1
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Souto-Trinei FA, Brea RJ, Devaraj NK. Biomimetic construction of phospholipid membranes by direct aminolysis ligations. Interface Focus 2023; 13:20230019. [PMID: 37577004 PMCID: PMC10415742 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Construction of artificial cells requires the development of straightforward methods for mimicking natural phospholipid membrane formation. Here we describe the use of direct aminolysis ligations to spontaneously generate biomimetic phospholipid membranes from water-soluble starting materials. Additionally, we explore the suitability of such biomimetic approaches for driving the in situ formation of native phospholipid membranes. Our studies suggest that non-enzymatic ligation reactions could have been important for the synthesis of phospholipid-like membranes during the origin of life, and might be harnessed as simplified methods to enable the generation of lipid compartments in artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica A. Souto-Trinei
- Biomimetic Membrane Chemistry (BioMemChem) Group, CICA—Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Rúa As Carballeiras, 15701 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Roberto J. Brea
- Biomimetic Membrane Chemistry (BioMemChem) Group, CICA—Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Rúa As Carballeiras, 15701 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Neal K. Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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2
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Bailoni E, Partipilo M, Coenradij J, Grundel DAJ, Slotboom DJ, Poolman B. Minimal Out-of-Equilibrium Metabolism for Synthetic Cells: A Membrane Perspective. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:922-946. [PMID: 37027340 PMCID: PMC10127287 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Life-like systems need to maintain a basal metabolism, which includes importing a variety of building blocks required for macromolecule synthesis, exporting dead-end products, and recycling cofactors and metabolic intermediates, while maintaining steady internal physical and chemical conditions (physicochemical homeostasis). A compartment, such as a unilamellar vesicle, functionalized with membrane-embedded transport proteins and metabolic enzymes encapsulated in the lumen meets these requirements. Here, we identify four modules designed for a minimal metabolism in a synthetic cell with a lipid bilayer boundary: energy provision and conversion, physicochemical homeostasis, metabolite transport, and membrane expansion. We review design strategies that can be used to fulfill these functions with a focus on the lipid and membrane protein composition of a cell. We compare our bottom-up design with the equivalent essential modules of JCVI-syn3a, a top-down genome-minimized living cell with a size comparable to that of large unilamellar vesicles. Finally, we discuss the bottlenecks related to the insertion of a complex mixture of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers and provide a semiquantitative estimate of the relative surface area and lipid-to-protein mass ratios (i.e., the minimal number of membrane proteins) that are required for the construction of a synthetic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bailoni
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Partipilo
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Coenradij
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe A. J. Grundel
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Slotboom
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Poolman
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Jiang W, Wu Z, Gao Z, Wan M, Zhou M, Mao C, Shen J. Artificial Cells: Past, Present and Future. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15705-15733. [PMID: 36226996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cells are constructed to imitate natural cells and allow researchers to explore biological process and the origin of life. The construction methods for artificial cells, through both top-down or bottom-up approaches, have achieved great progress over the past decades. Here we present a comprehensive overview on the development of artificial cells and their properties and applications. Artificial cells are derived from lipids, polymers, lipid/polymer hybrids, natural cell membranes, colloidosome, metal-organic frameworks and coacervates. They can be endowed with various functions through the incorporation of proteins and genes on the cell surface or encapsulated inside of the cells. These modulations determine the properties of artificial cells, including producing energy, cell growth, morphology change, division, transmembrane transport, environmental response, motility and chemotaxis. Multiple applications of these artificial cells are discussed here with a focus on therapeutic applications. Artificial cells are used as carriers for materials and information exchange and have been shown to function as targeted delivery systems of personalized drugs. Additionally, artificial cells can function to substitute for cells with impaired function. Enzyme therapy and immunotherapy using artificial cells have been an intense focus of research. Finally, prospects of future development of cell-mimic properties and broader applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zheng Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Zhao F, Zhu Z, Xie L, Luo F, Wang H, Qiu Y, Luo W, Zhou F, Xue D, Zhang Z, Hua T, Wu D, Liu Z, Le Z, Tao H. Two‐Dimensional Detergent Expansion Strategy for Membrane Protein Studies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201388. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Zhihao Zhu
- College of Chemistry Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330031 China
| | - Linshan Xie
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Feng Luo
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Huixia Wang
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Yanli Qiu
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Weiling Luo
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Fang Zhou
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Dongxiang Xue
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Tian Hua
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Dong Wu
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Zhi‐Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- School of Life Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Zhiping Le
- College of Chemistry Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330031 China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
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5
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Zhang M, Zhang Y, Mu W, Dong M, Han X. In Situ Synthesis of Lipid Analogues Leading to Artificial Cell Growth and Division. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Zhang
- Harbin Institute of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Heilongjiang Institute of Technology College of Materials and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Wei Mu
- Harbin Institute of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Aarhus Universitet Interdisciplinary Nanosci Ctr iNANO DENMARK
| | - Xiaojun Han
- Harbin Institute of Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Technology No.92, West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China 150001 harbin CHINA
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6
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Abstract
Lipid membranes in cells are fluid structures that undergo constant synthesis, remodeling, fission, and fusion. The dynamic nature of lipid membranes enables their use as adaptive compartments, making them indispensable for all life on Earth. Efforts to create life-like artificial cells will likely involve mimicking the structure and function of lipid membranes to recapitulate fundamental cellular processes such as growth and division. As such, there is considerable interest in chemistry that mimics the functional properties of membranes, with the express intent of recapitulating biological phenomena. We suggest expanding the definition of membrane mimetic chemistry to capture these efforts. In this Perspective, we discuss how membrane mimetic chemistry serves the development of artificial cells. By leveraging recent advances in chemical biology and systems chemistry, we have an opportunity to use simplified chemical and biochemical systems to mimic the remarkable properties of living membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Vance
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, California 92093, United States
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7
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Khanal S, Brea RJ, Burkart MD, Devaraj NK. Chemoenzymatic Generation of Phospholipid Membranes Mediated by Type I Fatty Acid Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8533-8537. [PMID: 33978402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The de novo formation of lipid membranes from minimal reactive precursors is a major goal in synthetic cell research. In nature, the synthesis of membrane phospholipids is orchestrated by numerous enzymes, including fatty acid synthases and membrane-bound acyltransferases. However, these enzymatic pathways are difficult to fully reproduce in vitro. As such, the reconstitution of phospholipid membrane synthesis from simple metabolic building blocks remains a challenge. Here, we describe a chemoenzymatic strategy for lipid membrane generation that utilizes a soluble bacterial fatty acid synthase (cgFAS I) to synthesize palmitoyl-CoA in situ from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. The fatty acid derivative spontaneously reacts with a cysteine-modified lysophospholipid by native chemical ligation (NCL), affording a noncanonical amidophospholipid that self-assembles into micron-sized membrane-bound vesicles. To our knowledge, this is the first example of reconstituting phospholipid membrane formation directly from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. Our results demonstrate that combining the specificity and efficiency of a type I fatty acid synthase with a highly selective bioconjugation reaction provides a biomimetic route for the de novo formation of membrane-bound vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Khanal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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8
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Ding Y, Shiota T, Le Brun AP, Dunstan RA, Wang B, Hsu HY, Lithgow T, Shen HH. Characterization of BamA reconstituted into a solid-supported lipid bilayer as a platform for measuring dynamics during substrate protein assembly into the membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Ai Y, Xie R, Xiong J, Liang Q. Microfluidics for Biosynthesizing: from Droplets and Vesicles to Artificial Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903940. [PMID: 31603270 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of artificial biomimetic materials has attracted abundant attention. As one of the subcategories of biomimetic materials, artificial cells are highly significant for multiple disciplines and their synthesis has been intensively pursued. In order to manufacture robust "alive" artificial cells with high throughput, easy operation, and precise control, flexible microfluidic techniques are widely utilized. Herein, recent advances in microfluidic-based methods for the synthesis of droplets, vesicles, and artificial cells are summarized. First, the advances of droplet fabrication and manipulation on the T-junction, flow-focusing, and coflowing microfluidic devices are discussed. Then, the formation of unicompartmental and multicompartmental vesicles based on microfluidics are summarized. Furthermore, the engineering of droplet-based and vesicle-based artificial cells by microfluidics is also reviewed. Moreover, the artificial cells applied for imitating cell behavior and acting as bioreactors for synthetic biology are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future trends in microfluidic-based artificial cells are discussed. This review should be helpful for researchers in the fields of microfluidics, biomaterial fabrication, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Ai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ruoxiao Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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10
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Continuous expansion of a synthetic minimal cellular membrane. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:543-549. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20190020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A critical aspect of a synthetic minimal cell is expansion of the surrounding boundary layer. This layer should consist of phospholipids (mimics) as these molecules assemble into a bilayer, creating a functional barrier with specific phospholipid species that are essential for membrane related processes. As a first step towards synthetic cells, an in vitro phospholipid biosynthesis pathway has been constructed that utilizes fatty acids as precursors to produce a wide variety of phospholipid species, thereby driving membrane growth. This now needs to be developed further into a sustainable expanding system, meanwhile keeping simplicity in mind. The non-enzymatic synthesis of phospholipid-like molecules forms a realistic alternative for natural enzymatic-based pathways, that nowadays can even support functional membrane proteins. Eventually, coupling to in vitro transcription/translation is required, for which efficient mechanisms of insertion and folding of the involved membrane proteins need to be developed. Such an integrated system will form a suitable foundation of a synthetic minimal cell that eventually can be coupled to other cellular processes such as division.
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11
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Royes J, Ilioaia O, Lubart Q, Angius F, Dubacheva GV, Bally M, Miroux B, Tribet C. Bacteria‐Based Production of Thiol‐Clickable, Genetically Encoded Lipid Nanovesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Royes
- PASTEURDépartement de ChimieÉcole Normale SuperiéurePSL UniversitySorbonne UniversitéCNRS 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- UMR7099Institut de Biologie Physico-ChimiqueCNRSUniv. Paris DiderotSorbonne Université 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Oana Ilioaia
- UMR7099Institut de Biologie Physico-ChimiqueCNRSUniv. Paris DiderotSorbonne Université 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Quentin Lubart
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Federica Angius
- UMR7099Institut de Biologie Physico-ChimiqueCNRSUniv. Paris DiderotSorbonne Université 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
- Present Address: Department of MicrobiologyInstitute for Water and Wetland Research Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Galina V. Dubacheva
- PPSMCNRSÉcole Normale Supérieure Paris-SaclayUniversité Paris-Saclay 61 Avenue du Président Wilson 94235 Cachan France
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Bruno Miroux
- UMR7099Institut de Biologie Physico-ChimiqueCNRSUniv. Paris DiderotSorbonne Université 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Christophe Tribet
- PASTEURDépartement de ChimieÉcole Normale SuperiéurePSL UniversitySorbonne UniversitéCNRS 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
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12
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Agouridas V, El Mahdi O, Diemer V, Cargoët M, Monbaliu JCM, Melnyk O. Native Chemical Ligation and Extended Methods: Mechanisms, Catalysis, Scope, and Limitations. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7328-7443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vangelis Agouridas
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ouafâa El Mahdi
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Taza, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP 1223 Taza Gare, Morocco
| | - Vincent Diemer
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marine Cargoët
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Building B6a, Room 3/16a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Oleg Melnyk
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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13
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Royes J, Ilioaia O, Lubart Q, Angius F, Dubacheva GV, Bally M, Miroux B, Tribet C. Bacteria-Based Production of Thiol-Clickable, Genetically Encoded Lipid Nanovesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7395-7399. [PMID: 30934157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing research efforts on the preparation of (bio)functional liposomes, synthetic capsules cannot reach the densities of protein loading and the control over peptide display that is achieved by natural vesicles. Herein, a microbial platform for high-yield production of lipidic nanovesicles with clickable thiol moieties in their outer corona is reported. These nanovesicles show low size dispersity, are decorated with a dense, perfectly oriented, and customizable corona of transmembrane polypeptides. Furthermore, this approach enables encapsulation of soluble proteins into the nanovesicles. Due to the mild preparation and loading conditions (absence of organic solvents, pH gradients, or detergents) and their straightforward surface functionalization, which takes advantage of the diversity of commercially available maleimide derivatives, bacteria-based proteoliposomes are an attractive eco-friendly alternative that can outperform currently used liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Royes
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Superiéure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France.,UMR7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Université, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Oana Ilioaia
- UMR7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Université, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Lubart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Federica Angius
- UMR7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Université, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France.,Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Galina V Dubacheva
- PPSM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235, Cachan, France
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruno Miroux
- UMR7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Université, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Tribet
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Superiéure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
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14
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Exterkate M, Driessen AJM. Synthetic Minimal Cell: Self-Reproduction of the Boundary Layer. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5293-5303. [PMID: 30949617 PMCID: PMC6443216 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A critical aspect in the bottom-up construction of a synthetic minimal cell is to develop an entity that is capable of self-reproduction. A key role in this process is the expansion and division of the boundary layer that surrounds the compartment, a process in which content loss has to be avoided and the barrier function maintained. Here, we describe the latest developments regarding self-reproduction of a boundary layer with a focus on the growth and division of phospholipid-based membranes in the context of a synthetic minimal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Exterkate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology,
Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology,
Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Bhattacharya A, Brea RJ, Niederholtmeyer H, Devaraj NK. A minimal biochemical route towards de novo formation of synthetic phospholipid membranes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:300. [PMID: 30655537 PMCID: PMC6336818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All living cells consist of membrane compartments, which are mainly composed of phospholipids. Phospholipid synthesis is catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes, which themselves require pre-existing membranes for function. Thus, the principle of membrane continuity creates a paradox when considering how the first biochemical membrane-synthesis machinery arose and has hampered efforts to develop simplified pathways for membrane generation in synthetic cells. Here, we develop a high-yielding strategy for de novo formation and growth of phospholipid membranes by repurposing a soluble enzyme FadD10 to form fatty acyl adenylates that react with amine-functionalized lysolipids to form phospholipids. Continuous supply of fresh precursors needed for lipid synthesis enables the growth of vesicles encapsulating FadD10. Using a minimal transcription/translation system, phospholipid vesicles are generated de novo in the presence of DNA encoding FadD10. Our findings suggest that alternate chemistries can produce and maintain synthetic phospholipid membranes and provides a strategy for generating membrane-based materials. The origin of phospholipids, the primary constituents of cell membranes, is uncertain. Here, the authors develop an in vitro system to synthesize phospholipid molecules from water-soluble single-chain amphiphilic precursors via a reaction catalysed by the mycobacterial ligase FadD10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahanjit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Henrike Niederholtmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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Brea RJ, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya R, Song JJ, Sinha SK, Devaraj NK. Highly Stable Artificial Cells from Galactopyranose-Derived Single-Chain Amphiphiles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17356-17360. [PMID: 30495932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain amphiphiles (SCAs) that self-assemble into large vesicular structures are attractive components of synthetic cells because of the simplicity of bilayer formation and increased membrane permeability. However, SCAs commonly used for vesicle formation suffer from restricted working pH ranges, instability to divalent cations, and the inhibition of biocatalysts. Construction of more robust biocompatible membranes from SCAs would have significant benefits. We describe the formation of highly stable vesicles from alkyl galactopyranose thioesters. The compatibility of these uncharged SCAs with biomolecules makes possible the encapsulation of functional enzymes and nucleic acids during the vesicle generation process, enabling membrane protein reconstitution and compartmentalized nucleic acid amplification, even when charged precursors are supplied externally.
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17
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Belardi B, Son S, Vahey MD, Wang J, Hou J, Fletcher DA. Claudin-4 reconstituted in unilamellar vesicles is sufficient to form tight interfaces that partition membrane proteins. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs.221556. [PMID: 30209136 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions have been hypothesized to act as molecular fences in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, helping to form differentiated apical and basolateral domains. While this fence function is believed to arise from the interaction of four-pass transmembrane claudins, the complexity of tight junctions has made direct evidence of their role as a putative diffusion barrier difficult to obtain. Here, we address this challenge by reconstituting claudin-4 into giant unilamellar vesicles using microfluidic jetting. We find that reconstituted claudin-4 alone can form adhesive membrane interfaces without the accessory proteins that are present in vivo By controlling the molecular composition of the inner and outer leaflets of jetted vesicle membranes, we show that claudin-4-mediated interfaces can drive partitioning of extracellular membrane proteins with ectodomains as small as 5 nm but not of inner or outer leaflet lipids. Our findings indicate that homotypic interactions of claudins and their small size can contribute to the polarization of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Belardi
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sungmin Son
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael D Vahey
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine & Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disease, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jianghui Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine & Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disease, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA .,Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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18
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Bhattacharya A, Brea RJ, Devaraj NK. De novo vesicle formation and growth: an integrative approach to artificial cells. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7912-7922. [PMID: 29619165 PMCID: PMC5858084 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of synthetic membranes provides a powerful tool to reconstruct the structure and function of living cells.
The assembly of artificial cells provides a novel strategy to reconstruct life's functions and shed light on how life emerged on Earth and possibly elsewhere. A major challenge to the development of artificial cells is the establishment of simple methodologies to mimic native membrane generation. An ambitious strategy is the bottom-up approach, which aims to systematically control the assembly of highly ordered membrane architectures with defined functionality. This perspective will cover recent advances and the current state-of-the-art of minimal lipid architectures that can faithfully reconstruct the structure and function of living cells. Specifically, we will overview work related to the de novo formation and growth of biomimetic membranes. These studies give us a deeper understanding of the nature of living systems and bring new insights into the origin of cellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahanjit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
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19
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Abstract
Cells produce lipid membranes de novo through a complex sequence of enzymatic reactions that are difficult to reconstitute in a minimal system. We set out to take a different approach and mimic the synthesis of phospholipids using abiotic but highly selective bioconjugation reactions. Here, I outline several of our group's recent advances in exploring chemoselective reactions for stitching together lipid fragments to form membrane-forming lipids from non-membrane-forming precursors. Rapid chemical reactions can be harnessed to achieve facile de novo synthesis of lipid membranes, and spontaneous membrane formation can be applied for the reconstitution of membrane proteins, encapsulation and concentration of nanomaterials, and the study of lipid membrane remodeling. I conclude by briefly outlining future challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal K Devaraj
- University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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20
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Burke HM, McSweeney L, Scanlan EM. Exploring chemoselective S-to-N acyl transfer reactions in synthesis and chemical biology. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15655. [PMID: 28537277 PMCID: PMC5458133 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S -to-N acyl transfer is a high-yielding chemoselective process for amide bond formation. It is widely utilized by chemists for synthetic applications, including peptide and protein synthesis, chemical modification of proteins, protein-protein ligation and the development of probes and molecular machines. Recent advances in our understanding of S -to-N acyl transfer processes in biology and innovations in methodology for thioester formation and desulfurization, together with an extension of the size of cyclic transition states, have expanded the boundaries of this process well beyond peptide ligation. As the field develops, this chemistry will play a central role in our molecular understanding of Biology. The conversion of thioesters to amides via acyl transfer has become one of the most important synthetic techniques for the chemical synthesis and modification of proteins. This review discusses this S-to-N acyl transfer process, and highlights some of the key applications across chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Burke
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | | | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
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21
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A bioorthogonal nanosystem for imaging and in vivo tumor inhibition. Biomaterials 2017; 138:57-68. [PMID: 28554008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal bond-cleavage reactions have emerged as promising tools for manipulating biological processes, still the therapeutic effect of these reactions in vivo needs to be explored. Herein a bioorthogonal-activated prodrug has been developed for bioimaging and therapy, which is composed of a Pd-mediated cleavable propargyl, a coumarin fluorophore and a potent anticancer drug. In vitro investigations show that, the presence of a Pd complex induces the cleavage of propargyl and subsequently trigger the cascade of reactions, thereby activating the coumarin fluorophore for imaging and releasing the anticancer drug for therapy. Both the prodrug and Pd complex were then separately encapsulated into phospholipid liposomes to form a two-component bioorthogonal nanosystem. The lyposomal nanosystem can be readily internalized by HeLa cells and displays strong intracellular fluorescence under one- or two-photon excitation, indicating the release of the active drug in cells as a result of the Pd-mediated bioorthogonal bond-cleavage reaction. More importantly, the nanosystem shows considerable high activity and exerts efficient inhibition towards tumor growth in a mouse model. This work demonstrates that, if properly formulated, a bioorthogonal system can perform well in vivo. This strategy may offer a new approach for designing bioorthogonal prodrugs with imaging and therapeutic capability.
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Brea RJ, Cole CM, Lyda BR, Ye L, Prosser RS, Sunahara RK, Devaraj NK. In Situ Reconstitution of the Adenosine A 2A Receptor in Spontaneously Formed Synthetic Liposomes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3607-3610. [PMID: 28263576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell transmembrane receptors play a key role in the detection of environmental stimuli and control of intracellular communication. G protein-coupled receptors constitute the largest transmembrane protein family involved in cell signaling. However, current methods for their functional reconstitution in biomimetic membranes remain both challenging and limited in scope. Herein, we describe the spontaneous reconstitution of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) during the de novo formation of synthetic liposomes via native chemical ligation. The approach takes advantage of a nonenzymatic and chemoselective method to rapidly generate A2AR embedded phospholiposomes from receptor solubilized in n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside analogs. In situ lipid synthesis for protein reconstitution technology proceeds in the absence of dialysis and/or detergent absorbents, and A2AR assimilation into synthetic liposomes can be visualized by microscopy and probed by radio-ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christian M Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Brent R Lyda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Libin Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - R Scott Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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23
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Nonenzymatic biomimetic remodeling of phospholipids in synthetic liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8589-94. [PMID: 27439858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605541113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes have a vast repertoire of phospholipid species whose structures can be dynamically modified by enzymatic remodeling of acyl chains and polar head groups. Lipid remodeling plays important roles in membrane biology and dysregulation can lead to disease. Although there have been tremendous advances in creating artificial membranes to model the properties of native membranes, a major obstacle has been developing straightforward methods to mimic lipid membrane remodeling. Stable liposomes are typically kinetically trapped and are not prone to exchanging diacylphospholipids. Here, we show that reversible chemoselective reactions can be harnessed to achieve nonenzymatic spontaneous remodeling of phospholipids in synthetic membranes. Our approach relies on transthioesterification/acyl shift reactions that occur spontaneously and reversibly between tertiary amides and thioesters. We demonstrate exchange and remodeling of both lipid acyl chains and head groups. Using our synthetic model system we demonstrate the ability of spontaneous phospholipid remodeling to trigger changes in vesicle spatial organization, composition, and morphology as well as recruit proteins that can affect vesicle curvature. Membranes capable of chemically exchanging lipid fragments could be used to help further understand the specific roles of lipid structure remodeling in biological membranes.
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