1
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Kumar M, Gupta MK, Ansari M, Ansari A. C-H bond activation by high-valent iron/cobalt-oxo complexes: a quantum chemical modeling approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4349-4362. [PMID: 38235511 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05866b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
High-valent metal-oxo species serve as key intermediates in the activation of inert C-H bonds. Here, we present a comprehensive DFT analysis of the parameters that have been proposed as influencing factors in modeled high-valent metal-oxo mediated C-H activation reactions. Our approach involves utilizing DFT calculations to explore the electronic structures of modeled FeIVO (species 1) and CoIVO ↔ CoIII-O˙ (species 2), scrutinizing their capacity to predict improved catalytic activity. DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations predict that the iron-oxo species possesses a triplet as the ground state, while the cobalt-oxo has a doublet as the ground state. Furthermore, we have investigated the mechanistic pathways for the first C-H bond activation, as well as the desaturation of the alkanes. The mechanism was determined to be a two-step process, wherein the first hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) represents the rate-limiting step, involving the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process. However, we found that the second HAA step is highly exothermic for both species. Our calculations suggest that the iron-oxo species (Fe-O = 1.672 Å) exhibit relatively sluggish behavior compared to the cobalt-oxo species (Co-O = 1.854 Å) in C-H bond activation, attributed to a weak metal-oxygen bond. MO, NBO, and deformation energy analysis reveal the importance of weakening the M-O bond in the cobalt species, thereby reducing the overall barrier to the reaction. This catalyst was found to have a C-H activation barrier relatively smaller than that previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Mursaleem Ansari
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Azaj Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
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2
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Gordon JB, Albert T, Yadav S, Thomas J, Siegler MA, Moënne-Loccoz P, Goldberg DP. Oxygen versus Sulfur Coordination in Cobalt Superoxo Complexes: Spectroscopic Properties, O 2 Binding, and H-Atom Abstraction Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:392-400. [PMID: 36538786 PMCID: PMC10194424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A five-coordinate, disiloxide-ligated cobalt(II) (S = 3/2) complex (1) was prepared as an oxygen-ligated analogue to the previously reported silanedithiolate-ligated CoII(Me3TACN)(S2SiMe2) (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141, 3641-3653). The structural and spectroscopic properties of 1 were analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and NMR spectroscopies. The reactivity of 1 with dioxygen was examined, and it was shown to bind O2 reversibly in a range of solvents at low temperatures. A cobalt(III)-superoxo complex, CoIII(O2·-)(Me3TACN)((OSi2Ph)2O) (2), was generated, and was analyzed by UV-vis, EPR, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. Unlike its sulfur-ligated analogue, complex 2 can thermally release O2 to regenerate 1. Vibrational assignments for selective 18O isotopic labeling of both O2 and disiloxide ligands in 2 are consistent with a 6-coordinate, Co(η1-O2·-)("end-on") complex. Complex 2 reacts with the O-H bond of 4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-ol (4-MeO-TEMPOH) via H-atom abstraction with a rate of 0.58(2) M-1 s-1 at -105 °C, but it is unable to oxidize phenol substrates. This bracketed reactivity suggests that the O-H bond being formed in the putative CoIII(OOH) product has a relatively weak O-H bond strength (BDFE ∼66-74 kcal mol-1). These thermodynamic and kinetic parameters are similar to those seen for the sulfur-ligated Co(O2)(Me3TACN)(S2SiMe2), indicating that the differences in the electronic structure for O versus S ligation do not have a large impact on H-atom abstraction reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse B Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Therese Albert
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Sudha Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jithin Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Pierre Moënne-Loccoz
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - David P Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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3
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Yadav O, Kumar M, Mittal H, Yadav K, Seidel V, Ansari A. Theoretical exploration on structures, bonding aspects and molecular docking of α-aminophosphonate ligated copper complexes against SARS-CoV-2 proteases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:982484. [PMID: 36263127 PMCID: PMC9575937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the biological activity of metal complexes of α-aminophosphonates. Here for the first time, a detailed DFT study on five α-aminophosphonate ligated mononuclear/dinuclear CuII complexes is reported using the dispersion corrected density functional (B3LYP-D2) method. The electronic structures spin densities, FMO analysis, energetic description of spin states, and theoretical reactivity behaviour using molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps of all five species are reported. All possible spin states of the dinuclear species were computed and their ground state S values were determined along with the computation of their magnetic coupling constants. NBO analysis was also performed to provide details on stabilization energies. A molecular docking study was performed for the five complexes against two SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus protein targets (PDB ID: 6LU7 and 7T9K). The docking results indicated that the mononuclear species had a higher binding affinity for the targets compared to the dinuclear species. Among the species investigated, species I showed the highest binding affinity with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron protease. NPA charge analysis showed that the heteroatoms of model species III had a more nucleophilic nature. A comparative study was performed to observe any variations and/or correlations in properties among all species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oval Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Manjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Himanshi Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Kiran Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Veronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Veronique Seidel, ; Azaj Ansari,
| | - Azaj Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
- *Correspondence: Veronique Seidel, ; Azaj Ansari,
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4
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McNeece AJ, Jesse KA, Xie J, Filatov AS, Anderson JS. Generation and Oxidative Reactivity of a Ni(II) Superoxo Complex via Ligand-Based Redox Non-Innocence. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10824-10832. [PMID: 32429663 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metal ligand cooperativity is a powerful strategy in transition metal chemistry. This type of mechanism for the activation of O2 is best exemplified by heme centers in biological systems. While aerobic oxidations with Fe and Cu are well precedented, Ni-based oxidations are frequently less common due to less-accessible metal-based redox couples. Some Ni enzymes utilize special ligand environments for tuning the Ni(II)/(III) redox couple such as strongly donating thiolates in Ni superoxide dismutase. A recently characterized example of a Ni-containing protein, however, suggests an alternative strategy for mediating redox chemistry with Ni by utilizing ligand-based reducing equivalents to enable oxygen binding. While this mechanism has little synthetic precedent, we show here that Ni complexes of the redox-active ligand tBu,TolDHP (tBu,TolDHP = 2,5-bis((2-t-butylhydrazono)(p-tolyl)methyl)-pyrrole) activate O2 to generate a Ni(II) superoxo complex via ligand-based electron transfer. This superoxo complex is competent for stoichiometric oxidation chemistry with alcohols and hydrocarbons. This work demonstrates that coupling ligand-based redox chemistry with functionally redox-inactive Ni centers enables oxidative transformations more commonly mediated by metals such as Fe and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McNeece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kate A Jesse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jiaze Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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5
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Muthuramalingam S, Anandababu K, Velusamy M, Mayilmurugan R. Benzene Hydroxylation by Bioinspired Copper(II) Complexes: Coordination Geometry versus Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5918-5928. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sethuraman Muthuramalingam
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Karunanithi Anandababu
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Ramasamy Mayilmurugan
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
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6
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Kim H, Rogler PJ, Sharma SK, Schaefer AW, Solomon EI, Karlin KD. Heme-Fe III Superoxide, Peroxide and Hydroperoxide Thermodynamic Relationships: Fe III-O 2•- Complex H-Atom Abstraction Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3104-3116. [PMID: 31913628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Establishing redox and thermodynamic relationships between metal-ion-bound O2 and its reduced (and protonated) derivatives is critically important for a full understanding of (bio)chemical processes involving dioxygen processing. Here, a ferric heme peroxide complex, [(F8)FeIII-(O22-)]- (P) (F8 = tetrakis(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphyrinate), and a superoxide complex, [(F8)FeIII-(O2•-)] (S), are shown to be redox interconvertible. Using Cr(η-C6H6)2, an equilibrium state where S and P are present is established in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at -80 °C, allowing determination of the reduction potential of S as -1.17 V vs Fc+/0. P could be protonated with 2,6-lutidinium triflate, yielding the low-spin ferric hydroperoxide species, [(F8)FeIII-(OOH)] (HP). Partial conversion of HP back to P using a derivatized phosphazene base gave a P/HP equilibrium mixture, leading to the determination of pKa = 28.8 for HP (THF, -80 °C). With the measured reduction potential and pKa, the O-H bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) of hydroperoxide species HP was calculated to be 73.5 kcal/mol, employing the thermodynamic square scheme and Bordwell relationship. This calculated O-H BDFE of HP, in fact, lines up with an experimental demonstration of the oxidizing ability of S via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from TEMPO-H (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdine-N-hydroxide, BDFE = 66.5 kcal/mol in THF), forming the hydroperoxide species HP and TEMPO radical. Kinetic studies carried out with TEMPO-H(D) reveal second-order behavior, kH = 0.5, kD = 0.08 M-1 s-1 (THF, -80 °C); thus, the hydrogen/deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) = 6, consistent with H-atom abstraction by S being the rate-determining step. This appears to be the first case where experimentally derived thermodynamics lead to a ferric heme hydroperoxide OO-H BDFE determination, that FeIII-OOH species being formed via HAT reactivity of the partner ferric heme superoxide complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Patrick J Rogler
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Savita K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Andrew W Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Kenneth D Karlin
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
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7
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I. M, Raza MK, Shahid M, Ansari A, Ahmad M, Khan IM. Unprecedented isolation of a dinuclear tin (II) complex stabilized by pyridine‐2,6‐dimethanol: structure, DFT and in vitro screening of cytotoxic properties. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mantasha I.
- Department of ChemistryAligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Bangaluru India
| | - M. Shahid
- Department of ChemistryAligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | - Azaj Ansari
- Department of ChemistryCentral University of Haryana Mahendergarh India
| | - Musheer Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, ZHCETAligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | - Ishaat M. Khan
- Department of ChemistryAligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
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8
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Gordon JB, Vilbert AC, Siegler MA, Lancaster KM, Moënne-Loccoz P, Goldberg DP. A Nonheme Thiolate-Ligated Cobalt Superoxo Complex: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization, Computational Studies, and Hydrogen Atom Abstraction Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3641-3653. [PMID: 30776222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a Co(II) dithiolato complex Co(Me3TACN)(S2SiMe2) (1) are reported. Reaction of 1 with O2 generates a rare thiolate-ligated cobalt-superoxo species Co(O2)(Me3TACN)(S2SiMe2) (2) that was characterized spectroscopically and structurally by resonance Raman, EPR, and X-ray absorption spectroscopies as well as density functional theory. Metal-superoxo species are proposed to S-oxygenate metal-bound thiolate donors in nonheme thiol dioxygenases, but 2 does not lead to S-oxygenation of the intramolecular thiolate donors and does not react with exogenous sulfur donors. However, complex 2 is capable of oxidizing the O-H bonds of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-ol derivatives via H atom abstraction. Complementary proton-coupled electron-transfer reactivity is seen for 2 with separated proton/reductant pairs. The reactivity studies indicate that 2 can abstract H atoms from weak X-H bonds with bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) ≤ 70 kcal mol-1. DFT calculations predict that the putative Co(OOH) product has an O-H BDFE = 67 kcal mol-1, which matches the observed pattern of reactivity seen for 2. These data provide new information regarding the selectivity of S-oxygenation versus H atom abstraction in thiolate-ligated nonheme metalloenzymes that react with O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse B Gordon
- Department of Chemistry , The Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Avery C Vilbert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry , The Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Pierre Moënne-Loccoz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , Oregon 97239-3098 , United States
| | - David P Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry , The Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
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9
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Kurokawa D, Gueriba JS, Diño WA. Spin-Dependent O 2 Binding to Hemoglobin. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9241-9245. [PMID: 31459056 PMCID: PMC6645249 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report results of our study on the mechanism of spin-dependent O2 binding to hemoglobin, which we represent as FePIm (Fe = iron, P = porphyrin, Im = imidazole). This involves the transition between two states, viz., the oxyhemoglobin state and the deoxyhemoglobin state. The deoxyhemoglobin state pertains to FePIm and a free O2 molecule, while the oxyhemoglobin state pertains to an O2 bound to FePIm. The deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin systems have triplet and singlet total magnetizations, respectively. We found that a spin transition from triplet to quintet to singlet mediates the O2 binding process, and this accelerates the reaction. We also found that the position of the Fe atom out of the porphyrin plane is an important indicator of O2 affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiichi Kurokawa
- Department
of Applied Physics and Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jessiel Siaron Gueriba
- Department
of Applied Physics and Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department
of Physics, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Wilson Agerico Diño
- Department
of Applied Physics and Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Jayapal P, Ansari A, Rajaraman G. Computational Examination on the Active Site Structure of a (Peroxo)diiron(III) Intermediate in the Amine Oxygenase AurF. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11077-82. [PMID: 26588098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the first computational investigation on the structure and properties of the (peroxo)diiron(III) intermediate of the AurF enzyme. Our calculations predict that, in the oxidized state of the AurF enzyme, the peroxo ligand is depicted in a μ-1,1-coordination mode with a protonated bridging ligand and is not in a μ-η(2):η(2) or μ-1,2 mode. Computed spectral data for the μ-1,1-coordination mode correlate well with experimental observations and unravel the potential of the energetics-spectroscopic approach adapted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Jayapal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Azaj Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076, India
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11
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Santiago-Portillo A, Navalón S, Cirujano FG, Xamena FXLI, Alvaro M, Garcia H. MIL-101 as Reusable Solid Catalyst for Autoxidation of Benzylic Hydrocarbons in the Absence of Additional Oxidizing Reagents. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santiago-Portillo
- Departamento
de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química
CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Navalón
- Departamento
de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química
CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco G. Cirujano
- Departamento
de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química
CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesc X. Llabrés i Xamena
- Departamento
de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química
CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alvaro
- Departamento
de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química
CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Departamento
de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química
CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Center
of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, 22254 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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