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Yang C, Lin ZI, Zhang X, Xu Z, Xu G, Wang YM, Tsai TH, Cheng PW, Law WC, Yong KT, Chen CK. Recent Advances in Engineering Carriers for siRNA Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300362. [PMID: 38150293 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been a promising treatment strategy for combating intractable diseases. However, the applications of RNAi in clinical are hampered by extracellular and intracellular barriers. To overcome these barriers, various siRNA delivery systems have been developed in the past two decades. The first approved RNAi therapeutic, Patisiran (ONPATTRO) using lipids as the carrier, for the treatment of amyloidosis is one of the most important milestones. This has greatly encouraged researchers to work on creating new functional siRNA carriers. In this review, the recent advances in siRNA carriers consisting of lipids, polymers, and polymer-modified inorganic particles for cancer therapy are summarized. Representative examples are presented to show the structural design of the carriers in order to overcome the delivery hurdles associated with RNAi therapies. Finally, the existing challenges and future perspective for developing RNAi as a clinical modality will be discussed and proposed. It is believed that the addressed contributions in this review will promote the development of siRNA delivery systems for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Ian Lin
- Polymeric Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Xinmeng Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Min Wang
- Polymeric Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsien Tsai
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, 60002, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Cheung Law
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Chih-Kuang Chen
- Polymeric Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
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Zhang J, Zhao P, Li W, Ye L, Li L, Li Z, Li M. Near-Infrared Light-Activatable Spherical Nucleic Acids for Conditional Control of Protein Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117562. [PMID: 35191157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Optical control of protein activity represents a promising strategy for precise modulation of biological processes. We report rationally designed, aptamer-based spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) capable of noninvasive and programmable regulation of target protein activity by deep-tissue-penetrable near-infrared (NIR) light. The photoresponsive SNAs are constructed by integrating activatable aptamer modules onto the surface of upconversion nanoparticles. The SNAs remain inert but can be remotely reverted by NIR light irradiation to capture the target protein and thus function as an enzyme inhibitor, while introduction of antidote DNA could further reverse their inhibition functions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of the SNAs as controllable anticoagulants for the NIR light-triggered regulation of thrombin function. Ultimately, the availability of diverse aptamers would allow the design to regulate the activities of various proteins in a programmable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ling Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lele Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhengping Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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3
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Zhang J, Zhao P, Li W, Ye L, Li L, Li Z, Li M. Near‐Infrared Light‐Activatable Spherical Nucleic Acids for Conditional Control of Protein Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Ling Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Lele Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhengping Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
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Song Y, Song W, Lan X, Cai W, Jiang D. Spherical nucleic acids: Organized nucleotide aggregates as versatile nanomedicine. AGGREGATE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:e120. [PMID: 35386748 PMCID: PMC8982904 DOI: 10.1002/agt2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are composed of a nanoparticle core and a layer of densely arranged oligonucleotide shells. After the first report of SNA by Mirkin and coworkers in 1996, it has created a significant interest by offering new possibilities in the field of gene and drug delivery. The controlled aggregation of oligonucleotides on the surface of organic/inorganic nanoparticles improves the delivery of genes and nucleic acid-based drugs and alters and regulates the biological profiles of the nanoparticle core within living organisms. Here in this review, we present an overview of the recent progress of SNAs that has speeded up their biomedical application and their potential transition to clinical use. We start with introducing the concept and characteristics of SNAs as drug/gene delivery systems and highlight recent efforts of bioengineering SNA by imaging and treatmenting various diseases. Finally, we discuss potential challenges and opportunities of SNAs, their ongoing clinical trials, and future translation, and how they may affect the current landscape of clinical practices. We hope that this review will update our current understanding of SNA, organized oligonucleotide aggregates, for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmeihui Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenyu Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
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Sinegra AJ, Evangelopoulos M, Park J, Huang Z, Mirkin CA. Lipid Nanoparticle Spherical Nucleic Acids for Intracellular DNA and RNA Delivery. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6584-6591. [PMID: 34286581 PMCID: PMC8385759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticle SNAs (LNP-SNAs) have been synthesized for the delivery of DNA and RNA to targets in the cytoplasm of cells. Both the composition of the LNP core and surface-presented DNA sequences contribute to LNP-SNA activity. G-rich sequences enhance the activity of LNP-SNAs compared to T-rich sequences. In the LNP core, increased cholesterol content leads to greater activity. Optimized LNP-SNA candidates reduce the siRNA concentration required to silence mRNA by 2 orders of magnitude compared to liposome-based SNAs. In addition, the LNP-SNA architectures alter biodistribution and efficacy profiles in mice. For example, mRNA within LNP-SNAs injected intravenously is primarily expressed in the spleen, while mRNA encapsulated by LNPs (no DNA on the surface) was expressed primarily in the liver with a relatively small amount in the spleen. These data show that the activity and biodistribution of LNP-SNA architectures are different from those of conventional liposomal SNAs and therefore potentially can be used to target tissues.
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Lopes-Nunes J, Oliveira PA, Cruz C. G-Quadruplex-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:671. [PMID: 34358097 PMCID: PMC8308530 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are a class of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) with single-stranded G-rich sequences. Owing to the selectivity of some G4s, they are emerging as targeting agents to overtake side effects of several potential anticancer drugs, and delivery systems of small molecules to malignant cells, through their high affinity or complementarity to specific targets. Moreover, different systems are being used to improve their potential, such as gold nano-particles or liposomes. Thus, the present review provides relevant data about the different studies with G4s as drug delivery systems and the challenges that must be overcome in the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
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Xu F, Dong B, Li X, Gao F, Yang D, Xue W, Wang P. Profiling and Regulating Proteins That Adsorb to DNA Materials in Human Serum. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8671-8679. [PMID: 34107681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA aptamers and framework DNA nanostructures are emerging DNA materials with many appealing biological applications including biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, and so forth. When placed in physiological fluids, they inevitably encounter biomolecules (majorly proteins) and form complexes that largely affect their biological fate. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the quantitative profile of proteins that adsorb to DNA aptamers and DNA nanostructures in biological environments, and there are no potent strategies to regulate protein profiles. Herein, we performed a proteomic analysis to profile proteins that bind to DNA aptamers (Sgc8c and SYLC3) and nanostructures (a tetrahedral DNA nanostructure and a DNA origami rod) in human serum using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Dozens to hundreds of proteins were identified with each DNA material exhibiting highly distinctive profiles. It was also revealed that the origin of serum (from healthy donor vs from prostate cancer patients) causes significant differences in profiles of bound proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the protein profile may be regulated by tethering a layer of single-stranded DNA (polythymine) onto the DNA origami rod to alleviate the adsorption of complement-associated proteins, which significantly reduced its sequestration by macrophages. Taken together, this study has provided qualitative and quantitative proteomic profiles regarding serum proteins that adsorb to various DNA materials and have demonstrated that the composition of interacted proteins may be regulated toward better biological performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Donglei Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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8
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Du M, Zheng J, Tian S, Liu Y, Zheng Z, Wang H, Xia J, Ji X, He Z. DNAzyme Walker for Homogeneous Detection of Enterovirus EV71 and CVB3. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5606-5611. [PMID: 33764756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
When dealing with infectious pathogens, the risk of contamination or infection in the process of detecting them is nonnegligible. Separation-free detection will be beneficial in operation and safety. In this work, we proposed a DNAzyme walker for homogeneous and isothermal detection of enterovirus. The DNAzyme is divided into two inactivate subunits. When the subunit-conjugated antibody binds to the target virus, the activity of the DNAzyme recovers as a result of spatial proximity. The walker propels, and the fluorescence recovers. The final fluorescence intensity of the reaction mixture is related to the concentration of the target virus. The detection limit of this proposed method is 6.6 × 104 copies/mL for EV71 and 4.3 × 104 copies/mL for CVB3, respectively. Besides, this method was applied in detection of EV71 in clinical samples with a satisfactory result. The entire experiment is easy to operate, and the proposed method has great potential for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Songbai Tian
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jianbo Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinghu Ji
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhike He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Choo P, Liu T, Odom TW. Nanoparticle Shape Determines Dynamics of Targeting Nanoconstructs on Cell Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4550-4555. [PMID: 33735562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle carriers are effective drug delivery vehicles. Along with other design parameters including size, composition, and surface charge, particle shape strongly influences cellular uptake. How nanoparticle geometry affects targeted delivery under physiologically relevant conditions, however, is inconclusive. Here, we demonstrate that nanoconstruct core shape influences the dynamics of targeting ligand-receptor interactions on cancer cell membranes. By single-particle tracking of translational and rotational motion, we compared DNA aptamer AS1411 conjugated gold nanostars (AS1411-AuNS) and 50 nm gold spheres (AS1411-50NPs) on cells with and without targeted nucleolin membrane receptors. On nucleolin-expressing cells, AS1411-AuNS exhibited faster velocities under directed diffusion and translated over larger areas during restricted diffusion compared to AS1411-50NPs, despite their similar protein corona profiles. On nucleolin-inhibited cells, AS1411-AuNS showed faster rotation dynamics over smaller translational areas, while AS1411-50NPs did not display significant changes in translation. These differences in translational and rotational motions indicate that nanoparticle shape affects how targeting nanoconstructs bind to cell-membrane receptors.
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Holmes TR, Paller AS. Gene Regulation Using Spherical Nucleic Acids to Treat Skin Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E360. [PMID: 33147737 PMCID: PMC7693734 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are nanostructures consisting of nucleic acids in a spherical configuration, often around a nanoparticle core. SNAs are advantageous as gene-regulating agents compared to conventional gene therapy owing to their low toxicity, enhanced stability, uptake by virtually any cell, and ability to penetrate the epidermal barrier. In this review we: (i) describe the production, structure and properties of SNAs; (ii) detail the mechanism of SNA uptake in keratinocytes, regulated by scavenger receptors; and (iii) report how SNAs have been topically applied and intralesionally injected for skin disorders. Specialized SNAs called nanoflares can be topically applied for gene-based diagnosis (scar vs. normal tissue). Topical SNAs directed against TNFα and interleukin-17A receptor reversed psoriasis-like disease in mouse models and have been tested in Phase 1 human trials. Furthermore, SNAs targeting ganglioside GM3 synthase accelerate wound healing in diabetic mouse models. Most recently, SNAs targeting toll-like receptor 9 are being used in Phase 2 human trials via intratumoral injection to induce immune responses in Merkel cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, SNAs are a valuable tool in bench-top and clinical research, and their advantageous properties, including penetration into the epidermis after topical delivery, provide new opportunities for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy S. Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
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Kusmierz C, Bujold KE, Callmann CE, Mirkin CA. Defining the Design Parameters for in Vivo Enzyme Delivery Through Protein Spherical Nucleic Acids. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:815-822. [PMID: 32490197 PMCID: PMC7256953 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The translation of proteins as effective intracellular drug candidates is limited by the challenge of cellular entry and their vulnerability to degradation. To advance their therapeutic potential, cell-impermeable proteins can be readily transformed into protein spherical nucleic acids (ProSNAs) by densely functionalizing their surfaces with DNA, yielding structures that are efficiently taken up by cells. Because small structural changes in the chemical makeup of a conjugated ligand can affect the bioactivity of the associated protein, structure-activity relationships of the linker bridging the DNA and the protein surface and the DNA sequence itself are investigated on the ProSNA system. In terms of attachment chemistry, DNA-based linkers promote a sevenfold increase in cellular uptake while maintaining enzymatic activity in vitro as opposed to hexaethylene glycol (HEG, Spacer18) linkers. Additionally, the employment of G-quadruplex-forming sequences increases cellular uptake in vitro up to fourfold. When translating to murine models, the ProSNA with a DNA-only shell exhibits increased blood circulation times and higher accumulation in major organs, including lung, kidney, and spleen, regardless of sequence. Importantly, ProSNAs with an all-oligonucleotide shell retain their enzymatic activity in tissue, whereas the native protein loses all function. Taken together, these results highlight the value of structural design in guiding ProSNA biological fate and activity and represent a significant step forward in the development of intracellular protein-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline
D. Kusmierz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine E. Bujold
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cassandra E. Callmann
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Cai R, Chen C. The Crown and the Scepter: Roles of the Protein Corona in Nanomedicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805740. [PMID: 30589115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Engineering nanomaterials are increasingly considered promising and powerful biomedical tools or devices for imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapies, but few nanomaterials have been tested in clinical trials. This wide gap between bench discoveries and clinical application is mainly due to the limited understanding of the biological identity of nanomaterials. When they are exposed to the human body, nanoparticles inevitably interact with bodily fluids and thereby adsorb hundreds of biomolecules. A "biomolecular corona" forms on the surface of nanomaterials and confers a new biological identity for NPs, which determines the following biological events: cellular uptake, immune response, biodistribution, clearance, and toxicity. A deep and thorough understanding of the biological effects triggered by the protein corona in vivo will speed up their translation to the clinic. To date, nearly all studies have attempted to characterize the components of protein coronas depending on different physiochemical properties of NPs. Herein, recent advances are reviewed in order to better understand the impact of the biological effects of the nanoparticle-corona on nanomedicine applications. The recent development of the impact of protein corona formation on the pharmacokinetics of nanomedicines is also highlighted. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of nanomedicine toward future clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
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Li Q, Qiao X, Wang F, Li X, Yang J, Liu Y, Shi L, Liu D. Encapsulating a Single Nanoprobe in a Multifunctional Nanogel for High-Fidelity Imaging of Caspase Activity in Vivo. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13633-13638. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Guan CM, Chinen AB, Ferrer JR, Ko CH, Mirkin CA. Impact of Sequence Specificity of Spherical Nucleic Acids on Macrophage Activation in Vitro and in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4223-4229. [PMID: 31536368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of spherical nucleic acid (SNA) gold nanoparticle conjugates on the activation of macrophages in vitro and release of cytokines in vivo were explored. Herein, we show that G-quadruplexes, the formation of which is enhanced on gold nanoparticle surfaces, elicit an increase in cytokine release from mouse and human macrophages and induce the upregulation of activation receptors as well as NO2 production in vitro. Moreover, these G-rich SNAs can induce cytokine release when injected intravenously, though there were no severe, long-term effects observed. These results further reinforce the notion that nucleic acid sequence and structure play an important role in how SNAs interact in biological milieu and highlight a key design parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia M Guan
- International Institute for Nanotechnology , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Alyssa B Chinen
- International Institute for Nanotechnology , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Surgery , Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States.,International Institute for Nanotechnology , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Caroline H Ko
- International Institute for Nanotechnology , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- International Institute for Nanotechnology , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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15
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Wang H, Dardir K, Lee KB, Fabris L. Impact of Protein Corona in Nanoflare-Based Biomolecular Detection and Quantification. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2555-2562. [PMID: 31479244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective detection and precise quantification of biomolecules in intracellular settings play a pivotal role in the diagnostics and therapeutics of diseases, including various cancers and infectious epidemics. Because of this clinical relevance, nanoprobes with high sensitivity, wide tunability, and excellent biological stability have become of high demand. In particular, nanoflares based on gold nanoparticles have emerged as an attractive candidate for intracellular detection due to their efficient cellular uptake, enhanced binding affinity with complementary targets, and improved biological compatibility. However, nanoprobes, including these nanoflares, are known to be susceptible to the adsorption of proteins present in the biological environment, which leads to the formation of a so-called protein corona layer on their surface, leading to an altered targeting efficiency and cellular uptake. In this work, we leverage the nanoflares platform to demonstrate the effect of protein corona on biomolecular detection, quantification, as well as biological stability against enzymatic degradation. Nanoflares incubated in a biologically relevant concentration of serum albumin proteins (0.50 wt %) were shown to result in more than 20% signal reduction in target detection, with a decrease varying proportionally with the protein concentrations. In addition, similar signal reduction was observed for different serum proteins, and PEG backfilling was found to be ineffective in mitigating the negative impact induced by the corona formation. Furthermore, nuclease resistance in nanoflares was also severely compromised by the presence of the corona shell (∼2-fold increase in hydrolysis activity). This work demonstrates the consequences of an in situ formed protein corona layer on molecular detection/quantification and biological stability of nanoflares in the presence of nuclease enzymes, highlighting the importance of calibrating similar nanoprobes in proper biological media to improve the accuracy of molecular detection and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rutgers University , 607 Taylor Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Kholud Dardir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rutgers University , 607 Taylor Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rutgers University , 123 Bevier Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy , Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Laura Fabris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rutgers University , 607 Taylor Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
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16
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Zhang L, Tian XY, Chan CKW, Bai Q, Cheng CK, Chen FM, Cheung MSH, Yin B, Yang H, Yung WY, Chen Z, Ding F, Leung KCF, Zhang C, Huang Y, Lau JYW, Choi CHJ. Promoting the Delivery of Nanoparticles to Atherosclerotic Plaques by DNA Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13888-13904. [PMID: 30516979 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many nanoparticle-based carriers to atherosclerotic plaques contain peptides, lipoproteins, and sugars, yet the application of DNA-based nanostructures for targeting plaques remains infrequent. In this work, we demonstrate that DNA-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (DNA-SPIONs), prepared by attaching DNA oligonucleotides to poly(ethylene glycol)-coated SPIONs (PEG-SPIONs), effectively accumulate in the macrophages of atherosclerotic plaques following an intravenous injection into apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. DNA-SPIONs enter RAW 264.7 macrophages faster and more abundantly than PEG-SPIONs. DNA-SPIONs mostly enter RAW 264.7 cells by engaging Class A scavenger receptors (SR-A) and lipid rafts and traffic inside the cell along the endolysosomal pathway. ABS-SPIONs, nanoparticles with a similarly polyanionic surface charge as DNA-SPIONs but bearing abasic oligonucleotides also effectively bind to SR-A and enter RAW 264.7 cells. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging reveals evident localization of DNA-SPIONs in the heart and aorta 30 min post-injection. Aortic iron content for DNA-SPIONs climbs to the peak (∼60% ID/g) 2 h post-injection (accompanied by profuse accumulation in the aortic root), but it takes 8 h for PEG-SPIONs to reach the peak aortic amount (∼44% ID/g). ABS-SPIONs do not appreciably accumulate in the aorta or aortic root, suggesting that the DNA coating (not the surface charge) dictates in vivo plaque accumulation. Flow cytometry analysis reveals more pronounced uptake of DNA-SPIONs by hepatic endothelial cells, splenic macrophages and dendritic cells, and aortic M2 macrophages (the cell type with the highest uptake in the aorta) than PEG-SPIONs. In summary, coating nanoparticles with DNA is an effective strategy of promoting their systemic delivery to atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wing-Yin Yung
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | | | - Fei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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17
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Abstract
DNA has played an early and powerful role in the development of bottom-up nanotechnologies, not least because of DNA's precise, predictable, and controllable properties of assembly on the nanometer scale. Watson-Crick complementarity has been used to build complex 2D and 3D architectures and design a number of nanometer-scale systems for molecular computing, transport, motors, and biosensing applications. Most of such devices are built with classical B-DNA helices and involve classical A-T/U and G-C base pairs. However, in addition to the above components underlying the iconic double helix, a number of alternative pairing schemes of nucleobases are known. This review focuses on two of these noncanonical classes of DNA helices: G-quadruplexes and the i-motif. The unique properties of these two classes of DNA helix have been utilized toward some remarkable constructions and applications: G-wires; nanostructures such as DNA origami; reconfigurable structures and nanodevices; the formation and utilization of hemin-utilizing DNAzymes, capable of generating varied outputs from biosensing nanostructures; composite nanostructures made up of DNA as well as inorganic materials; and the construction of nanocarriers that show promise for the therapeutics of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Mergny
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China.,ARNA Laboratory , Université de Bordeaux, Inserm U 1212, CNRS UMR5320, IECB , Pessac 33600 , France.,Institute of Biophysics of the CAS , v.v.i., Královopolská 135 , 612 65 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Dipankar Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
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18
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Melamed JR, Kreuzberger NL, Goyal R, Day ES. Spherical Nucleic Acid Architecture Can Improve the Efficacy of Polycation-Mediated siRNA Delivery. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:207-219. [PMID: 30195760 PMCID: PMC6023847 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Clinical translation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanocarriers is hindered by limited knowledge regarding the parameters that regulate interactions between nanocarriers and biological systems. To address this, we investigated the influence of polycation-based nanocarrier architecture on intracellular siRNA delivery. We compared the cellular interactions of two polycation-based siRNA carriers that have similar size and surface charge but different siRNA orientation: (1) polyethylenimine-coated spherical nucleic acids (PEI-SNAs), in which polyethylenimine is wrapped around a spherical nucleic acid core containing radially oriented siRNA and (2) randomly assembled polyethylenimine-siRNA polyplexes that lack controlled architecture. We found that PEI-SNAs undergo enhanced and more rapid cellular uptake than polyplexes, suggesting a prominent role for architecture in cellular uptake. Confocal microscopy studies demonstrated that while PEI-SNAs and polyplexes exhibit similar intracellular stability, PEI-SNAs undergo decreased accumulation within lysosomes, identifying another advantage conferred by their architecture. Indeed, these advantageous cellular interactions enhanced the gene silencing potency of PEI-SNAs by 10-fold relative to polyplexes. Finally, cytocompatibility studies showed that PEI-SNAs exhibit decreased toxicity per PEI content relative to polyplexes, allowing the use of more polycation. Our studies provide critical insight into design considerations for engineering siRNA carriers and warrant future investigation of how nanocarrier architecture influences cellular-, organ-, and organism-level interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilian R Melamed
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Ritu Goyal
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Emily S Day
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are highly oriented, well organized, polyvalent structures of nucleic acids conjugated to hollow or solid core nanoparticles. Because they can transfect many tissue and cell types without toxicity, induce minimum immune response, and penetrate various biological barriers (such as the skin, blood-brain barrier, and blood-tumor barrier), they have become versatile tools for the delivery of nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins for various therapeutic purposes. This article describes the unique structures and properties of SNAs and discusses how these properties enable their application in gene regulation, immunomodulation, and drug and protein delivery. It also summarizes current efforts towards clinical translation of SNAs and provides an expert opinion on remaining challenges to be addressed in the path forward to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan H Kapadia
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jilian R Melamed
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Emily S Day
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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20
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Huang DJ, Huang ZM, Xiao HY, Wu ZK, Tang LJ, Jiang JH. Protein scaffolded DNA tetrads enable efficient delivery and ultrasensitive imaging of miRNA through crosslinking hybridization chain reaction. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4892-4897. [PMID: 29910942 PMCID: PMC5982210 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient intracellular delivery of nucleic acids to achieve sensitive detection and gene regulation is essential for chemistry and biology. Here we developed a novel protein scaffolded DNA tetrad, a four-arm DNA nanostructure constructed using streptavidin (SA) protein and four biotinylated hairpin DNA probes for efficient nucleic acid delivery and ultrasensitive miRNA imaging through crosslinking hybridization chain reaction (cHCR). DNA tetrads were easy to prepare and allowed precise control of the structure of the probes. DNA tetrads showed rapid intracellular delivery of DNA probes and high efficiency in lysosome escape by using confocal images for individual cells and flow cytometry for a large population of cells. cHCR allowed generating clumps of crosslinked hydrogel networks specifically to target miRNA, affording high sensitivity and spatial resolution for imaging. To our knowledge, this is the first time that HCR amplification has been realized in situ on nanostructures. Moreover, the FRET based design of cHCR conferred improved precision with the use of dual-emission ratiometric imaging to avoid false signals in biological systems. Intracellular imaging experiments further showed that DNA tetrad based cHCR could realize ultrasensitive and accurate miRNA imaging in living cells. Moreover, DNA tetrad based cHCR provided a potential tool for quantitative measurement of intracellular miRNA. The results suggested that this developed strategy provided a useful platform for nucleic acid delivery and low level biomarker imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Juan Huang
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Nanomedicine , State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics , College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China . ;
| | - Zhi-Mei Huang
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Nanomedicine , State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics , College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China . ;
| | - Hu-Yan Xiao
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Nanomedicine , State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics , College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China . ;
| | - Zhen-Kun Wu
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Nanomedicine , State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics , College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China . ;
| | - Li-Juan Tang
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Nanomedicine , State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics , College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China . ;
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Nanomedicine , State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics , College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China . ;
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21
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Nagahama K, Kimura Y, Takemoto A. Living functional hydrogels generated by bioorthogonal cross-linking reactions of azide-modified cells with alkyne-modified polymers. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2195. [PMID: 29875358 PMCID: PMC5989231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, many scientists have thoroughly investigated both cells and cellular functions, resulting in the identification of numerous molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular functions. Based on these findings, medical scientists and pharmacologists have developed many technological applications for cells and cellular functions in medicine. How can material scientists utilize cells and cellular functions? Here, we show a concept for utilizing cells and their functions from the viewpoint of materials science. In particular, we develop cell cross-linked living bulk hydrogels by bioorthogonal click cross-linking reactions of azide-modified mammalian cells with alkyne-modified biocompatible polymers. Importantly, we demonstrate the unique functionalities of the living hydrogels, originating from the basic functions of the cells incorporated in the living hydrogels as active cross-linking points. The findings of this study provide a promising route to generating living cell-based next-generation innovative materials, technologies, and medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nagahama
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Yuuka Kimura
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ayaka Takemoto
- Department of Nanobiochemistry, Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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22
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Meckes B, Banga RJ, Nguyen ST, Mirkin CA. Enhancing the Stability and Immunomodulatory Activity of Liposomal Spherical Nucleic Acids through Lipid-Tail DNA Modifications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:10.1002/smll.201702909. [PMID: 29226611 PMCID: PMC5815854 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Liposomal spherical nucleic acids (LSNAs) are an attractive therapeutic platform for gene regulation and immunomodulation due to their biocompatibility, chemically tunable structures, and ability to enter cells rapidly without the need for ancillary transfection agents. Such structures consist of small (<100 nm) liposomal cores functionalized with a dense, highly oriented nucleic acid shell, both of which are key components in facilitating their biological activity. Here, the properties of LSNAs synthesized using conventional methods, anchoring cholesterol terminated oligonucleotides into a liposomal core, are compared to LSNAs made by directly modifying the surface of a liposomal core containing azide-functionalized lipids with dibenzocyclooctyl-terminated oligonucleotides. The surface densities of the oligonucleotides are measured for both types of LSNAs, with the lipid-modified structures having approximately twice the oligonucleotide surface coverage. The stabilities and cellular uptake properties of these structures are also evaluated. The higher density, lipid-functionalized structures are markedly more stable than conventional cholesterol-based structures in the presence of other unmodified liposomes and serum proteins as evidenced by fluorescence assays. Significantly, this new form of LSNA exhibits more rapid cellular uptake and increased sequence-specific toll-like receptor activation in immune reporter cell lines, making it a promising candidate for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Meckes
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Resham J Banga
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - SonBinh T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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23
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Bates PJ, Reyes-Reyes EM, Malik MT, Murphy EM, O'Toole MG, Trent JO. G-quadruplex oligonucleotide AS1411 as a cancer-targeting agent: Uses and mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1414-1428. [PMID: 28007579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AS1411 is a 26-mer G-rich DNA oligonucleotide that forms a variety of G-quadruplex structures. It was identified based on its cancer-selective antiproliferative activity and subsequently determined to be an aptamer to nucleolin, a multifunctional protein that preferentially binds quadruplex nucleic acids and which is present at high levels on the surface of cancer cells. AS1411 has exceptionally efficient cellular internalization compared to non-quadruplex DNA sequences. SCOPE OF REVIEW Recent developments related to AS1411 will be examined, with a focus on its use for targeted delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Numerous research groups have used AS1411 as a targeting agent to deliver nanoparticles, oligonucleotides, and small molecules into cancer cells. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that AS1411-linked materials can accumulate selectively in tumors following systemic administration. The mechanism underlying the cancer-targeting ability of AS1411 is not completely understood, but recent studies suggest a model that involves: (1) initial uptake by macropinocytosis, a form of endocytosis prevalent in cancer cells; (2) stimulation of macropinocytosis by a nucleolin-dependent mechanism resulting in further uptake; and (3) disruption of nucleolin-mediated trafficking and efflux leading to cargoes becoming trapped inside cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE Human trials have indicated that AS1411 is safe and can induce durable remissions in a few patients, but new strategies are needed to maximize its clinical impact. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which AS1411 targets and kills cancer cells may hasten the development of promising technologies using AS1411-linked nanoparticles or conjugates for cancer-targeted therapy and imaging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "G-quadruplex" Guest Editor: Dr. Concetta Giancola and Dr. Daniela Montesarchio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Bates
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, USA.
| | | | - Mohammad T Malik
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Emily M Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Martin G O'Toole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Louisville, USA
| | - John O Trent
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, USA
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24
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Chinen AB, Guan CM, Ko CH, Mirkin CA. The Impact of Protein Corona Formation on the Macrophage Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution of Spherical Nucleic Acids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201603847. [PMID: 28196309 PMCID: PMC5493144 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of serum protein adsorption on the biological fate of Spherical Nucleic Acids (SNAs) is investigated. Through a proteomic analysis, it is shown that G-quadruplexes templated on the surface of a gold nanoparticle in the form of SNAs mediate the formation of a protein corona that is rich in complement proteins relative to SNAs composed of poly-thymine (poly-T) DNA. Cellular uptake studies show that complement receptors on macrophage cells recognize the SNA protein corona, facilitating their internalization, and causing G-rich SNAs to accumulate in the liver and spleen more than poly-T SNAs in vivo. These results support the conclusion that nucleic acid sequence and architecture can mediate nanoparticle-biomolecule interactions and alter their cellular uptake and biodistribution properties and illustrate that nucleic acid sequence is an important parameter in the design of SNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chenxia M Guan
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Caroline H Ko
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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25
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Abstract
DNAzymes are catalytically active DNA molecules that are obtained via in vitro selection. RNA-cleaving DNAzymes have attracted significant attention for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications due to their excellent programmability, stability, and activity. They can be designed to cleave a specific mRNA to down-regulate gene expression. At the same time, DNAzymes can sense a broad range of analytes. By combining these two functions, theranostic DNAzymes are obtained. This review summarizes the progress of DNAzyme for theranostic applications. First, in vitro selection of DNAzymes is briefly introduced, and some representative DNAzymes related to biological applications are summarized. Then, the applications of DNAzyme for RNA cleaving are reviewed. DNAzymes have been used to cleave RNA for treating various diseases, such as viral infection, cancer, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Several formulations have entered clinical trials. Next, the use of DNAzymes for detecting metal ions, small molecules and nucleic acids related to disease diagnosis is summarized. Finally, the theranostic applications of DNAzyme are reviewed. The challenges to be addressed include poor DNAzyme activity under biological conditions, mRNA accessibility, delivery, and quantification of gene expression. Possible solutions to overcome these challenges are discussed, and future directions of the field are speculated.
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26
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Chinen AB, Ferrer JR, Merkel TJ, Mirkin CA. Relationships between Poly(ethylene glycol) Modifications on RNA-Spherical Nucleic Acid Conjugates and Cellular Uptake and Circulation Time. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2715-2721. [PMID: 27762539 PMCID: PMC5439959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Two synthetic approaches
that allow one to control PEG content
within spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) have been developed. One approach
begins with RNA-modified gold nanoparticles followed by a backfill
of PEG 2K alkanethiols, and the other involves co-adsorption of the
two entities on a gold nanoparticle template. These two methods have
been used to explore the role of PEG density on the chemical and biological
properties of RNA–SNAs. Such studies show that while increasing
the extent of PEGylation within RNA–SNAs extends their blood
circulation half-life in mice, it also results in decreased cellular
uptake. Modified ELISA assays show that constructs, depending upon
RNA and PEG content, have markedly different affinities for class
A scavenger receptors, the entities responsible, in part, for cellular
internalization of SNAs. In designing SNAs for therapeutic purposes,
these competing factors must be considered and appropriately adjusted
depending upon the desired use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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27
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Malik MT, O'Toole MG, Casson LK, Thomas SD, Bardi GT, Reyes-Reyes EM, Ng CK, Kang KA, Bates PJ. AS1411-conjugated gold nanospheres and their potential for breast cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22270-81. [PMID: 26045302 PMCID: PMC4673162 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AS1411 is a quadruplex-forming DNA oligonucleotide that functions as an aptamer to target nucleolin, a protein present on the surface of cancer cells. Clinical trials of AS1411 have indicated it is well tolerated with evidence of therapeutic activity, but improved pharmacology and potency may be required for optimal efficacy. In this report, we describe how conjugating AS1411 to 5 nm gold nanospheres influences its activities in vitro and in vivo. We find that the AS1411-linked gold nanospheres (AS1411-GNS) are stable in aqueous and serum-containing solutions. Compared to unconjugated AS1411 or GNS linked to control oligonucleotides, AS1411-GNS have superior cellular uptake and markedly increased antiproliferative/cytotoxic effects. Similar to AS1411, AS1411-GNS show selectivity for cancer cells compared to non-malignant cells. In a mouse model of breast cancer, systemic administration of AS1411-GNS could completely inhibit tumor growth with no signs of toxicity. These results suggest AS1411-GNS are promising candidates for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Malik
- Departments of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Departments of the Molecular Targets Group of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Martin G O'Toole
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lavona K Casson
- Departments of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Departments of the Molecular Targets Group of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shelia D Thomas
- Departments of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Departments of the Molecular Targets Group of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gina T Bardi
- Departments of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Departments of the Molecular Targets Group of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Elsa Merit Reyes-Reyes
- Departments of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Departments of the Molecular Targets Group of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Chin K Ng
- Departments of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kyung A Kang
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Paula J Bates
- Departments of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Departments of the Molecular Targets Group of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Barnaby S, Perelman GA, Kohlstedt K, Chinen AB, Schatz GC, Mirkin CA. Design Considerations for RNA Spherical Nucleic Acids (SNAs). Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2124-31. [PMID: 27523252 PMCID: PMC5034328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are key components in many cellular processes such as cell division, differentiation, growth, aging, and death. RNA spherical nucleic acids (RNA-SNAs), which consist of dense shells of double-stranded RNA on nanoparticle surfaces, are powerful and promising therapeutic modalities because they confer advantages over linear RNA such as high cellular uptake and enhanced stability. Due to their three-dimensional shell of oligonucleotides, SNAs, in comparison to linear nucleic acids, interact with the biological environment in unique ways. Herein, the modularity of the RNA-SNA is used to systematically study structure-function relationships in order to understand how the oligonucleotide shell affects interactions with a specific type of biological environment, namely, one that contains serum nucleases. We use a combination of experiment and theory to determine the key architectural properties (i.e., sequence, density, spacer moiety, and backfill molecule) that affect how RNA-SNAs interact with serum nucleases. These data establish a set of design parameters for SNA architectures that are optimized in terms of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey
N. Barnaby
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Grant A. Perelman
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kevin
L. Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alyssa B. Chinen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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29
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Postnikov A, Moldosanov K. Phonon-Assisted Radiofrequency Absorption by Gold Nanoparticles Resulting in Hyperthermia. NATO SCIENCE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY SERIES B: PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7478-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Chinen AB, Guan CM, Ferrer JR, Barnaby SN, Merkel TJ, Mirkin CA. Nanoparticle Probes for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers, Cells, and Tissues by Fluorescence. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10530-74. [PMID: 26313138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chenxia M Guan
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stacey N Barnaby
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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31
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Harimech PK, Gerrard SR, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Kanaras AG. Reversible Ligation of Programmed DNA-Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9242-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afaf H. El-Sagheer
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Chemistry
Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum
and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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32
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Abstract
There are currently no nanoparticle formulations that optimally target diseased cells in the body. A small percentage of nanoparticles reach these cells and most accumulate in cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. This chapter explores the interactions between nanoparticles and cells that may explain the causes for off-target accumulation of nanoparticles. A greater understanding of the nanoparticle-cellular interactions will lead to improvements in particle design for improved therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Syed
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 164 College St., 407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
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