1
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Kua GKB, Nguyen GKT, Li Z. Enzymatic Strategies for the Biosynthesis of N-Acyl Amino Acid Amides. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300672. [PMID: 38051126 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Amide bond-containing biomolecules are functionally significant and useful compounds with diverse applications. For example, N-acyl amino acids (NAAAs) are an important class of lipoamino acid amides with extensive use in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Their conventional chemical synthesis involves the use of toxic chlorinating agents for carboxylic acid activation. Enzyme-catalyzed biotransformation for the green synthesis of these amides is therefore highly desirable. Here, we review a range of enzymes suitable for the synthesis of NAAA amides and their strategies adopted in carboxylic acid activation. Generally, ATP-dependent enzymes for NAAA biosynthesis are acyl-adenylating enzymes that couple the hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bond in ATP with the formation of an acyl-adenylate intermediate. In contrast, ATP-independent enzymes involve hydrolases such as lipases or aminoacylases, which rely on the transient activation of the carboxylic acid. This occurs either through an acyl-enzyme intermediate or by favorable interactions with surrounding residues to anchor the acyl donor in a suitable orientation for the incoming amine nucleophile. Recently, the development of an alternative pathway involving ester-amide interconversion has unraveled another possible strategy for amide formation through esterification-aminolysis cascade reactions, potentially expanding the substrate scope for enzymes to catalyze the synthesis of a diverse range of NAAA amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Kai Bin Kua
- Wilmar International Limited, 28 Biopolis Road, Singapore, 138568
| | | | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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2
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Johnson RM, Li K, Chen X, Morgan GL, Aubé J, Li B. The Hybrid Antibiotic Thiomarinol A Overcomes Intrinsic Resistance in Escherichia coli Using a Privileged Dithiolopyrrolone Moiety. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:582-593. [PMID: 38226592 PMCID: PMC11235417 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
An impermeable outer membrane and multidrug efflux pumps work in concert to provide Gram-negative bacteria with intrinsic resistance against many antibiotics. These resistance mechanisms reduce the intracellular concentrations of antibiotics and render them ineffective. The natural product thiomarinol A combines holothin, a dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic, with marinolic acid A, a close analogue of mupirocin. The hybridity of thiomarinol A converts the mupirocin scaffold from inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria to inhibiting both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. We found that thiomarinol A accumulates significantly more than mupirocin within the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, likely contributing to its broad-spectrum activity. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of E. coli mutants reveals that thiomarinol A overcomes the intrinsic resistance mechanisms that render mupirocin inactive. Structure-activity relationship studies suggest that the dithiolopyrrolone is a privileged moiety for improving the accumulation and antibiotic activity of the mupirocin scaffold without compromising binding to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. These studies also highlight that accumulation is required but not sufficient for antibiotic activity. Our work reveals a role of the dithiolopyrrolone moiety in overcoming intrinsic mupirocin resistance in E. coli and provides a starting point for designing dual-acting and high-accumulating hybrid antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gina L Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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3
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Chen Y, Tu Y, Pan T, Deng Z, Duan L. A Cysteine-Reloading Process Initiating the Biosynthesis of the Bicyclic Scaffold of Dithiolopyrrolones. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040787. [PMID: 37107148 PMCID: PMC10134970 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dithiolopyrrolone antibiotics are well known for their outstanding biological activities, and their biosynthesis has been studied vigorously. However, the biosynthesis mechanism of the characteristic bicyclic scaffold is still unknown after years of research. To uncover this mechanism, a multi-domain non-ribosomal peptide synthase DtpB from the biosynthetic gene cluster of thiolutin was selected as an object to study. We discovered that its adenylation domain not only recognized and adenylated cysteine, but also played an essential role in the formation of the peptide bond. Notably, an eight-membered ring compound was also discovered as an intermediate during the formation of the bicyclic structure. Based on these findings, we propose a new mechanism for the biosynthesis of the bicyclic scaffold of dithiolopyrrolones, and unveil additional functions of the adenylation domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yanqin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tingyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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4
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Abstract
![]()
Natural products
are the result of Nature’s exploration
of biologically relevant chemical space through evolution and an invaluable
source of bioactive small molecules for chemical biology and medicinal
chemistry. Novel concepts for the discovery of new bioactive compound
classes based on natural product structure may enable exploration
of wider biologically relevant chemical space. The pseudo-natural
product concept merges the relevance of natural product structure
with efficient exploration of chemical space by means of fragment-based
compound development to inspire the discovery of new bioactive chemical
matter through de novo combination of natural product
fragments in unprecedented arrangements. The novel scaffolds retain
the biological relevance of natural products but are not obtainable
through known biosynthetic pathways which can lead to new chemotypes
that may have unexpected or unprecedented bioactivities. Herein, we
cover the workflow of pseudo-natural product design and development,
highlight recent examples, and discuss a cheminformatic analysis in
which a significant portion of biologically active synthetic compounds
were found to be pseudo-natural products. We compare the concept to
natural evolution and discuss pseudo-natural products as the human-made
equivalent, i.e. the chemical evolution of natural product structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grigalunas
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Susanne Brakmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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5
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Johnson RA, Chan AN, Ward RD, McGlade CA, Hatfield BM, Peters JM, Li B. Inhibition of Isoleucyl-tRNA Synthetase by the Hybrid Antibiotic Thiomarinol. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12003-12013. [PMID: 34342433 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid antibiotics are an emerging antimicrobial strategy to overcome antibiotic resistance. The natural product thiomarinol A is a hybrid of two antibiotics: holothin, a dithiolopyrrolone (DTP), and marinolic acid, a close analogue of the drug mupirocin that is used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). DTPs disrupt metal homeostasis by chelating metal ions in cells, whereas mupirocin targets the essential enzyme isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IleRS). Thiomarinol A is over 100-fold more potent than mupirocin against mupirocin-sensitive MRSA; however, its mode of action has been unknown. We show that thiomarinol A targets IleRS. A knockdown of the IleRS-encoding gene, ileS, exhibited sensitivity to a synthetic analogue of thiomarinol A in a chemical genomics screen. Thiomarinol A inhibits MRSA IleRS with a picomolar Ki and binds to IleRS with low femtomolar affinity, 1600 times more tightly than mupirocin. We find that thiomarinol A remains effective against high-level mupirocin-resistant MRSA and provide evidence to support a dual mode of action for thiomarinol A that may include both IleRS inhibition and metal chelation. We demonstrate that MRSA develops resistance to thiomarinol A to a substantially lesser degree than mupirocin and the potent activity of thiomarinol A requires hybridity between DTP and mupirocin. Our findings identify a mode of action of a natural hybrid antibiotic and demonstrate the potential of hybrid antibiotics to combat antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew N Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ryan D Ward
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Caylie A McGlade
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Breanne M Hatfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason M Peters
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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6
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Amiri Moghaddam J, Jautzus T, Alanjary M, Beemelmanns C. Recent highlights of biosynthetic studies on marine natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:123-140. [PMID: 33216100 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01677b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine bacteria are excellent yet often underexplored sources of structurally unique bioactive natural products. In this review we cover the diversity of marine bacterial biomolecules and highlight recent studies on structurally novel natural products. We include different compound classes and discuss the latest progress related to their biosynthetic pathway analysis and engineering: examples range from fatty acids over terpenes to PKS, NRPS and hybrid PKS-NRPS biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Amiri Moghaddam
- Junior Research Group Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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7
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Maglangit F, Yu Y, Deng H. Bacterial pathogens: threat or treat (a review on bioactive natural products from bacterial pathogens). Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:782-821. [PMID: 33119013 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the second quarter of 2020 Threat or treat? While pathogenic bacteria pose significant threats, they also represent a huge reservoir of potential pharmaceuticals to treat various diseases. The alarming antimicrobial resistance crisis and the dwindling clinical pipeline urgently call for the discovery and development of new antibiotics. Pathogenic bacteria have an enormous potential for natural products drug discovery, yet they remained untapped and understudied. Herein, we review the specialised metabolites isolated from entomopathogenic, phytopathogenic, and human pathogenic bacteria with antibacterial and antifungal activities, highlighting those currently in pre-clinical trials or with potential for drug development. Selected unusual biosynthetic pathways, the key roles they play (where known) in various ecological niches are described. We also provide an overview of the mode of action (molecular target), activity, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) towards bacteria and fungi. The exploitation of pathogenic bacteria as a rich source of antimicrobials, combined with the recent advances in genomics and natural products research methodology, could pave the way for a new golden age of antibiotic discovery. This review should serve as a compendium to communities of medicinal chemists, organic chemists, natural product chemists, biochemists, clinical researchers, and many others interested in the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleurdeliz Maglangit
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines. and Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hai Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
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8
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Ueoka R, Meoded RA, Gran‐Scheuch A, Bhushan A, Fraaije MW, Piel J. Genome Mining of Oxidation Modules in
trans
‐Acyltransferase Polyketide Synthases Reveals a Culturable Source for Lobatamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ueoka
- Institute of Microbiology ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Roy A. Meoded
- Institute of Microbiology ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Gran‐Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 7820436 Santiago Chile
| | - Agneya Bhushan
- Institute of Microbiology ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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9
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Ueoka R, Meoded RA, Gran‐Scheuch A, Bhushan A, Fraaije MW, Piel J. Genome Mining of Oxidation Modules in trans-Acyltransferase Polyketide Synthases Reveals a Culturable Source for Lobatamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7761-7765. [PMID: 32040255 PMCID: PMC7586987 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases (trans-AT PKSs) are multimodular megaenzymes that biosynthesize many bioactive natural products. They contain a remarkable range of domains and module types that introduce different substituents into growing polyketide chains. As one such modification, we recently reported Baeyer-Villiger-type oxygen insertion into nascent polyketide backbones, thereby generating malonyl thioester intermediates. In this work, genome mining focusing on architecturally diverse oxidation modules in trans-AT PKSs led us to the culturable plant symbiont Gynuella sunshinyii, which harbors two distinct modules in one orphan PKS. The PKS product was revealed to be lobatamide A, a potent cytotoxin previously only known from a marine tunicate. Biochemical studies show that one module generates glycolyl thioester intermediates, while the other is proposed to be involved in oxime formation. The data suggest varied roles of oxygenation modules in the biosynthesis of polyketide scaffolds and support the importance of trans-AT PKSs in the specialized metabolism of symbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ueoka
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 48093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Roy A. Meoded
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 48093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alejandro Gran‐Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses EngineeringPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileAvenida Vicuña Mackenna 48607820436SantiagoChile
| | - Agneya Bhushan
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 48093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 48093ZurichSwitzerland
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10
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Petchey MR, Rowlinson B, Lloyd RC, Fairlamb IJS, Grogan G. Biocatalytic Synthesis of Moclobemide Using the Amide Bond Synthetase McbA Coupled with an ATP Recycling System. ACS Catal 2020; 10:4659-4663. [PMID: 32337091 PMCID: PMC7171872 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic synthesis of amides from carboxylic acids and primary amines in aqueous media can be achieved using the ATP-dependent amide bond synthetase McbA, via an adenylate intermediate, using only 1.5 equiv of the amine nucleophile. Following earlier studies that characterized the broad carboxylic acid specificity of McbA, we now show that, in addition to the natural amine substrate 2-phenylethylamine, a range of simple aliphatic amines, including methylamine, butylamine, and hexylamine, and propargylamine are coupled efficiently to the native carboxylic acid substrate 1-acetyl-9H-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid by the enzyme, to give amide products with up to >99% conversion. The structure of wild-type McbA in its amidation conformation, coupled with modeling and mutational studies, reveal an amine access tunnel and a possible role for residue D201 in amine activation. Amide couplings were slower with anilines and alicyclic secondary amines such as pyrrolidine and piperidine. The broader substrate specificity of McbA was exploited in the synthesis of the monoamine oxidase A inhibitor moclobemide, through the reaction of 4-chlorobenzoic acid with 1.5 equiv of 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine, and utilizing polyphosphate kinases SmPPK and AjPPK in the presence of polyphosphoric acid and 0.1 equiv of ATP, required for recycling of the cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Petchey
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Rowlinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C. Lloyd
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
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11
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Picott KJ, Deichert JA, deKemp EM, Snieckus V, Ross AC. Purification and Kinetic Characterization of the Essential Condensation Enzymes Involved in Prodiginine and Tambjamine Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1036-1042. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Picott
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Julie A. Deichert
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Ella M. deKemp
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Victor Snieckus
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Avena C. Ross
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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12
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Zhou W, Liang H, Qin X, Cao D, Zhu X, Ju J, Shen B, Duan Y, Huang Y. The Isolation of Pyrroloformamide Congeners and Characterization of Their Biosynthetic Gene Cluster. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:202-209. [PMID: 32049520 PMCID: PMC7577424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dithiolopyrrolones are microbial natural products containing a disulfide or thiosulfonate bridge embedded in a unique bicyclic structure. By interfering with zinc ion homeostasis in living cells, they show strong antibacterial activity against a variety of bacterial pathogens, as well as potent cytotoxicity against human cancer cells. In the current study, two new dithiolopyrrolones, pyrroloformamide C (3) and pyrroloformamide D (4), were isolated from Streptomyces sp. CB02980, together with the known pyrroloformamides 1 and 2. The biosynthetic gene cluster for pyrroloformamides was identified from Streptomyces sp. CB02980, which shared high sequence similarity with those of dithiolopyrrolones, including holomycin and thiolutin. Gene replacement of pyfE, which encodes a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), abolished the production of 1-4. Overexpression of pyfN, a type II thioesterase gene, increased the production of 1 and 2. Genome neighborhood network analysis of the characterized and orphan gene clusters of dithiolopyrrolones revealed a unified mechanism for their biosynthesis, involving an iterative-acting NRPS and a set of conserved tailoring enzymes for the bicyclic core formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Zhou
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Liang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangjing Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Cao
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangcheng Zhu
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discover, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ben Shen
- Departments of Chemistry, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Molecular Medicine, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Natural Products Library Initiative, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Yanwen Duan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discover, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine at Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Petchey
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD U.K
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD U.K
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14
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Wencewicz TA. Crossroads of Antibiotic Resistance and Biosynthesis. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3370-3399. [PMID: 31288031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of antibiotics and self-protection mechanisms employed by antibiotic producers are an integral part of the growing antibiotic resistance threat. The origins of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes found in human pathogens have been traced to ancient microbial producers of antibiotics in natural environments. Widespread and frequent antibiotic use amplifies environmental pools of antibiotic resistance genes and increases the likelihood for the selection of a resistance event in human pathogens. This perspective will provide an overview of the origins of antibiotic resistance to highlight the crossroads of antibiotic biosynthesis and producer self-protection that result in clinically relevant resistance mechanisms. Some case studies of synergistic antibiotic combinations, adjuvants, and hybrid antibiotics will also be presented to show how native antibiotic producers manage the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Wencewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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15
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Connolly JA, Wilson A, Macioszek M, Song Z, Wang L, Mohammad HH, Yadav M, di Martino M, Miller CE, Hothersall J, Haines AS, Stephens ER, Crump MP, Willis CL, Simpson TJ, Winn PJ, Thomas CM. Defining the genes for the final steps in biosynthesis of the complex polyketide antibiotic mupirocin by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB10586. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1542. [PMID: 30733464 PMCID: PMC6367315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mupirocin trans-AT polyketide synthase pathway, provides a model system for manipulation of antibiotic biosynthesis. Its final phase involves removal of the tertiary hydroxyl group from pseudomonic acid B, PA-B, producing the fully active PA-A in a complex series of steps. To further clarify requirements for this conversion, we fed extracts containing PA-B to mutants of the producer strain singly deficient in each mup gene. This additionally identified mupM and mupN as required plus the sequence but not enzymic activity of mupL and ruled out need for other mup genes. A plasmid expressing mupLMNOPVCFU + macpE together with a derivative of the producer P. fluorescens strain NCIMB10586 lacking the mup cluster allowed conversion of PA-B to PA-A. MupN converts apo-mAcpE to holo-form while MupM is a mupirocin-resistant isoleucyl tRNA synthase, preventing self-poisoning. Surprisingly, the expression plasmid failed to allow the closely related P. fluorescens strain SBW25 to convert PA-B to PA-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Connolly
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, BMS Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Amber Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Malgorzata Macioszek
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Dr M. Macioszek, DOCS International Poland, ul. Grojecka 5, 02-019, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zhongshu Song
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Luoyi Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Hadi H Mohammad
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,College of Medicine, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Mukul Yadav
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maura di Martino
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Ms M. di Martino, Dept Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Claire E Miller
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Dr C. E. Miller, The BioHub Birmingham, Birmingham Research Park, 97 Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Joanne Hothersall
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anthony S Haines
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Elton R Stephens
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Peter J Winn
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher M Thomas
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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16
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Chan AN, Wever WJ, Massolo E, Allen SE, Li B. Reducing Holomycin Thiosulfonate to its Disulfide with Thiols. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:400-404. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Walter J. Wever
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elisabetta Massolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Scott E. Allen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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17
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Timmermans ML, Picott KJ, Ucciferri L, Ross AC. Culturing marine bacteria from the genus Pseudoalteromonas on a cotton scaffold alters secondary metabolite production. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00724. [PMID: 30270573 PMCID: PMC6528606 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms is beset by numerous challenges including difficulties cultivating and subsequently eliciting expression of biosynthetic genes from marine microbes in the laboratory. In this paper, we describe a method of culturing three species from the marine bacterial genus Pseudoalteromonas using cotton scaffold supplemented liquid media. This simple cultivation method was designed to mimic the natural behavior of some members of the genus wherein they form epibiotic/symbiotic associations with higher organisms such as sponges and corals or attach to solid structures as a biofilm. Our scaffolded cultivation is highly effective at stimulating an attachment/biofilm phenotype and causes large changes to metabolite profiles for the microbes investigated. Metabolite changes include alteration to the production levels of known molecules such as violacein, thiomarinol A, and the alterochromide and prodiginine families of molecules. Finally and critically, our technique stimulates the production of unknown compounds that will serve as leads for future natural product discovery. These results suggest our cultivation approach could potentially be used as a general strategy for the activation of silent gene clusters in marine microbes to facilitate access to their full natural product biosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorena Ucciferri
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Avena C Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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18
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Timmermans ML, Paudel YP, Ross AC. Investigating the Biosynthesis of Natural Products from Marine Proteobacteria: A Survey of Molecules and Strategies. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E235. [PMID: 28762997 PMCID: PMC5577590 DOI: 10.3390/md15080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylum proteobacteria contains a wide array of Gram-negative marine bacteria. With recent advances in genomic sequencing, genome analysis, and analytical chemistry techniques, a whole host of information is being revealed about the primary and secondary metabolism of marine proteobacteria. This has led to the discovery of a growing number of medically relevant natural products, including novel leads for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and cancer. Of equal interest, marine proteobacteria produce natural products whose structure and biosynthetic mechanisms differ from those of their terrestrial and actinobacterial counterparts. Notable features of secondary metabolites produced by marine proteobacteria include halogenation, sulfur-containing heterocycles, non-ribosomal peptides, and polyketides with unusual biosynthetic logic. As advances are made in the technology associated with functional genomics, such as computational sequence analysis, targeted DNA manipulation, and heterologous expression, it has become easier to probe the mechanisms for natural product biosynthesis. This review will focus on genomics driven approaches to understanding the biosynthetic mechanisms for natural products produced by marine proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yagya P Paudel
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Avena C Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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19
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Wu S, Jian XH, Yuan H, Jin WB, Yin Y, Wang LY, Zhao J, Tang GL. Unified Biosynthetic Origin of the Benzodipyrrole Subunits in CC-1065. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1603-1610. [PMID: 28426198 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CC-1065 is the first characterized member of a family of naturally occurring antibiotics including yatakemycin and duocarmycins with exceptionally potent antitumor activity. CC-1065 contains three benzodipyrroles (1a-, 1b-, and 1c-) of which the 1a-subunit is remarkable by being composed of a cyclopropane ring, and the mechanism for the biological formation of benzodipyrrole rings remains elusive. Previously, biosynthetic studies of CC-1065 were limited to radioactively labeled precursor feeding experiments, which showed that tyrosine (Tyr) and serine (Ser) were incorporated into the two benzodipyrrole (1b- and 1c-) subunits via the same mode but that this was different from the key cyclopropabenzodipyrrole (1a-) subunit with N1-C2-C3 derived from Ser. Herein, the biosynthetic gene cluster of CC-1065 has been cloned, analyzed, and characterized by a series of gene inactivations. Significantly, a key intermediate bearing a C7-OH group derived from a Δc10C mutant exhibited improved cytotoxicity. Moreover, this data inspired us to suspect that the 1a-subunit might employ the same precursor incorporation mode as the 1b- and 1c-subunits. Subsequently, 13C-labeled Tyr feeding experiments confirmed that the N1-C2-C3 is originated from Tyr via DOPA as an intermediate. Collectively, a biosynthetic pathway of benzodipyrrole is proposed featuring a revised and unified precursor incorporation mode, which implicates an oxidative cyclization strategy for the assembly of benzodipyrrole. This work sets the stage for further study of enzymatic mechanisms and combinatorial biosynthesis for new DNA alkylating analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Bing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Klahn P, Brönstrup M. Bifunctional antimicrobial conjugates and hybrid antimicrobials. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:832-885. [PMID: 28530279 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2016Novel antimicrobial drugs are continuously needed to counteract bacterial resistance development. An innovative molecular design strategy for novel antibiotic drugs is based on the hybridization of an antibiotic with a second functional entity. Such conjugates can be grouped into two major categories. In the first category (antimicrobial hybrids), both functional elements of the hybrid exert antimicrobial activity. Due to the dual targeting, resistance development can be significantly impaired, the pharmacokinetic properties can be superior compared to combination therapies with the single antibiotics, and the antibacterial potency is often enhanced in a synergistic manner. In the second category (antimicrobial conjugates), one functional moiety controls the accumulation of the other part of the conjugate, e.g. by mediating an active transport into the bacterial cell or blocking the efflux. This approach is mostly applied to translocate compounds across the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria through membrane-embedded transporters (e.g. siderophore transporters) that provide nutrition and signalling compounds to the cell. Such 'Trojan Horse' approaches can expand the antibacterial activity of compounds against Gram-negative pathogens, or offer new options for natural products that could not be developed as standalone antibiotics, e.g. due to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klahn
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. and Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - M Brönstrup
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
Natural products harbor unique and complex structures that provide valuable antibiotic scaffolds. With an increase in antibiotic resistance, natural products once again hold promise for new antimicrobial therapies, especially those with unique scaffolds that have been overlooked due to a lack of understanding of how they function. Dithiolopyrrolones (DTPs) are an underexplored class of disulfide-containing natural products, which exhibit potent antimicrobial activities against multidrug-resistant pathogens. DTPs were thought to target RNA polymerase, but conflicting observations leave the mechanisms elusive. Using a chemical genomics screen in Escherichia coli, we uncover a mode of action for DTPs-the disruption of metal homeostasis. We show that holomycin, a prototypical DTP, is reductively activated, and reduced holomycin chelates zinc with high affinity. Examination of reduced holomycin against zinc-dependent metalloenzymes revealed that it inhibits E. coli class II fructose bisphosphate aldolase, but not RNA polymerase. Reduced holomycin also strongly inhibits metallo-β-lactamases in vitro, major contributors to clinical carbapenem resistance, by removing active site zinc. These results indicate that holomycin is an intracellular metal-chelating antibiotic that inhibits a subset of metalloenzymes and that RNA polymerase is unlikely to be the primary target. Our work establishes a link between the chemical structures of DTPs and their antimicrobial action; the ene-dithiol group of DTPs enables high-affinity metal binding as a central mechanism to inhibit metabolic processes. Our study also validates the use of chemical genomics in characterizing modes of actions of antibiotics and emphasizes the potential of metal-chelating natural products in antimicrobial therapy.
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22
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Gao SS, Wang L, Song Z, Hothersall J, Stevens ER, Connolly J, Winn PJ, Cox RJ, Crump MP, Race PR, Thomas CM, Simpson TJ, Willis CL. Selected Mutations Reveal New Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of Mupirocin and the Thiomarinol Antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3930-3934. [PMID: 28181382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thiomarinol and mupirocin are assembled on similar polyketide/fatty acid backbones and exhibit potent antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). They both contain a tetrasubstituted tetrahydropyran (THP) ring that is essential for biological activity. Mupirocin is a mixture of pseudomonic acids (PAs). Isolation of the novel compound mupirocin P, which contains a 7-hydroxy-6-keto-substituted THP, from a ΔmupP strain and chemical complementation experiments confirm that the first step in the conversion of PA-B into the major product PA-A is oxidation at the C6 position. In addition, nine novel thiomarinol (TM) derivatives with different oxidation patterns decorating the central THP core were isolated after gene deletion (tmlF). These metabolites are in accord with the THP ring formation and elaboration in thiomarinol following a similar order to that found in mupirocin biosynthesis, despite the lack of some of the equivalent genes. Novel mupirocin-thiomarinol hybrids were also synthesized by mutasynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shan Gao
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Luoyi Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Zhongshu Song
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Joanne Hothersall
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Elton R Stevens
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jack Connolly
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J Winn
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Russell J Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.,BMWZ, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Paul R Race
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christopher M Thomas
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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23
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Gao SS, Wang L, Song Z, Hothersall J, Stevens ER, Connolly J, Winn PJ, Cox RJ, Crump MP, Race PR, Thomas CM, Simpson TJ, Willis CL. Selected Mutations Reveal New Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of Mupirocin and the Thiomarinol Antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shan Gao
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Luoyi Wang
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Zhongshu Song
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Joanne Hothersall
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham, Edgbaston; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Elton R. Stevens
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham, Edgbaston; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Jack Connolly
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham, Edgbaston; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Peter J. Winn
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham, Edgbaston; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Russell J. Cox
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- BMWZ; Leibniz-Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 38 30167 Hannover Germany
| | | | - Paul R. Race
- School of Biochemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TD UK
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24
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New antibiotics from Nature’s chemical inventory. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6227-6252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Conde N, SanMartin R, Herrero MT, Domínguez E. Palladium NNC Pincer Complex as an Efficient Catalyst for the Cycloisomerization of Alkynoic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Conde
- Department of Organic Chemistry II; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Sarriena auzoa z/g 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Raul SanMartin
- Department of Organic Chemistry II; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Sarriena auzoa z/g 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - María Teresa Herrero
- Department of Organic Chemistry II; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Sarriena auzoa z/g 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Esther Domínguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry II; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Sarriena auzoa z/g 48940 Leioa Spain
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26
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Helfrich EJN, Piel J. Biosynthesis of polyketides by trans-AT polyketide synthases. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:231-316. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00125k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the biosynthesis of natural products that are generated bytrans-AT polyketide synthases, a family of catalytically versatile enzymes that represents one of the major group of proteins involved in the production of bioactive polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. N. Helfrich
- Institute of Microbiology
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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27
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References. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819316.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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