1
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Majdecki M, Hsu CH, Wang CH, Shi EHC, Zakrocka M, Wei YC, Chen BH, Lu CH, Yang SD, Chou PT, Gaweł P. Singlet Fission in a New Series of Systematically Designed Through-space Coupled Tetracene Oligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401103. [PMID: 38412017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) holds great promise for current photovoltaic technologies, where tetracenes, with their relatively high triplet energies, play a major role for application in silicon-based solar cells. However, the SF efficiencies in tetracene dimers are low due to the unfavorable energetics of their singlet and triplet energy levels. In the solid state, tetracene exhibits high yields of triplet formation through SF, raising great interest about the underlying mechanisms. To address this discrepancy, we designed and prepared a novel molecular system based on a hexaphenylbenzene core decorated with 2 to 6 tetracene chromophores. The spatial arrangement of tetracene units, induced by steric hindrance in the central part, dictates through-space coupling, making it a relevant model for solid-state chromophore organization. We then revealed a remarkable increase in SF quantum yield with the number of tetracenes, reaching quantitative (196 %) triplet pair formation in hexamer. We observed a short-lived correlated triplet pair and limited magnetic effects, indicating ineffective triplet dissociation in these through-space coupled systems. These findings emphasize the crucial role of the number of chromophores involved and the interchromophore arrangement for the SF efficiency. The insights gained from this study will aid designing more efficient and technology-compatible SF systems for applications in photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Majdecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chao-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Emily Hsue-Chi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Magdalena Zakrocka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yu-Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Przemysław Gaweł
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Wang K, Chen X, Xu J, Peng S, Wu D, Xia J. Recent Advance in the Development of Singlet-Fission-Capable Polymeric Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300241. [PMID: 37548255 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a spin-allowed process in which a higher-energy singlet exciton is converted into two lower-energy triplet excitons via a triplet pair intermediate state. Implementing SF in photovoltaic devices holds the potential to exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit of conventional single-junction solar cells. Although great progress has been made in exploiting the underlying mechanism of SF over the past decades, the scope of materials capable of SF, particularly polymeric materials, remains poor. SF-capable polymer is one of the most potential candidates in the implementation of SF into devices due to their distinct superiorities in flexibility, solution processability and self-assembly behavior. Notably, recent advancements have demonstrated high-performance SF in isolated donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymer chains. This review provides an overview of recent progress in the development of SF-capable polymeric materials, with a significant focus on elucidating the mechanisms of SF in polymers and optimizing the design strategies for SF-capable polymers. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges encountered in this field and presents future perspectives. It is expected that this comprehensive review will offer valuable insights into the design of novel SF-capable polymeric materials, further advancing the potential for SF implementation in photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoqian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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3
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Wu YY, Wu YL, Lin CL, Chen HC, Chuang YY, Chen CH, Chou CM. Butterfly-Shaped Dibenz[ a, j]anthracenes: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. Org Lett 2023; 25:7763-7768. [PMID: 37622587 PMCID: PMC10630963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for the synthesis of dibenz[a,j]anthracenes (DBAs) from cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-carboxylic acids is presented. Our approach involves sequential C-H olefination, cycloaddition, and decarboxylative aromatization. In the key step for DBA skeleton construction, the bis-C-H olefination products, 1,3-dienes, are utilized as substrates for [4 + 2] cycloaddition with benzyne. This concise synthetic route allows for regioselective ring formation and functional group introduction. The structural features and photophysical properties of the resulting DBA molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ying Wu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National University
of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Lan Lin
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang
University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Chen
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National University
of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Yuan Chuang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National University
of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National University
of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
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4
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Sonoda Y, Kamada K. Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Properties of a Series of Trifluoromethylated Diphenylhexatrienes. J Fluor Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2023.110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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5
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Liu H, Wang X, Ma L, Wang W, Liu S, Zhou J, Su P, Liu Z, Li Z, Lin X, Chen Y, Li X. Effects of the Separation Distance between Two Triplet States Produced from Intramolecular Singlet Fission on the Two-Electron-Transfer Process. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15509-15518. [PMID: 35930671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To harvest two triplet excitons of singlet fission (SF) via a two-electron transfer efficiently, the revelation of the key factors that influence the two-electron-transfer process is necessary. Here, by using steady-state and transient absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy, we investigated the two-electron-transfer process from the two triplet excitons of intramolecular SF (iSF) in a series of tetracene oligomers (dimer, trimer, and tetramer) with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as an electron acceptor in solution. Quantitative two-electron transfer could be conducted for the trimer and tetramer, and the rate for the tetramer is faster than that for the trimer. However, the maximum efficiency of the two-electron transfer in the dimer is relatively low (∼47%). The calculation result of the free energy change (ΔG) of the second-electron transfer for these three compounds (-0.024, -0.061, and -0.074 eV for the dimer, trimer, and tetramer, respectively) is consistent with the experimental observation. The much closer ΔG value to zero for the dimer should be responsible for its low efficiency of the two-electron transfer. Different ΔG values for these three oligomers are attributed to the different Coulomb repulsive energies between the two positive charges generated after the two-electron transfer that is caused by their various intertriplet distances. This result reveals for the first time the important effect of the Coulomb repulsive energy, which depends on the intertriplet distance, on the two-electron transfer process from the two triplet excitons of iSF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhaobin Liu
- Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China
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6
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Silori Y, Yadav A, Chawla S, De AK. Effect of nanoscale confinement on ultrafast dynamics of singlet fission in TIPS-pentacene. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200454. [PMID: 35830606 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a phenomenon for the generation of a pair of triplet excitons from a singlet excited molecule interacting with another adjacent molecule in its ground electronic state. By increasing the effective number of charge carriers and reducing thermal dissipation of excess energy, SF is promised to enhance light-harvesting efficiency for photovoltaic applications. While SF has been extensively studied in thin films and crystals, the same has not been explored much within a confined medium. Here, we report the ultrafast SF dynamics of triisopropylsilylethynyl pentacene (TIPS-Pn) in micellar nanocavity of varying sizes (prepared from TX-100, CTAB, and SDS surfactants). The nanoparticle with a smaller size contains weakly coupled chromophores and is shown to be more efficient for SF followed by triplet generation as compared to the nanoparticles of larger size which contain strongly coupled chromophores and are less efficient due to the presence of singlet exciton traps. Through these studies, we delineate how a subtle interplay between short-range and long-range interaction among chromophores confined within nanoparticles, fine-tuned by the curvature of the micellar interface but irrespective of the nature of the micelle (cationic or anionic or neutral), play a crucial role in SF through and generation of triplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Silori
- IISER Mohali: Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Chemical Sciences, INDIA
| | - Anita Yadav
- IISER Mohali: Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Chemical Sciences, INDIA
| | - Sakshi Chawla
- IISER Mohali: Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Chemical Sciences, INDIA
| | - Arijit Kumar De
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Chemical Sciences, Knowledge City, Sector 81, 140306, SAS Nagar,, INDIA
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7
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Manna B, Nandi A, Vats BG. Role of nanosize and defect trapping upon singlet fission yield and singlet fission dynamics of 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene nanoaggregates. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Manna B, Nandi A. Singlet fission in nanoaggregate of bis(phenylethynyl) derivative of benzene (BPEB): High energy triplet exciton generation with >100 % yield. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Zhao X, Bae YJ, Chen M, Harvey SM, Lin C, Zhou J, Schaller RD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Singlet fission in core-linked terrylenediimide dimers. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244306. [PMID: 33380082 DOI: 10.1063/5.0026254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Youn Jue Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michelle Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Samantha M. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Chenjian Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Richard D. Schaller
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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10
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Alipour M, Safari Z. Singlet fission relevant energetics from optimally tuned range-separated hybrids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27060-27076. [PMID: 33215617 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a promising idea to design high-efficiency organic photovoltaics, singlet fission (SF) mechanism, i.e., generating two triplet excitons out of a single photon absorption, has recently come into the spotlight. Even though much effort has been devoted to this arena, accurately accounting for the SF process from the theoretical perspective has proven to be challenging. Herein, the SF energetics have thoroughly been investigated with the help of optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functionals (OT-RSHs) in both gas and solvent phases. Taking a series of experimentally known SF chromophores as working models, we have proposed and validated several variants of OT-RSH approximations for the reliable prediction of the energy levels which match the crucial criteria for the SF process, namely, the negative singlet-triplet and triplet-triplet energy gaps. We scrutinize the role of the OT-RSH ingredients, i.e., the underlying density functional approximations, short- and long-range exact-like exchange, as well as the range-separation parameter, for our purpose. The newly designed OT-RSHs outperform the standard RSHs and other related schemes such as screened-exchange approximations as well as other density functionals from different rungs for describing the SF energetics. More importantly, it is unveiled that although the OT-RSH coupled with the polarizable continuum model, OT-RSH-PCM, as well as the screened versions, OT-SRSHs, which account for the screening effect by the electron correlation through the scalar dielectric constant have some advantages over gas-phase computations using OT-RSHs, the energetics criteria of the SF process may not necessarily be satisfied. This in turn corroborates the idea of performing both the optimal tuning procedure and subsequent computations of the SF relevant energetics using OT-RSHs as a more reliable and affordable framework, at least for the present purpose. The applicability of the proposed models is also put into broader perspective, where they are used for the computational design of several chromophores as promising candidates prone to utilization in the SF-based materials. Hopefully, our recommended OT-RSHs can function as efficient models for both the theoretical modeling of SF chromophores and confirming the experimental observations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Alipour
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran.
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11
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Carlotti B, Madu IK, Kim H, Cai Z, Jiang H, Muthike AK, Yu L, Zimmerman PM, Goodson T. Activating intramolecular singlet exciton fission by altering π-bridge flexibility in perylene diimide trimers for organic solar cells. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8757-8770. [PMID: 34123128 PMCID: PMC8163386 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03271a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, two analogous perylene diimide (PDI) trimers, whose structures show rotatable single bond π-bridge connection (twisted) vs. rigid/fused π-bridge connection (planar), were synthesized and investigated. We show via time resolved spectroscopic measurements how the π-bridge connections in A-π-D-π-A-π-D-π-A multichromophoric PDI systems strongly affect the triplet yield and triplet formation rate. In the planar compound, with stronger intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character, triplet formation occurs via conventional intersystem crossing. However, clear evidence of efficient and fast intramolecular singlet exciton fission (iSEF) is observed in the twisted trimer compound with weaker ICT character. Multiexciton triplet generation and separation occur in the twisted (flexible-bridged) PDI trimer, where weak coupling among the units is observed as a result of the degenerate double triplet and quintet states, obtained by quantum chemical calculations. The high triplet yield and fast iSEF observed in the twisted compound are due not only to enthalpic viability but also to the significant entropic gain allowed by its trimeric structure. Our results represent a significant step forward in structure-property understanding, and may direct the design of new efficient iSEF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia via Elce di Sotto n.8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Ifeanyi K Madu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago 929 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Angelar K Muthike
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Luping Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago 929 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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12
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Singlet Fission in Self-assembled Amphipathic Tetracene Nanoparticles: Probing the Role of Charge-transfer State. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Wang L, Bai S, Wu Y, Liu Y, Yao J, Fu H. Revealing the Nature of Singlet Fission under the Veil of Internal Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic DevicesDepartment of ChemistryCapital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 P. R. China
| | - Shuming Bai
- Department of ChemistryDuke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Yishi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic DevicesDepartment of ChemistryCapital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic DevicesDepartment of ChemistryCapital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic DevicesDepartment of ChemistryCapital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular PlusSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic DevicesDepartment of ChemistryCapital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular PlusSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
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14
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Wang L, Bai S, Wu Y, Liu Y, Yao J, Fu H. Revealing the Nature of Singlet Fission under the Veil of Internal Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:2003-2007. [PMID: 31729139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) holds the potential to boost the maximum power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Internal conversion (IC) has been considered as one of the major competitive deactivation pathways to transform excitation energy into heat. Now, using time-resolved spectroscopy and theoretical calculation, it is demonstrated that, instead of a conventional IC pathway, an unexpected intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) process is responsible for excited state deactivation in isoindigo derivatives. The 1 TT state could form at ultrafast rate and nearly quantitatively in solution. In solid films, the slipped stacked intermolecular packing of a thiophene-functionalized derivative leads to efficient triplet pair separation, giving rise to an overall triplet yield of 181 %. This work not only enriches the pool of iSF-capable materials, but also contributes to a better understanding of the iSF mechanism, which could be relevant for designing new SF sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Shuming Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Yishi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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15
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Wang Z, Zhang C, Wang R, Wang G, Wang X, Xiao M. Weakly coupled triplet pair states probed by quantum beating in delayed fluorescence in tetracene crystals. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:134309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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16
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Japahuge A, Lee S, Choi CH, Zeng T. Design of singlet fission chromophores with cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene building blocks. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:234306. [PMID: 31228896 DOI: 10.1063/1.5099062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We use MRSF-TDDFT and NEVPT2 methods to design singlet fission chromophores with the building blocks of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs). CAAC dimers with C2, C4, and p-phenylene spacers are considered. The substitutions with trifluoromethyls and fluorine atoms at the α C position are investigated. The electronegative substituents enhance the π accepting capability of the α C while maintaining it as a quaternary C atom. The phenylene-connected dimers with the two substitutions are identified as promising candidates for singlet fission chromophores. The cylindrically symmetric C2 and C4 spacers allow for substantial structural reorganizations in the S0-to-S1 and S0-to-T1 excitations. Although the two substituted dimers with the C4 spacer satisfy (or very close to satisfy) the primary thermodynamics criterion for singlet fission, the significant structural reorganizations result in high barriers so that the fission is kinetically unfavorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achini Japahuge
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
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17
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Mandal A, Chen M, Foszcz ED, Schultz JD, Kearns NM, Young RM, Zanni MT, Wasielewski MR. Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy Reveals Excitation Energy-Dependent State Mixing during Singlet Fission in a Terrylenediimide Dimer. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17907-17914. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michelle Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Eileen D. Foszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Kearns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Martin T. Zanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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18
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Pensack RD, Tilley AJ, Grieco C, Purdum GE, Ostroumov EE, Granger DB, Oblinsky DG, Dean JC, Doucette GS, Asbury JB, Loo YL, Seferos DS, Anthony JE, Scholes GD. Striking the right balance of intermolecular coupling for high-efficiency singlet fission. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6240-6259. [PMID: 30090312 PMCID: PMC6062843 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00293b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Singlet fission is a process that splits collective excitations, or excitons, into two with unity efficiency. This exciton splitting process, unique to molecular photophysics, has the potential to considerably improve the efficiency of optoelectronic devices through more efficient light harvesting. While the first step of singlet fission has been characterized in great detail, subsequent steps critical to achieving overall highly-efficient singlet-to-triplet conversion are only just beginning to become well understood. One of the most elementary suggestions, which has yet to be tested, is that an appropriately balanced coupling is necessary to ensure overall highly efficient singlet fission; that is, the coupling needs to be strong enough so that the first step is fast and efficient, yet weak enough to ensure the independent behavior of the resultant triplets. In this work, we show how high overall singlet-to-triplet conversion efficiencies can be achieved in singlet fission by ensuring that the triplets comprising the triplet pair behave as independently as possible. We show that side chain sterics govern local packing in amorphous pentacene derivative nanoparticles, and that this in turn controls both the rate at which triplet pairs form and the rate at which they decay. We show how compact side chains and stronger couplings promote a triplet pair that effectively couples to the ground state, whereas bulkier side chains promote a triplet pair that appears more like two independent and long-lived triplet excitations. Our results show that the triplet pair is not emissive, that its decay is best viewed as internal conversion rather than triplet-triplet annihilation, and perhaps most critically that, in contrast to a number of recent suggestions, the triplets comprising the initially formed triplet pair cannot be considered independently. This work represents a significant step toward better understanding intermediates in singlet fission, and how molecular packing and couplings govern overall triplet yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pensack
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA .
| | - Andrew J Tilley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Christopher Grieco
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , USA
| | - Geoffrey E Purdum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | - Evgeny E Ostroumov
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA .
| | - Devin B Granger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , USA .
| | - Daniel G Oblinsky
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA .
| | - Jacob C Dean
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA .
| | - Grayson S Doucette
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , USA
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , USA
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , USA .
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA .
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19
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Chen M, Bae YJ, Mauck CM, Mandal A, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Singlet Fission in Covalent Terrylenediimide Dimers: Probing the Nature of the Multiexciton State Using Femtosecond Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9184-9192. [PMID: 29949371 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a spin-allowed process that involves absorption of a photon by two electronically interacting chromophores to produce a singlet exciton state, 1(S1S0), followed by rapid formation of two triplet excitons if the singlet exciton energy is about twice that of the triplet exciton. The initial formation of the multiexciton correlated triplet pair state, 1(T1T1), is thought to involve the agency of charge transfer (CT) states. The dynamics of these electronic states were studied in a covalent slip-stacked terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide) (TDI) dimer in which the conformation of two TDI molecules is determined by a xanthene spacer (XanTDI2). Femtosecond mid-infrared (fsIR) spectroscopy shows that the multiexciton 1(T1T1) state has absorptions characteristic of the T1 state in the carbonyl stretch region of the IR spectrum, in addition to IR absorptions specific to the CT state in the C═C stretch region. The simultaneous presence of CT and triplet state features in both high dielectric constant CH2Cl2 and low dielectric constant 1,4-dioxane throughout the multiexciton state lifetime suggests that this state has both CT and triplet character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Youn Jue Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Catherine M Mauck
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Aritra Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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20
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Zeng T, Mellerup SK, Yang D, Wang X, Wang S, Stamplecoskie K. Identifying (BN) 2-pyrenes as a New Class of Singlet Fission Chromophores: Significance of Azaborine Substitution. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2919-2927. [PMID: 29763325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission converts one photoexcited singlet state to two triplet excited states and raises photoelectric conversion efficiency in photovoltaic devices. However, only a handful of chromophores have been known to undergo this process, which greatly limits the application of singlet fission in photovoltaics. We hereby identify a recently synthesized diazadiborine-pyrene ((BN)2-pyrene) as a singlet fission chromophore. Theoretical calculations indicate that it satisfies the thermodynamics criteria for singlet fission. More importantly, the calculations provide a physical chemistry insight into how the BN substitution makes this happen. Both calculation and transient absorption spectroscopy experiments indicate that the chromophore has a better absorption than pentacene. The convenient synthesis pathway of the (BN)2-pyrene suggests an in situ chromophore generation in photovoltaic devices. Two more (BN)2-pyrene isomers are proposed as singlet fission chromophores. This study sets a step forward in the cross-link of singlet fission and azaborine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1S5B6 , Canada
| | - Soren K Mellerup
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L3N6 , Canada
| | - Dengtao Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L3N6 , Canada
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L3N6 , Canada
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L3N6 , Canada
| | - Kevin Stamplecoskie
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L3N6 , Canada
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21
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Zhong C, Sangwan VK, Wang C, Bergeron H, Hersam MC, Weiss EA. Mechanisms of Ultrafast Charge Separation in a PTB7/Monolayer MoS 2 van der Waals Heterojunction. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2484-2491. [PMID: 29688016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterojunctions comprising polymer and two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have many characteristics of an ideal charge separation interface for optoelectronic and photonic applications. However, the photoelectron dynamics at polymer-2D semiconductor heterojunction interfaces are currently not sufficiently understood to guide the optimization of devices for these applications. This Letter reports a systematic exploration of the time-dependent photophysical processes that occur upon photoexcitation of a type-II heterojunction between the polymer PTB7 and monolayer MoS2. In particular, photoinduced electron transfer from PTB7 to electronically hot states of MoS2 occurs in less than 250 fs. This process is followed by a 1-5 ps exciton diffusion-limited electron transfer from PTB7 to MoS2 and a sub-3 ps photoinduced hole transfer from MoS2 to PTB7. The equilibrium between excitons and polaron pairs in PTB7 determines the charge separation yield, whereas the 3-4 ns lifetime of photogenerated carriers is probably limited by MoS2 defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmei Zhong
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Hadallia Bergeron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3108 , United States
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22
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Michinobu T, Diederich F. The [2+2] Cycloaddition-Retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) Click Reaction: Facile Access to Molecular and Polymeric Push-Pull Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3552-3577. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 1 52-8552 Japan
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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23
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Michinobu T, Diederich F. Die [2+2]-Cycloadditions-Retroelektrocyclisierungs(CA-RE)-Klick-Reaktion: ein einfacher Zugang zu molekularen und polymeren Push-pull-Chromophoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH-Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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24
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Grieco C, Kennehan ER, Rimshaw A, Payne MM, Anthony JE, Asbury JB. Harnessing Molecular Vibrations to Probe Triplet Dynamics During Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5700-5706. [PMID: 29112418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy in the mid-infrared spectral range provides the opportunity to probe the dynamics of electronic states involved in all stages of the singlet fission reaction through their unique vibrational frequencies. This capability is demonstrated using a model singlet fission chromophore, 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-Pn). The alkyne groups of the TIPS side chains are coupled to the conjugated framework of the pentacene cores, enabling direct examination of the dynamics of triplet excitons that have successfully separated from correlated triplet pair states in crystalline films of TIPS-Pn. Relaxation processes during the separation of triplet excitons and triplet-triplet annihilation after their separation result in the formation of hot ground state molecules that also exhibit unique vibrational frequencies. Because all organic molecules possess native vibrational modes, ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy offers a new approach to examine the dynamics of electronic intermediates that may inform ongoing efforts to utilize singlet fission to overcome thermalization losses in photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grieco
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Eric R Kennehan
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Adam Rimshaw
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Marcia M Payne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
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25
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Wang L, Wu Y, Chen J, Wang L, Liu Y, Yu Z, Yao J, Fu H. Absence of Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Pentacene-Perylenediimide Heterodimers: The Role of Charge Transfer State. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5609-5615. [PMID: 29087714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new class of donor-acceptor heterodimers based on two singlet fission (SF)-active chromophores, i.e., pentacene (Pc) and perylenediimide (PDI), was developed to investigate the role of charge transfer (CT) state on the excitonic dynamics. The CT state is efficiently generated upon photoexcitation. However, the resulting CT state decays to different energy states depending on the energy levels of the CT state. It undergoes extremely rapid deactivation to the ground state in polar CH2Cl2, whereas it undergoes transformation to a Pc triplet in nonpolar toluene. The efficient triplet generation in toluene is not due to SF but CT-mediated intersystem crossing. In light of the energy landscape, it is suggested that the deep energy level of the CT state relative to that of the triplet pair state makes the CT state actually serve as a trap state that cannot undergoes an intramolecular singlet fission process. These results provide guidance for the design of SF materials and highlight the requisite for more widely applicable design principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species & Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yishi Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species & Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species & Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanfen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species & Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species & Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenyi Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species & Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species & Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecules Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species & Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
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26
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A Four-Step Synthesis of Substituted 5,11-Dicyano-6,12-diaryltetracenes with Enhanced Stability and High Fluorescence Emission. Chemistry 2017; 24:159-168. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Pun AB, Sanders SN, Kumarasamy E, Sfeir MY, Congreve DN, Campos LM. Triplet Harvesting from Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Polytetracene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701416. [PMID: 28910503 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF), a promising mechanism of multiple exciton generation, has only recently been engineered as a fast, efficient, intramolecular process (iSF). The challenge now lies in designing and optimizing iSF materials that can be practically applied in high-performance optoelectronic devices. However, most of the reported iSF systems, such as those based on donor-acceptor polymers or pentacene, have low triplet energies, which limits their applications. Tetracene-based materials can overcome significant challenges, as the tetracene triplet state is practically useful, ≈1.2 eV. Here, the synthesis and excited state dynamics of a conjugated tetracene homopolymer are studied. This polymer undergoes ultrafast iSF in solution, generating high-energy triplets on a sub-picosecond time scale. Magnetic-field-dependent photocurrent measurements of polytetracene-based devices demonstrate the first example of iSF-generated triplet extraction in devices, exhibiting the potential of iSF materials for use in next-generation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Pun
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Samuel N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Elango Kumarasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Energy Frontier Research Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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28
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Tuning spin gap in anthracene and tetracene for singlet fission: An exact PPP model study in the VB basis. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang G, Yao J, Zhang D, Fu H. Intramolecular Singlet Fission in an Antiaromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Yuancheng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices; Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing 100048 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Department of Chemistry; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices; Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing 100048 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Department of Chemistry; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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30
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang G, Yao J, Zhang D, Fu H. Intramolecular Singlet Fission in an Antiaromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Yuancheng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices; Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing 100048 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Department of Chemistry; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Institution Institute of chemistry; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices; Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; Beijing 100048 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Department of Chemistry; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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31
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Carey TJ, Snyder JL, Miller EG, Sammakia T, Damrauer NH. Synthesis of Geometrically Well-Defined Covalent Acene Dimers for Mechanistic Exploration of Singlet Fission. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4866-4874. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Carey
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jamie L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ethan G. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tarek Sammakia
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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32
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Reekie TA, Sekita M, Urner LM, Bauroth S, Ruhlmann L, Gisselbrecht JP, Boudon C, Trapp N, Clark T, Guldi DM, Diederich F. Porphyrin Donor and Tunable Push-Pull Acceptor Conjugates-Experimental Investigation of Marcus Theory. Chemistry 2017; 23:6357-6369. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A. Reekie
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Michael Sekita
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Lorenz M. Urner
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Stefan Bauroth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177, C.N.R.S.; Université de Strasbourg; 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Paul Gisselbrecht
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177, C.N.R.S.; Université de Strasbourg; 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Corinne Boudon
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, Institut de Chimie-UMR 7177, C.N.R.S.; Université de Strasbourg; 4, rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Computer Chemistry Center; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg; Nägelsbachstraße 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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33
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Margulies EA, Logsdon JL, Miller CE, Ma L, Simonoff E, Young RM, Schatz GC, Wasielewski MR. Direct Observation of a Charge-Transfer State Preceding High-Yield Singlet Fission in Terrylenediimide Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 139:663-671. [PMID: 27977196 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Singlet exciton fission (SF) in organic chromophore assemblies results in the conversion of one singlet exciton (S1) into two triplet excitons (T1), provided that the overall process is exoergic, i.e., E(S1) > 2E(T1). We report on SF in thin polycrystalline films of two terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide) (TDI) derivatives 1 and 2, which crystallize into two distinct π-stacked structures. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (fsTA) reveals a charge-transfer state preceding a 190% T1 yield in films of 1, where the π-stacked TDI molecules are rotated by 23° along an axis perpendicular to their π systems. In contrast, when the TDI molecules are slip-stacked along their N-N axes in films of 2, fsTA shows excimer formation, followed by a 50% T1 yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Margulies
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jenna L Logsdon
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Claire E Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ethan Simonoff
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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34
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Grieco C, Doucette GS, Pensack RD, Payne MM, Rimshaw A, Scholes GD, Anthony JE, Asbury JB. Dynamic Exchange During Triplet Transport in Nanocrystalline TIPS-Pentacene Films. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16069-16080. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grieco
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Grayson S. Doucette
- Intercollege
Materials Science and Engineering Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ryan D. Pensack
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Marcia M. Payne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Adam Rimshaw
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - John B. Asbury
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Intercollege
Materials Science and Engineering Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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35
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Mauck CM, Hartnett PE, Margulies EA, Ma L, Miller CE, Schatz GC, Marks TJ, Wasielewski MR. Singlet Fission via an Excimer-Like Intermediate in 3,6-Bis(thiophen-2-yl)diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11749-61. [PMID: 27547986 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) in polycrystalline thin films of four 3,6-bis(thiophen-2-yl)diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP) chromophores with methyl (Me), n-hexyl (C6), triethylene glycol (TEG), and 2-ethylhexyl (EH) substituents at the 2,5-positions is found to involve an intermediate excimer-like state. The four different substituents yield four distinct intermolecular packing geometries, resulting in variable intermolecular charge transfer (CT) interactions in the solid. SF from the excimer state of Me, C6, TEG, and EH takes place in τSF = 22, 336, 195, and 1200 ps, respectively, to give triplet yields of 200%, 110%, 110%, and 70%, respectively. The transient spectra of the excimer-like state and its energetic proximity to the lowest excited singlet state in these derivatives suggests that this state may be the multiexciton (1)(T1T1) state that precedes formation of the uncorrelated triplet excitons. The excimer decay rates correlate well with the SF efficiencies and the degree of intermolecular donor-acceptor interactions resulting from π-stacking of the thiophene donor of one molecule with the DPP core acceptor in another molecule as observed in the crystal structures. Such interactions are found to also increase with the SF coupling energies, as calculated for each derivative. These structural and spectroscopic studies afford a better understanding of the electronic interactions that enhance SF in chromophores having strong intra- and intermolecular CT character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Mauck
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Patrick E Hartnett
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Eric A Margulies
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Claire E Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Margulies EA, Miller CE, Wu Y, Ma L, Schatz GC, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Enabling singlet fission by controlling intramolecular charge transfer in π-stacked covalent terrylenediimide dimers. Nat Chem 2016; 8:1120-1125. [PMID: 27874873 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
When an assembly of two or more molecules absorbs a photon to form a singlet exciton, and the energetics and intermolecular interactions are favourable, the singlet exciton can rapidly and spontaneously produce two triplet excitons by singlet fission. To understand this process is important because it may prove to be technologically significant for enhancing solar-cell performance. Theory strongly suggests that charge-transfer states are involved in singlet fission, but their role has remained an intriguing puzzle and, up until now, no molecular system has provided clear evidence for such a state. Here we describe a terrylenediimide dimer that forms a charge-transfer state in a few picoseconds in polar solvents, and undergoes equally rapid, high-yield singlet fission in nonpolar solvents. These results show that adjusting the charge-transfer-state energy relative to those of the exciton states can serve to either inhibit or promote singlet fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Margulies
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Claire E Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Lian S, Weinberg DJ, Harris RD, Kodaimati MS, Weiss EA. Subpicosecond Photoinduced Hole Transfer from a CdS Quantum Dot to a Molecular Acceptor Bound Through an Exciton-Delocalizing Ligand. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6372-6382. [PMID: 27281685 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the enhancement of the rate of hole transfer from a photoexcited CdS quantum dot (QD), with radius R = 2.0 nm, to a molecular acceptor, phenothiazine (PTZ), by linking the donor and acceptor through a phenyldithiocarbamate (PTC) linker, which is known to lower the confinement energy of the excitonic hole. Upon adsorption of PTC, the bandgap of the QD decreases due to delocalization of the exciton, primarily the excitonic hole, into interfacial states of mixed QD/PTC character. This delocalization enables hole transfer from the QD to PTZ in <300 fs (within the instrument response of the laser system) when linked by PTC, but not when linked by a benzoate group, which has a similar length and conjugation as PTC but does not delocalize the excitonic hole. Comparison of the two systems was aided by quantification of the surface coverage of benzoate and PTC-linked PTZ by (1)H NMR. This work provides direct spectroscopic evidence of the enhancement of the rate of hole extraction from a colloidal QD through covalent linkage of a hole acceptor through an exciton-delocalizing ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - David J Weinberg
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Rachel D Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mohamad S Kodaimati
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Cook JD, Carey TJ, Damrauer NH. Solution-Phase Singlet Fission in a Structurally Well-Defined Norbornyl-Bridged Tetracene Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4473-81. [PMID: 27291516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of a norbornyl-bridged covalent tetracene (Tc) dimer BT1 and a monomer analogue Tc-e were studied in room-temperature nonpolar solvents. Notably in BT1, a Davydov-split band is observed in UV absorption, heralding interchromophore electronic interactions. Emission spectra indicate an acene-like vibronic progression mirroring the lowest-energy visible absorption. For BT1, this argues against excited-state excimer formation. Evidence of intramolecular singlet fission (SF) comes from a comparison of time-resolved emission decay signals collected for BT1 versus Tc-e in toluene. In BT1, the multiexcitonic (1)TT state is produced in 70 ns in 6% yield. A ratio of fission versus fusion rate constants provides an experimental measure of the SF reaction free energy at 52 meV in good agreement with previous calculations. The low SF yield corroborates our expectations that orbital symmetry effects on diabatic coupling for SF are important for dimers that cannot rely on more favorable thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper D Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Thomas J Carey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder Colorado 80309, United States
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Kato D, Sakai H, Tkachenko NV, Hasobe T. High-Yield Excited Triplet States in Pentacene Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Nanoparticles through Singlet Exciton Fission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kato
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Nikolai V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Tampere University of Technology; P.O. Box 541 33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
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40
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Kato D, Sakai H, Tkachenko NV, Hasobe T. High-Yield Excited Triplet States in Pentacene Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Nanoparticles through Singlet Exciton Fission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5230-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kato
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Nikolai V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Tampere University of Technology; P.O. Box 541 33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
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41
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Damrauer NH, Snyder JL. Symmetry-directed control of electronic coupling for singlet fission in covalent bis-acene dimers. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4456-4462. [PMID: 26505732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While singlet fission (SF) has developed in recent years within material settings, much less is known about its control in covalent dimers. Such platforms are of fundamental importance and may also find practical use in next-generation dye-sensitized solar cell applications or for seeding SF at interfaces following exciton transport. Here, facile theoretical tools based on Boys localization methods are used to predict diabatic coupling for SF via determination of one-electron orbital coupling matrix elements. The results expose important design rules that are rooted in point group symmetry. For Cs-symmetric dimers, pathways for SF that are mediated by virtual charge transfer excited states destructively interfere with negative impact on the magnitude of diabatic coupling for SF. When dimers have C2 symmetry, constructive interference is enabled for certain readily achievable interchromophore orientations. Three sets of dimers exploiting these ideas are explored: a bis-tetracene pair and two sets of aza-substituted tetracene dimers. Remarkable control is shown. In one aza-substituted set, symmetry has no impact on SF reaction thermodynamics but leads to a 16-fold manipulation in SF diabatic coupling. This translates to a difference of nearly 300 in kSF with the faster of the two dimers (C2) being predicted to undergo the process on a nearly ultrafast 1.5 ps time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jamie L Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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