-π-Receptors via Substitution and External Electric Field: A Route toward Bond Strengthening. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:3788-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Novák
- CEITEC −
Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- CEITEC −
Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Marek
- CEITEC −
Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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Bolag A, Sakai N, Matile S. Dipolar Photosystems: Engineering Oriented Push-Pull Components into Double- and Triple-Channel Surface Architectures. Chemistry 2016; 22:9006-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Altan Bolag
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Functional Materials; Inner Mongolia Normal University; Hohhot P. R. China
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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27
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Abstract
This Perspective elaborates on the currently unfolding interest in integrating unorthodox non-covalent interactions into functional systems. Initial emphasis is on anion-π interactions at work, particularly in catalysis. Recent highlights are described in comparison to a coinciding renaissance of the more conventional, charge-inverted cation-π catalysis. Progress with these complementary aromatic systems is then compared to recent efforts to integrate halogen and chalcogen bonds, the unorthodox counterparts of hydrogen bonds, into functional systems. General focus is on catalysis, pertinent examples on self-assembly, transport, sensing, and templation are covered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva , CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yoann Cotelle
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva , CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva , CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva , CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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28
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Gasparini G, Bang EK, Montenegro J, Matile S. Cellular uptake: lessons from supramolecular organic chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:10389-402. [PMID: 26030211 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03472h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this Feature Article is to reflect on the importance of established and emerging principles of supramolecular organic chemistry to address one of the most persistent problems in life sciences. The main topic is dynamic covalent chemistry on cell surfaces, particularly disulfide exchange for thiol-mediated uptake. Examples of boronate and hydrazone exchange are added for contrast, comparison and completion. Of equal importance are the discussions of proximity effects in polyions and counterion hopping, and more recent highlights on ring tension and ion pair-π interactions. These lessons from supramolecular organic chemistry apply to cell-penetrating peptides, particularly the origin of "arginine magic" and the "pyrenebutyrate trick," and the currently emerging complementary "disulfide magic" with cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s. They further extend to the voltage gating of neuronal potassium channels, gene transfection, and the delivery of siRNA. The collected examples illustrate that the input from conceptually innovative chemistry is essential to address the true challenges in biology beyond incremental progress and random screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gasparini
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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29
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Giese M, Albrecht M, Rissanen K. Experimental investigation of anion–π interactions – applications and biochemical relevance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1778-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anion–π interactions, intuitively repulsive forces, turned from controversial to a well-established non-covalent interaction over the past quarter of a century.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Giese
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Duisburg Essen
- 45141 Essen
- Germany
| | - M. Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - K. Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- P.O. Box. 35
- FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla
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30
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Miros FN, Zhao Y, Sargsyan G, Pupier M, Besnard C, Beuchat C, Mareda J, Sakai N, Matile S. Enolate Stabilization by Anion-π Interactions: Deuterium Exchange in Malonate Dilactones on π-Acidic Surfaces. Chemistry 2015; 22:2648-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François N. Miros
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
- Institute of Polymers; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology; P. R. China
| | - Gevorg Sargsyan
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
- South Texas College; McAllen Texas USA
| | - Marion Pupier
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - Céline Besnard
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - César Beuchat
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
- AKYADO; Remaufens Switzerland
| | - Jiri Mareda
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland), Fax
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31
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Zhao Y, Benz S, Sakai N, Matile S. Selective acceleration of disfavored enolate addition reactions by anion-π interactions. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6219-6223. [PMID: 30090238 PMCID: PMC6054047 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In chemistry and biology, cation-π interactions contribute significantly to many important transformations. In sharp contrast, reactions accomplished with support from the complementary anion-π interactions are essentially unknown. In this report, we show that anion-π interactions can determine the selectivity of the enolate chemistry of malonate half thioesters. Their addition to enolate acceptors is central in natural product biosynthesis but fails without enzymes because non-productive decarboxylation dominates. The newly designed and synthesized anion-π tweezers invert this selectivity by accelerating the disfavored and decelerating the favored process. The discrimination of anionic tautomers of different planarization and charge delocalization on π-acidic surfaces is expected to account for this intriguing "tortoise-and-hare catalysis." Almost exponentially increasing selectivity with increasing π acidity of the catalyst supports that contributions from anion-π interactions are decisive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
| | - Sebastian Benz
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
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32
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Zhang D, Chatelet B, Serrano E, Perraud O, Dutasta JP, Robert V, Martinez A. Insights into the Complexity of Weak Intermolecular Interactions Interfering in Host-Guest Systems. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2931-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Fujisawa K, Humbert-Droz M, Letrun R, Vauthey E, Wesolowski TA, Sakai N, Matile S. Ion Pair−π Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11047-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Fujisawa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Humbert-Droz
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain Letrun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz A. Wesolowski
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giese
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität Duisburg Essen, Universitätsstraße
7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box. 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskylan yliopisto, Finland
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35
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36
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Dal Molin M, Verolet Q, Soleimanpour S, Matile S. Mechanosensitive membrane probes. Chemistry 2015; 21:6012-21. [PMID: 25693760 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article assembles pertinent insights behind the concept of planarizable push-pull probes. As a response to the planarization of their polarized ground state, a red shift of their excitation maximum is expected to report on either the disorder, the tension, or the potential of biomembranes. The combination of chromophore planarization and polarization contributes to various, usually more complex processes in nature. Examples include the color change of crabs or lobsters during cooking or the chemistry of vision, particularly color vision. The summary of lessons from nature is followed by an overview of mechanosensitive organic materials. Although often twisted and sometimes also polarized, their change of color under pressure usually originates from changes in their crystal packing. Intriguing exceptions include the planarization of several elegantly twisted phenylethynyl oligomers and polymers. Also mechanosensitive probes in plastics usually respond to stretching by disassembly. True ground-state planarization in response to molecular recognition is best exemplified with the binding of thoughtfully twisted cationic polythiophenes to single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides. Molecular rotors, en vogue as viscosity sensors in cells, operate by deplanarization of the first excited state. Pertinent recent examples are described, focusing on λ-ratiometry and intracellular targeting. Complementary to planarization of the ground state with twisted push-pull probes, molecular rotors report on environmental changes with quenching or shifts in emission rather than absorption. The labeling of mechanosensitive channels is discussed as a bioengineering approach to bypass the challenge to create molecular mechanosensitivity and use biological systems instead to sense membrane tension. With planarizable push-pull probes, this challenge is met not with twistome screening, but with "fluorescent flippers," a new concept to insert large and bright monomers into oligomeric probes to really feel the environment and also shine when twisted out of conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dal Molin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 22-379-3215 www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile
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