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Girard E, Lopes P, Spoerner M, Dhaussy AC, Prangé T, Kalbitzer HR, Colloc'h N. High Pressure Promotes Binding of the Allosteric Inhibitor Zn 2+-Cyclen in Crystals of Activated H-Ras. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400304. [PMID: 38647362 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we experimentally investigate the potency of high pressure to drive a protein toward an excited state where an inhibitor targeted for this state can bind. Ras proteins are small GTPases cycling between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. Various states of GTP-bound Ras in active conformation coexist in solution, amongst them, state 2 which binds to effectors, and state 1, weakly populated at ambient conditions, which has a low affinity for effectors. Zn2+-cyclen is an allosteric inhibitor of Ras protein, designed to bind specifically to the state 1. In H-Ras(wt).Mg2+.GppNHp crystals soaked with Zn2+-cyclen, no binding could be observed, as expected in the state 2 conformation which is the dominant state at ambient pressure. Interestingly, Zn2+-cyclen binding is observed at 500 MPa pressure, close to the nucleotide, in Ras protein that is driven by pressure to a state 1 conformer. The unknown binding mode of Zn2+-cyclen to H-Ras can thus be fully characterized in atomic details. As a more general conjunction from our study, high pressure x-ray crystallography turns out to be a powerful method to induce transitions allowing drug binding in proteins that are in low-populated conformations at ambient conditions, enabling the design of specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Girard
- CEA, CNRS, IBS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pedro Lopes
- Institute for Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Spoerner
- Institute for Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Thierry Prangé
- CiTCoM, CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hans Robert Kalbitzer
- Institute for Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Colloc'h
- ISTCT UMR6030, Centre Cyceron, CNRS - Université de Caen Normandie - Normandie Université, Caen, France
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2
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Majrashi TA, Sabt A, Almahli H, El Hassab MA, Noamaan MA, Elkaeed EB, Hamissa MF, Maslamani AN, Shaldam MA, Eldehna WM. DFT and molecular simulation validation of the binding activity of PDEδ inhibitors for repression of oncogenic k-Ras. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300035. [PMID: 38457483 PMCID: PMC10923412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of effective drugs targeting the K-Ras oncogene product is a significant focus in anticancer drug development. Despite the lack of successful Ras signaling inhibitors, recent research has identified PDEδ, a KRAS transporter, as a potential target for inhibiting the oncogenic KRAS signaling pathway. This study aims to investigate the interactions between eight K-Ras inhibitors (deltarazine, deltaflexin 1 and 2, and its analogues) and PDEδ to understand their binding modes. The research will utilize computational techniques such as density functional theory (DFT) and molecular electrostatic surface potential (MESP), molecular docking, binding site analyses, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, electronic structure computations, and predictions of the binding free energy. Molecular dynamic simulations (MD) will be used to predict the binding conformations and pharmacophoric features in the active site of PDEδ for the examined structures. The binding free energies determined using the MMPB(GB)SA method will be compared with the observed potency values of the tested compounds. This computational approach aims to enhance understanding of the PDEδ selective mechanism, which could contribute to the development of novel selective inhibitors for K-Ras signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghreed A. Majrashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Sabt
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hadia Almahli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud A. El Hassab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, King Salman International University (KSIU), South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Noamaan
- Faculty of Science, Mathematics Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Farouk Hamissa
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Moataz A. Shaldam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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3
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Martinsen E, Jinnurine T, Subramani S, Rogne M. Advances in RNA therapeutics for modulation of 'undruggable' targets. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 204:249-294. [PMID: 38458740 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, drug discovery utilizing small pharmacological compounds, fragment-based therapeutics, and antibody therapy have significantly advanced treatment options for many human diseases. However, a major bottleneck has been that>70% of human proteins/genomic regions are 'undruggable' by the above-mentioned approaches. Many of these proteins constitute essential drug targets against complex multifactorial diseases like cancer, immunological disorders, and neurological diseases. Therefore, alternative approaches are required to target these proteins or genomic regions in human cells. RNA therapeutics is a promising approach for many of the traditionally 'undruggable' targets by utilizing methods such as antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing, aptamers, and the development of mRNA therapeutics. In the following chapter, we will put emphasis on recent advancements utilizing these approaches against challenging drug targets, such as intranuclear proteins, intrinsically disordered proteins, untranslated genomic regions, and targets expressed in inaccessible tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saranya Subramani
- Pioneer Research AS, Oslo Science Park, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Rogne
- Pioneer Research AS, Oslo Science Park, Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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4
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Liashkovich I, Stefanello ST, Vidyadharan R, Haufe G, Erofeev A, Gorelkin PV, Kolmogorov V, Mizdal CR, Dulebo A, Bulk E, Kouzel IU, Shahin V. Pitstop-2 and its novel derivative RVD-127 disrupt global cell dynamics and nuclear pores integrity by direct interaction with small GTPases. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10425. [PMID: 37476059 PMCID: PMC10354767 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is an essential cell physiological process of broad biomedical relevance. Since the recent introduction of Pitstop-2 as a potent CME inhibitor, we and others have reported on substantial clathrin-independent inhibitory effects. Herein, we developed and experimentally validated a novel fluorescent derivative of Pitstop-2, termed RVD-127, to clarify Pitstop-2 diverse effects. Using RVD-127, we were able to trace additional protein targets of Pitstop-2. Besides inhibiting CME, Pitstop-2 and RVD-127 proved to directly and reversibly bind to at least two members of the small GTPase superfamily Ran and Rac1 with particularly high efficacy. Binding locks the GTPases in a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-like conformation disabling their interaction with their downstream effectors. Consequently, overall cell motility, mechanics and nucleocytoplasmic transport integrity are rapidly disrupted at inhibitor concentrations well below those required to significantly reduce CME. We conclude that Pitstop-2 is a highly potent, reversible inhibitor of small GTPases. The inhibition of these molecular switches of diverse crucial signaling pathways, including nucleocytoplasmic transport and overall cell dynamics and motility, clarifies the diversity of Pitstop-2 activities. Moreover, considering the fundamental importance and broad implications of small GTPases in physiology, pathophysiology and drug development, Pitstop-2 and RVD-127 open up novel avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Günter Haufe
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- National University of Science and Technology «MISiS»MoscowRussia
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | | | | | | | | | - Etmar Bulk
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | | | - Victor Shahin
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
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5
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Dandekar B, Ahalawat N, Sinha S, Mondal J. Markov State Models Reconcile Conformational Plasticity of GTPase with Its Substrate Binding Event. JACS AU 2023; 3:1728-1741. [PMID: 37388689 PMCID: PMC10302740 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ras GTPase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and plays an important role in controlling crucial cellular signaling pathways. However, this enzyme has always been believed to be undruggable due to its strong binding affinity with its native substrate GTP. To understand the potential origin of high GTPase/GTP recognition, here we reconstruct the complete process of GTP binding to Ras GTPase via building Markov state models (MSMs) using a 0.1 ms long all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The kinetic network model, derived from the MSM, identifies multiple pathways of GTP en route to its binding pocket. While the substrate stalls onto a set of non-native metastable GTPase/GTP encounter complexes, the MSM accurately discovers the native pose of GTP at its designated catalytic site in crystallographic precision. However, the series of events exhibit signatures of conformational plasticity in which the protein remains trapped in multiple non-native conformations even when GTP has already located itself in its native binding site. The investigation demonstrates mechanistic relays pertaining to simultaneous fluctuations of switch 1 and switch 2 residues which remain most instrumental in maneuvering the GTP-binding process. Scanning of the crystallographic database reveals close resemblance between observed non-native GTP binding poses and precedent crystal structures of substrate-bound GTPase, suggesting potential roles of these binding-competent intermediates in allosteric regulation of the recognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navjeet Ahalawat
- Department
of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, College of Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 Haryana, India
| | - Suman Sinha
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagannath Mondal
- Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
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6
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Zhang H, Ben Zablah Y, Zhang H, Liu A, Gugustea R, Lee D, Luo X, Meng Y, Li S, Zhou C, Xin T, Jia Z. Inhibition of Rac1 in ventral hippocampal excitatory neurons improves social recognition memory and synaptic plasticity. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:914491. [PMID: 35936771 PMCID: PMC9354987 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.914491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is critically involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, neuronal structure, synaptic plasticity, and memory. Rac1 overactivation is reported in human patients and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and contributes to their spatial memory deficits, but whether Rac1 dysregulation is also important in other forms of memory deficits is unknown. In addition, the cell types and synaptic mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we used local injections of AAV virus containing a dominant-negative (DN) Rac1 under the control of CaMKIIα promoter and found that the reduction of Rac1 hyperactivity in ventral hippocampal excitatory neurons improves social recognition memory in APP/PS1 mice. Expression of DN Rac1 also improves long-term potentiation, a key synaptic mechanism for memory formation. Our results suggest that overactivation of Rac1 in hippocampal excitatory neurons contributes to social memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice and that manipulating Rac1 activity may provide a potential therapeutic strategy to treat social deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, China
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Youssif Ben Zablah
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haorui Zhang
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - An Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Radu Gugustea
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dongju Lee
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao Luo
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanghong Meng
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Caoxian People’s Hospital, Caoxian, China
| | - Changxi Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Changxi Zhou,
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, China
- Tao Xin,
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Zhengping Jia,
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7
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Conroy M, Cowzer D, Kolch W, Duffy AG. Emerging RAS-directed therapies for cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 4:543-558. [PMID: 35582302 PMCID: PMC9094076 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancer, and RAS-mutant cancers represent a major burden of human disease. Though these oncogenes were discovered decades ago, recent years have seen major advances in understanding of their structure and function, including the therapeutic and prognostic significance of diverse isoforms. Targeting of these mutations has proven difficult, despite some successes with inhibition of RAS effector signalling. More recently, direct RAS inhibition has been achieved in a trial setting. While this has yet to be translated to everyday clinical practice, this development carries much promise. This review summarizes the diverse approaches that have been taken to RAS inhibition and then focuses on the most recent developments in direct inhibition of KRAS(G12C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Conroy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.,Authors contributed equally
| | - Darren Cowzer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.,Authors contributed equally
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Austin G Duffy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
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8
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Chang J, Yang R, Chen L, Fan Z, Zhou J, Guo H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou G, Zhang K, Chen K, Jiang H, Zheng M, Zhang S. Discovery of ARF1-targeting inhibitor demethylzeylasteral as a potential agent against breast cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2619-2622. [PMID: 35646528 PMCID: PMC9136604 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lifan Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zisheng Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yadan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guizhen Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 68077844.
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 68077844.
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 68077844.
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9
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Mosallaei M, Ehtesham N, Beheshtian M, Khoshbakht S, Davarnia B, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H. Phenotype and genotype spectrum of variants in guanine nucleotide exchange factor genes in a broad cohort of Iranian patients. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1894. [PMID: 35174982 PMCID: PMC9000939 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) play pivotal roles in neuronal cell functions by exchanging GDP to GTP nucleotide and activation of GTPases. We aimed to determine the genotype and phenotype spectrum of GEF mutations by collecting data from a large Iranian cohort with intellectual disability (ID) and/or developmental delay (DD). Methods We collected data from nine families with 20 patients extracted from Iranian cohort of 640 families with ID and/or DD. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify the causing variants in recruited families. We also compared our clinical and molecular findings with previously reported patients carrying mutations in these GEF genes in the literature published until mid‐2021. Results We identified disease‐causing variants in eight GEF genes including ALS2, IQSEC2, MADD, RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, TRIO, ITSN1, and DENND2A. The major clinical manifestations in 203 previously reported cases along with our 20 patients with disease causing variants in eight GEF genes were as follow; speech disorder (85.2%), ID (81.6%), DD (81.1%), inability to walk (71.3%), facial dysmorphisms features (52.4%), abnormalities in skull morphology (55.6%), hypotonia and muscle weakness (47%), and brain MRI abnormalities (43.4%). Conclusion Our study provides new insights into the genotype and phenotype spectrum of mutations in GEF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Mosallaei
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naeim Ehtesham
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Beheshtian
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrouz Khoshbakht
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Davarnia
- Department of Genetic and Pathology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Shen M, Qi R, Ren J, Lv D, Yang H. Characterization With KRAS Mutant Is a Critical Determinant in Immunotherapy and Other Multiple Therapies for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:780655. [PMID: 35070984 PMCID: PMC8766810 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.780655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a frequent type of cancer, which is mainly characterized clinically by high aggressiveness and high mortality. KRAS oncoprotein is the most common molecular protein detected in NSCLC, accounting for 25% of all oncogenic mutations. Constitutive activation of the KRAS oncoprotein triggers an intracellular cascade in cancer cells, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation of cancer cells and aberrant cell survival states. The results of multiple clinical trials have shown that different KRAS mutation subtypes exhibit different sensitivities to different chemotherapy regimens. Meanwhile, anti-angiogenic drugs have shown differential efficacy for different subtypes of KRAS mutated lung cancer. It was explored to find if the specificity of the KRAS mutation subtype would affect PD-L1 expression, so immunotherapy would be of potential clinical value for the treatment of some types of KRAS mutations. It was discovered that the specificity of the KRAS mutation affected PD-L1, which opened up immunotherapy as a potential clinical treatment option. After several breakthrough studies, the preliminary test data of many early clinical trials showed that it is possible to directly inhibit KRAS G12C mutation, which has been proved to be a targeted treatment that is suitable for about 10%-12% of patients with advanced NSCLC, having a significant impact on the prolongation of their survival and the improvement of their quality of life. This article reviews the latest progress of treatments for NSCLC with KRAS mutation, in order to gain insight into the biological diversity of lung cancer cells and their potential clinical implications, thereby enabling individualized treatment for patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongbin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Enze Hospital, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Justin Ren
- Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Dongqing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Enze Hospital, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Haihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Radiation Oncology Institute of Enze Medical Health Academy, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Enze Hospital, Affiliated Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
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11
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The Roc domain of LRRK2 as a hub for protein-protein interactions: a focus on PAK6 and its impact on RAB phosphorylation. Brain Res 2022; 1778:147781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Girard E, Lopes P, Spoerner M, Dhaussy AC, Prangé T, Kalbitzer HR, Colloc'h N. Equilibria between conformational states of the Ras oncogene protein revealed by high pressure crystallography. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2001-2010. [PMID: 35308861 PMCID: PMC8848853 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we experimentally investigate the allosteric transitions between conformational states on the Ras oncogene protein using high pressure crystallography. Ras protein is a small GTPase involved in central regulatory processes occurring in multiple conformational states. Ras acts as a molecular switch between active GTP-bound, and inactive GDP-bound states, controlling essential signal transduction pathways. An allosteric network of interactions between the effector binding regions and the membrane interacting regions is involved in Ras cycling. The conformational states which coexist simultaneously in solution possess higher Gibbs free energy than the ground state. Equilibria between these states can be shifted by applying pressure favouring conformations with lower partial molar volume, and has been previously analyzed by high-pressure NMR spectroscopy. High-pressure macromolecular crystallography (HPMX) is a powerful tool perfectly complementary to high-pressure NMR, allowing characterization at the molecular level with a high resolution the different allosteric states involved in the Ras cycling. We observe a transition above 300 MPa in the crystal leading to more stable conformers. Thus, we compare the crystallographic structures of Ras(wt)·Mg2+·GppNHp and Ras(D33K)·Mg2+·GppNHp at various high hydrostatic pressures. This gives insight into per-residue descriptions of the structural plasticity involved in allosteric equilibria between conformers. We have mapped out at atomic resolution the different segments of Ras protein which remain in the ground-state conformation or undergo structural changes, adopting excited-energy conformations corresponding to transient intermediate states. Such in crystallo phase transitions induced by pressure open the possibility to finely explore the structural determinants related to switching between Ras allosteric sub-states without any mutations nor exogenous partners. The equilibria between structural states induced by pressure within the crystal structure of Ras are illustrated with different colors corresponding to different Ras substates.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Girard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Pedro Lopes
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Spoerner
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Thierry Prangé
- CiTCoM UMR 8038, CNRS Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Hans Robert Kalbitzer
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Colloc'h
- ISTCT UMR 6030, CNRS, Université de Caen Normandie, CERVOxy Group, Centre Cyceron, Caen, France
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13
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Hatstat AK, Pupi MD, Reinhart MC, McCafferty DG. Small Molecule Improvement of Trafficking Defects in Models of Neurodegeneration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3972-3984. [PMID: 34652126 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted cellular trafficking and transport processes are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Recently, efforts have been made toward developing and implementing experimental platforms to identify small molecules that may help restore normative trafficking functions. There have been a number of successes in targeting endomembrane trafficking with the identification of compounds that restore cell viability through rescue of protein transport and trafficking. Here, we describe some of the experimental platforms implemented for small molecule screening efforts for rescue of trafficking defects in neurodegeneration. A survey of phenotypically active small molecules identified to date is provided, including a summary of medicinal chemistry efforts and insights into putative targets and mechanisms of action. In particular, emphasis is put on ligands that demonstrate activity in more than one model of neurodegeneration as retention of phenotypic activity across ND models suggests conservation of biological targets across NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Katherine Hatstat
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michael D. Pupi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michaela C. Reinhart
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Dewey G. McCafferty
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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14
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Qiu Y, Wang Y, Chai Z, Ni D, Li X, Pu J, Chen J, Zhang J, Lu S, Lv C, Ji M. Targeting RAS phosphorylation in cancer therapy: Mechanisms and modulators. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3433-3446. [PMID: 34900528 PMCID: PMC8642438 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS, a member of the small GTPase family, functions as a binary switch by shifting between inactive GDP-loaded and active GTP-loaded state. RAS gain-of-function mutations are one of the leading causes in human oncogenesis, accounting for ∼19% of the global cancer burden. As a well-recognized target in malignancy, RAS has been intensively studied in the past decades. Despite the sustained efforts, many failures occurred in the earlier exploration and resulted in an ‘undruggable’ feature of RAS proteins. Phosphorylation at several residues has been recently determined as regulators for wild-type and mutated RAS proteins. Therefore, the development of RAS inhibitors directly targeting the RAS mutants or towards upstream regulatory kinases supplies a novel direction for tackling the anti-RAS difficulties. A better understanding of RAS phosphorylation can contribute to future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the current advances in RAS phosphorylation and provided mechanistic insights into the signaling transduction of associated pathways. Importantly, the preclinical and clinical success in developing anti-RAS drugs targeting the upstream kinases and potential directions of harnessing allostery to target RAS phosphorylation sites were also discussed.
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Key Words
- ABL, Abelson
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- Allostery
- CK1, casein kinase 1
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GAPs, GTPase-activating proteins
- GEFs, guanine nucleotide exchange-factors
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- HVR, hypervariable region
- IP3R, inositol trisphosphate receptors
- LRP6, lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 6
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PPIs, protein−protein interactions
- Phosphorylation
- Protein kinases
- RAS
- RIN1, RAB-interacting protein 1
- SHP2, SRC homology 2 domain containing phosphatase 2
- SOS, Son of Sevenless
- STK19, serine/threonine-protein kinase 19
- TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- Undruggable
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Qiu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zongtao Chai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Duan Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Chuan Lv
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Mingfei Ji
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Corresponding authors.
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15
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López CA, Agarwal A, Van QN, Stephen AG, Gnanakaran S. Unveiling the Dynamics of KRAS4b on Lipid Model Membranes. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:201-216. [PMID: 33825026 PMCID: PMC8052243 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPase proteins are ubiquitous and responsible for regulating several processes related to cell growth and differentiation. Mutations that stabilize their active state can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer. Although these proteins are well characterized at the cellular scale, the molecular mechanisms governing their functions are still poorly understood. In addition, there is limited information about the regulatory function of the cell membrane which supports their activity. Thus, we have studied the dynamics and conformations of the farnesylated KRAS4b in various membrane model systems, ranging from binary fluid mixtures to heterogeneous raft mimics. Our approach combines long time-scale coarse-grained (CG) simulations and Markov state models to dissect the membrane-supported dynamics of KRAS4b. Our simulations reveal that protein dynamics is mainly modulated by the presence of anionic lipids and to some extent by the nucleotide state (activation) of the protein. In addition, our results suggest that both the farnesyl and the polybasic hypervariable region (HVR) are responsible for its preferential partitioning within the liquid-disordered (Ld) domains in membranes, potentially enhancing the formation of membrane-driven signaling platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A López
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Animesh Agarwal
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Que N Van
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Andrew G Stephen
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - S Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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16
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Wang P, van der Hoeven D, Ye N, Chen H, Liu Z, Ma X, Montufar-Solis D, Rehl KM, Cho KJ, Thapa S, Chen W, van der Hoeven R, Frost JA, Hancock JF, Zhou J. Scaffold repurposing of fendiline: Identification of potent KRAS plasma membrane localization inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113381. [PMID: 33756124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
KRAS plays an essential role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Mutated KRAS is a major driver of malignant transformation in multiple human cancers. We showed previously that fendiline (6) is an effective inhibitor of KRAS plasma membrane (PM) localization and function. In this study, we designed, synthesized and evaluated a series of new fendiline analogs to optimize its drug properties. Systemic structure-activity relationship studies by scaffold repurposing led to the discovery of several more active KRAS PM localization inhibitors such as compounds 12f (NY0244), 12h (NY0331) and 22 (NY0335) which exhibit nanomolar potencies. These compounds inhibited oncogenic KRAS-driven cancer cell proliferation at single-digit micromolar concentrations in vitro. In vivo studies in a xenograft model of pancreatic cancer revealed that 12h and 22 suppressed oncogenic KRAS-expressing MiaPaCa-2 tumor growth at a low dose range of 1-5 mg/kg with no vasodilatory effects, indicating their potential as chemical probes and anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Dharini van der Hoeven
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dina Montufar-Solis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kristen M Rehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Kwang-Jin Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Sabita Thapa
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ransome van der Hoeven
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Frost
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John F Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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17
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Astroski JW, Akporyoe LK, Androphy EJ, Custer SK. Mutations in the COPI coatomer subunit α-COP induce release of Aβ-42 and amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain and increase tau oligomerization and release. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101:57-69. [PMID: 33582567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular processes that lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is critical, and one key lies in the genetics of families with histories of AD. Mutations a complex known as COPI were found in families with AD. The COPI complex is involved in protein processing and trafficking. Intriguingly, several recent publications have found components of the COPI complex can affect the metabolism of pathogenic AD proteins. We reduced levels of the COPI subunit α-COP, altering maturation and cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in decreased release of Aβ-42 and decreased accumulation of the AICD. Depletion of α-COP reduced uptake of proteopathic Tau seeds and reduces intracellular Tau self-association. Expression of AD-associated mutant α-COP altered APP processing, resulting in increased release of Aβ-42 and increased intracellular Tau aggregation and release of Tau oligomers. These results show that COPI coatomer function modulates processing of both APP and Tau, and expression of AD-associated α-COP confers a toxic gain of function, resulting in potentially pathogenic changes in both APP and Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Astroski
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Elliot J Androphy
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sara K Custer
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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18
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Wang J, Feng D, Gao B. An Overview of Potential Therapeutic Agents Targeting WNT/PCP Signaling. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:175-213. [PMID: 34463852 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the proto-oncogene Wnt1 (Int1) in 1982, WNT signaling has been identified as one of the most important pathways that regulates a wide range of fundamental developmental and physiological processes in multicellular organisms. The canonical WNT signaling pathway depends on the stabilization and translocation of β-catenin and plays important roles in development and homeostasis. The WNT/planar cell polarity (WNT/PCP) signaling, also known as one of the β-catenin-independent WNT pathways, conveys directional information to coordinate polarized cell behaviors. Similar to WNT/β-catenin signaling, disruption or aberrant activation of WNT/PCP signaling also underlies a variety of developmental defects and cancers. However, the pharmacological targeting of WNT/PCP signaling for therapeutic purposes remains largely unexplored. In this review, we briefly discuss WNT/PCP signaling in development and disease and summarize the known drugs/inhibitors targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Di Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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19
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Cancer-driving mutations and variants of components of the membrane trafficking core machinery. Life Sci 2020; 264:118662. [PMID: 33127517 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The core machinery for vesicular membrane trafficking broadly comprises of coat proteins, RABs, tethering complexes and SNAREs. As cellular membrane traffic modulates key processes of mitogenic signaling, cell migration, cell death and autophagy, its dysregulation could potentially results in increased cell proliferation and survival, or enhanced migration and invasion. Changes in the levels of some components of the core machinery of vesicular membrane trafficking, likely due to gene amplifications and/or alterations in epigenetic factors (such as DNA methylation and micro RNA) have been extensively associated with human cancers. Here, we provide an overview of association of membrane trafficking with cancer, with a focus on mutations and variants of coat proteins, RABs, tethering complex components and SNAREs that have been uncovered in human cancer cells/tissues. The major cellular and molecular cancer-driving or suppression mechanisms associated with these components of the core membrane trafficking machinery shall be discussed.
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20
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Gray JL, von Delft F, Brennan PE. Targeting the Small GTPase Superfamily through Their Regulatory Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6342-6366. [PMID: 30869179 PMCID: PMC7204875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Ras superfamily of small GTPases are guanine-nucleotide-dependent switches essential for numerous cellular processes. Mutations or dysregulation of these proteins are associated with many diseases, but unsuccessful attempts to target the small GTPases directly have resulted in them being classed as "undruggable". The GTP-dependent signaling of these proteins is controlled by their regulators; guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), and in the Rho and Rab subfamilies, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). This review covers the recent small molecule and biologics strategies to target the small GTPases through their regulators. It seeks to critically re-evaluate recent chemical biology practice, such as the presence of PAINs motifs and the cell-based readout using compounds that are weakly potent or of unknown specificity. It highlights the vast scope of potential approaches for targeting the small GTPases in the future through their regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine L. Gray
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRBOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7DQUK
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0QXUK
| | - Frank von Delft
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRBOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7DQUK
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0QXUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland Park2006South Africa
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRBOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7DQUK
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOld Road CampusOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Alzheimer's Research (UK) Oxford Drug Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
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21
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Gray JL, Delft F, Brennan PE. Targeting der kleinen GTPasen über ihre regulatorischen Proteine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine L. Gray
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRB Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ Großbritannien
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
| | - Frank Delft
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRB Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Johannesburg Auckland Park 2006 Südafrika
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of Oxford, NDMRB Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Target Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford Old Road Campus Oxford OX3 7FZ Großbritannien
- Alzheimer's Research (UK) Oxford Drug Discovery InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX3 7FZ Großbritannien
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22
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Li FY, Zhang ZF, Voss S, Wu YW, Zhao YF, Li YM, Chen YX. Inhibition of K-Ras4B-plasma membrane association with a membrane microdomain-targeting peptide. Chem Sci 2019; 11:826-832. [PMID: 34123058 PMCID: PMC8145430 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04726c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of K-Ras4B protein with plasma membrane (PM) is required for its signaling activity. Thus, direct inhibition of K-Ras4B–PM interaction could be a potential anti-Ras therapeutic strategy. However, it remains challenging to modulate such protein–PM interaction. Based on Ras isoform-specific PM microdomain localization patterns, we have developed a potent and isoform-selective peptide inhibitor, Memrasin, for detachment of K-Ras4B from the PM. Memrasin is one of the first direct inhibitors of K-Ras4B–PM interaction, and consists of a membrane ld region-binding sequence derived from the C-terminal region of K-Ras4B and an endosome-escape enhancing motif that can aggregate on membrane. It forms peptide-enriched domains in the ld region, abrogates the tethering of K-Ras4B to the PM and accordingly impairs Ras signaling activity, thereby efficiently decreasing the viability of several human lung cancer cells in a dose-responsive and K-Ras dependent manner. Memrasin provides a useful tool for exploring the biological function of K-Ras4B on or off the PM and a potential starting point for further development into anti-Ras therapeutics. A membrane ld microdomain-targeting hybrid peptide displays potent inhibition effect toward K-Ras4B-plasma membrane interaction and impairs Ras signaling output.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhen-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China
| | - Stephanie Voss
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society Otto-Hahn-Str. 15 44227 Dortmund Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society Otto-Hahn-Str. 15 44227 Dortmund Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 44227 Dortmund Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Umeå University 90187 Umeå Sweden
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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23
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Aran V, Omerovic J. Current Approaches in NSCLC Targeting K-RAS and EGFR. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5701. [PMID: 31739412 PMCID: PMC6888213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The research and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have achieved some important advances in recent years. Nonetheless, the overall survival rates for NSCLC remain low, indicating the importance to effectively develop new therapies and improve current approaches. The understanding of the function of different biomarkers involved in NSCLC progression, survival and response to therapy are important for the development of early detection tools and treatment options. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (K-RAS) are two of the main significant biomarkers for the management of NSCLC. Mutations in these genes were associated with development and response to therapies. For example, the use of small molecule tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors and immunotherapy has led to benefits in some, but not all patients with altered EGFR. In contrast, there is still no effective approved drug to act upon patients harbouring K-RAS mutations. In addition, K-RAS mutations have been associated with lack of activity of TK inhibitors. However, promising approaches aimed to inhibit mutant K-RAS are currently under study. Therefore, this review will discuss these approaches and also EGFR therapies, and hopefully, it will draw attention to the need of continued research in the field in order to improve the outcomes in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Aran
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Av. Brasil 500, 20940-070 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jasminka Omerovic
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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24
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Lu S, Ni D, Wang C, He X, Lin H, Wang Z, Zhang J. Deactivation Pathway of Ras GTPase Underlies Conformational Substates as Targets for Drug Design. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Clinical and Fundamental Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Duan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Clinical and Fundamental Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chengxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Clinical and Fundamental Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xinheng He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Clinical and Fundamental Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Houwen Lin
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Clinical and Fundamental Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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25
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Calixto AR, Moreira C, Pabis A, Kötting C, Gerwert K, Rudack T, Kamerlin SCL. GTP Hydrolysis Without an Active Site Base: A Unifying Mechanism for Ras and Related GTPases. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10684-10701. [PMID: 31199130 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GTP hydrolysis is a biologically crucial reaction, being involved in regulating almost all cellular processes. As a result, the enzymes that catalyze this reaction are among the most important drug targets. Despite their vital importance and decades of substantial research effort, the fundamental mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis by GTPases remains highly controversial. Specifically, how do these regulatory proteins hydrolyze GTP without an obvious general base in the active site to activate the water molecule for nucleophilic attack? To answer this question, we perform empirical valence bond simulations of GTPase-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis, comparing solvent- and substrate-assisted pathways in three distinct GTPases, Ras, Rab, and the Gαi subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein, both in the presence and in the absence of the corresponding GTPase activating proteins. Our results demonstrate that a general base is not needed in the active site, as the preferred mechanism for GTP hydrolysis is a conserved solvent-assisted pathway. This pathway involves the rate-limiting nucleophilic attack of a water molecule, leading to a short-lived intermediate that tautomerizes to form H2PO4- and GDP as the final products. Our fundamental biochemical insight into the enzymatic regulation of GTP hydrolysis not only resolves a decades-old mechanistic controversy but also has high relevance for drug discovery efforts. That is, revisiting the role of oncogenic mutants with respect to our mechanistic findings would pave the way for a new starting point to discover drugs for (so far) "undruggable" GTPases like Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Calixto
- Department of Chemistry-BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Cátia Moreira
- Department of Chemistry-BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Anna Pabis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , BMC Box 596, S-751 24 , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Carsten Kötting
- Department of Biophysics , Ruhr University Bochum , 44801 Bochum , Germany
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics , Ruhr University Bochum , 44801 Bochum , Germany
| | - Till Rudack
- Department of Biophysics , Ruhr University Bochum , 44801 Bochum , Germany
| | - Shina C L Kamerlin
- Department of Chemistry-BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
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26
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Functional link between plasma membrane spatiotemporal dynamics, cancer biology, and dietary membrane-altering agents. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 37:519-544. [PMID: 29860560 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell plasma membrane serves as a nexus integrating extra- and intracellular components, which together enable many of the fundamental cellular signaling processes that sustain life. In order to perform this key function, plasma membrane components assemble into well-defined domains exhibiting distinct biochemical and biophysical properties that modulate various signaling events. Dysregulation of these highly dynamic membrane domains can promote oncogenic signaling. Recently, it has been demonstrated that select membrane-targeted dietary bioactives (MTDBs) have the ability to remodel plasma membrane domains and subsequently reduce cancer risk. In this review, we focus on the importance of plasma membrane domain structural and signaling functionalities as well as how loss of membrane homeostasis can drive aberrant signaling. Additionally, we discuss the intricacies associated with the investigation of these membrane domain features and their associations with cancer biology. Lastly, we describe the current literature focusing on MTDBs, including mechanisms of chemoprevention and therapeutics in order to establish a functional link between these membrane-altering biomolecules, tuning of plasma membrane hierarchal organization, and their implications in cancer prevention.
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27
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Prieto-Dominguez N, Parnell C, Teng Y. Drugging the Small GTPase Pathways in Cancer Treatment: Promises and Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:E255. [PMID: 30884855 PMCID: PMC6468615 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are a family of low molecular weight GTP-hydrolyzing enzymes that cycle between an inactive state when bound to GDP and an active state when associated to GTP. Small GTPases regulate key cellular processes (e.g., cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility) as well as subcellular events (e.g., vesicle trafficking), making them key participants in a great array of pathophysiological processes. Indeed, the dysfunction and deregulation of certain small GTPases, such as the members of the Ras and Arf subfamilies, have been related with the promotion and progression of cancer. Therefore, the development of inhibitors that target dysfunctional small GTPases could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. This review covers the basic biochemical mechanisms and the diverse functions of small GTPases in cancer. We also discuss the strategies and challenges of inhibiting the activity of these enzymes and delve into new approaches that offer opportunities to target them in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Prieto-Dominguez
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León 24010, Spain.
| | | | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Medical laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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28
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TesG is a type I secretion effector of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that suppresses the host immune response during chronic infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:459-469. [PMID: 30617346 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile Gram-negative pathogen with intricate intracellular regulatory networks that enable it to adapt to and flourish in a variety of biotic and abiotic habitats. However, the mechanism permitting the persistent survival of P. aeruginosa within host tissues and causing chronic symptoms still remains largely elusive. By using in situ RNA sequencing, here we show that P. aeruginosa adopts different metabolic pathways and virulence repertoires to dominate the progression of acute and chronic lung infections. Notably, a virulence factor named TesG, which is controlled by the vital quorum-sensing system and secreted by the downstream type I secretion system, can suppress the host inflammatory response and facilitate the development of chronic lung infection. Mechanically, TesG can enter the intracellular compartment of macrophages through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, competitively inhibit the activity of eukaryotic small GTPase and thus suppress subsequent neutrophil influx, cell cytoskeletal rearrangement of macrophages and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, the identification of TesG in this study reveals a type I secretion apparatus of P. aeruginosa that functions during the host-pathogen interaction, and may open an avenue for the further mechanistic study of chronic respiratory diseases and the development of antibacterial therapy.
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29
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Tavana JP, Rosene M, Jensen NO, Ridge PG, Kauwe JS, Karch CM. RAB10: an Alzheimer's disease resilience locus and potential drug target. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 14:73-79. [PMID: 30643396 PMCID: PMC6312396 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s159148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is mainly a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder. Substantial efforts have been made to solve the complex genetic architecture of AD as a means to identify therapeutic targets. Unfortunately, to date, no disease-altering therapeutics have been developed. As therapeutics are likely to be most effective in the early stages of disease (ie, before the onset of symptoms), a recent focus of AD research has been the identification of protective factors that prevent disease. One example is the discovery of a rare variant in the 3′-UTR of RAB10 that is protective for AD. Here, we review the possible genetic, molecular, and functional role of RAB10 in AD and potential therapeutic approaches to target RAB10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina P Tavana
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Matthew Rosene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA,
| | - Nick O Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA,
| | - Perry G Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - John Sk Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA, .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA,
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30
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Donato L, Scimone C, Nicocia G, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. Role of oxidative stress in Retinitis pigmentosa: new involved pathways by an RNA-Seq analysis. Cell Cycle 2018; 18:84-104. [PMID: 30569795 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1558873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a very heterogeneous inherited ocular disorder group characterized by progressive retinal disruption. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration, due to oxidative stress which arrests the metabolic support to photoreceptors, represents one of the principal causes of RP. Here, the role of oxidative stress in RP onset and progression was analyzed by a comparative whole transcriptome analysis of human RPE cells, treated with 100 µg/ml of oxLDL and untreated, at different time points. Experiment was thrice repeated and performed on Ion ProtonTM sequencing system. Data analysis, including low quality reads trimming and gene expression quantification, was realized by CLC Genomics Workbench software. The whole analysis highlighted 14 clustered "macro-pathways" and many sub-pathways, classified by selection of 5271 genes showing the highest alteration of expression. Among them, 23 genes were already known to be RP causative ones (15 over-expressed and 8 down-expressed), and their enrichment and intersection analyses highlighted new 77 candidate related genes (49 over-expressed and 28 down-expressed). A final filtering analysis then highlighted 29 proposed candidate genes. This data suggests that many new genes, not yet associated with RP, could influence its etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.,b Department of Cutting-Edge Medicine and Therapies, Biomolecular Strategies and Neuroscience, Section of Applied Neuroscience, Molecular Genetics and Predictive Medicine , I.E.ME.S.T. ., Palermo , Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.,b Department of Cutting-Edge Medicine and Therapies, Biomolecular Strategies and Neuroscience, Section of Applied Neuroscience, Molecular Genetics and Predictive Medicine , I.E.ME.S.T. ., Palermo , Italy
| | - Giacomo Nicocia
- c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.,b Department of Cutting-Edge Medicine and Therapies, Biomolecular Strategies and Neuroscience, Section of Applied Neuroscience, Molecular Genetics and Predictive Medicine , I.E.ME.S.T. ., Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- a Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy.,b Department of Cutting-Edge Medicine and Therapies, Biomolecular Strategies and Neuroscience, Section of Applied Neuroscience, Molecular Genetics and Predictive Medicine , I.E.ME.S.T. ., Palermo , Italy
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31
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Cromm PM, Samarasinghe KTG, Hines J, Crews CM. Addressing Kinase-Independent Functions of Fak via PROTAC-Mediated Degradation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17019-17026. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M. Cromm
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Kusal T. G. Samarasinghe
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - John Hines
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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32
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33
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Maldonado MDM, Dharmawardhane S. Targeting Rac and Cdc42 GTPases in Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3101-3111. [PMID: 29858187 PMCID: PMC6004249 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rac and Cdc42 are small GTPases that have been linked to multiple human cancers and are implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, cell-cycle progression, migration/invasion, tumor growth, angiogenesis, and oncogenic transformation. With the exception of the P29S driver mutation in melanoma, Rac and Cdc42 are not generally mutated in cancer, but are overexpressed (gene amplification and mRNA upregulation) or hyperactivated. Rac and Cdc42 are hyperactivated via signaling through oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, which converge on the guanine nucleotide exchange factors that regulate their GDP/GTP exchange. Hence, targeting Rac and Cdc42 represents a promising strategy for precise cancer therapy, as well as for inhibition of bypass signaling that promotes resistance to cell surface receptor-targeted therapies. Therefore, an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of these pivotal signaling intermediates is key for the development of effective inhibitors. In this review, we focus on the role of Rac and Cdc42 in cancer and summarize the regulatory mechanisms, inhibitory efficacy, and the anticancer potential of Rac- and Cdc42-targeting agents. Cancer Res; 78(12); 3101-11. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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34
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Schöpel M, Shkura O, Seidel J, Kock K, Zhong X, Löffek S, Helfrich I, Bachmann HS, Scherkenbeck J, Herrmann C, Stoll R. Allosteric Activation of GDP-Bound Ras Isoforms by Bisphenol Derivative Plasticisers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041133. [PMID: 29642594 PMCID: PMC5979466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein family of small GTPases controls cellular processes by acting as a binary switch between an active and an inactive state. The most prominent family members are H-Ras, N-Ras, and K-Ras isoforms, which are highly related and frequently mutated in cancer. Bisphenols are widespread in modern life because of their industrial application as plasticisers. Bisphenol A (BPA) is the best-known member and has gained significant scientific as well as public attention as an endocrine disrupting chemical, a fact that eventually led to its replacement. However, compounds used to replace BPA still contain the molecular scaffold of bisphenols. BPA, BPAF, BPB, BPE, BPF, and an amine-substituted BPAF-derivate all interact with all GDP-bound Ras-Isoforms through binding to a common site on these proteins. NMR-, SOScat-, and GDI- assay-based data revealed a new bisphenol-induced, allosterically activated GDP-bound Ras conformation that define these plasticisers as Ras allosteric agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schöpel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr Shkura
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jana Seidel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kock
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Xueyin Zhong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Löffek
- Skin Cancer Unit of the Dermatology Department, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen and the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Iris Helfrich
- Skin Cancer Unit of the Dermatology Department, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen and the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Hagen S Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Str. 10, D-58453 Witten, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Scherkenbeck
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Christian Herrmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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35
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Zhang Y, Larraufie MH, Musavi L, Akkiraju H, Brown LM, Stockwell BR. Design of Small Molecules That Compete with Nucleotide Binding to an Engineered Oncogenic KRAS Allele. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1380-1389. [PMID: 29313669 PMCID: PMC5960803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RAS mutations are found in 30% of all human cancers, with KRAS the most frequently mutated among the three RAS isoforms (KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS). However, directly targeting oncogenic KRAS with small molecules in the nucleotide-binding site has been difficult because of the high affinity of KRAS for GDP and GTP. We designed an engineered allele of KRAS and a covalent inhibitor that competes for GTP and GDP. This ligand-receptor combination demonstrates that the high affinity of GTP and GDP for RAS proteins can be overcome with a covalent inhibitor and a suitably engineered binding site. The covalent inhibitor irreversibly modifies the protein at the engineered nucleotide-binding site and is able to compete with GDP and GTP. This provides a new tool for studying KRAS function and suggests strategies for targeting the nucleotide-binding site of oncogenic RAS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hemanth Akkiraju
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Lewis M Brown
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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36
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Exploring the interactions of the RAS family in the human protein network and their potential implications in RAS-directed therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75810-75826. [PMID: 27713118 PMCID: PMC5342780 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are the founding members of the RAS superfamily of GTPases. They are involved in key signaling pathways regulating essential cellular functions such as cell growth and differentiation. As a result, their deregulation by inactivating mutations often results in aberrant cell proliferation and cancer. With the exception of the relatively well-known KRAS, HRAS and NRAS proteins, little is known about how the interactions of the other RAS human paralogs affect cancer evolution and response to treatment. In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the phylogeny of RAS proteins and their location in the protein interaction network. This analysis was integrated with the structural analysis of conserved positions in available 3D structures of RAS complexes. Our results show that many RAS proteins with divergent sequences are found close together in the human interactome. We found specific conserved amino acid positions in this group that map to the binding sites of RAS with many of their signaling effectors, suggesting that these pairs could share interacting partners. These results underscore the potential relevance of cross-talking in the RAS signaling network, which should be taken into account when considering the inhibitory activity of drugs targeting specific RAS oncoproteins. This study broadens our understanding of the human RAS signaling network and stresses the importance of considering its potential cross-talk in future therapies.
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37
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Marín-Ramos NI, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, López-Rodríguez ML. Blocking Ras inhibition as an antitumor strategy. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 54:91-100. [PMID: 29409706 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins are among the most frequently mutated drivers in human cancer and remain an elusive pharmaceutical targeting. Previous studies have improved the understanding of Ras structure, processing, and signaling pathways in cancer cells and have opened new possibilities for inhibiting Ras function. In this review we discuss the most recent advances towards inhibiting Ras activity with small molecules, highlighting the two approaches: (i) compounds that bind directly to Ras protein and (ii) inhibitors of the enzymes involved in the post-translational modifications of Ras. In the former, we analyze the most recent contributions in each of the main classes of Ras direct binders, including the different types of nucleotide exchange inhibitors, allosteric compounds, and molecules that interfere with the interaction between Ras and its effectors. In the latter, we examine the compounds that inhibit Ras activation by blocking any of its post-translational modifications. Also, a special focus is made on those molecules that have progressed the farthest from medicinal chemistry and drug development points of view. Finally, the current scene regarding the clinical trials of Ras inhibitors, together with the future promising avenues for further development of the challenging Ras field are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore I Marín-Ramos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L López-Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Xie C, Li Y, Li LL, Fan XX, Wang YW, Wei CL, Liu L, Leung ELH, Yao XJ. Identification of a New Potent Inhibitor Targeting KRAS in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:823. [PMID: 29184501 PMCID: PMC5694459 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS (v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) is an oncogenic driver with mutations in 30% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is no effective clinical drug even though it has been identified as an oncogene for 30 years. In this study, we identified a small molecule inhibitor compound 0375-0604 targeting KRAS by using molecular docking based virtual screening approach. Compound 0375-0604 had a good binding affinity to KRAS in vitro and exhibited cytotoxicity in oncogenic KRAS expressing NSCLC cell lines. Further mechanism study showed that compound 0375-0604 can block the formation of the complex of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and KRAS in vitro. In addition, compound 0375-0604 inhibited KRAS downstream signaling pathway RAF/MEK/ERK and RAF/PI3K/AKT. Finally, we also found that this compound can inhibit the cell growth through G2/M cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis on the NSCLC cell lines harboring KRAS mutation. Therefore, compound 0375-0604 may be considered as a potential KRAS inhibitor for treatment of NSCLC carrying KRAS oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lan-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chun-Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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39
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Honda A, Usui H, Sakimura K, Igarashi M. Rufy3 is an adapter protein for small GTPases that activates a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor to control neuronal polarity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20936-20946. [PMID: 29089386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.809541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RUN and FYVE domain-containing 3 (Rufy3) is an adapter protein for small GTPase proteins and is bound to activated Rap2, a Ras family protein in the developing neuron. Previously, we reported the presence of a rapid cell polarity determination mechanism involving Rufy3, which is likely required for in vivo neuronal development. However, the molecular details of this mechanism are unclear. To this end, here we produced Rufy3 knock-out (Rufy3-KO) mice to study the role of Rufy3 in more detail. Examining Rufy3-KO neurons, we found that Rufy3 is recruited via glycoprotein M6A to detergent-resistant membrane domains, which are biochemically similar to lipid rafts. We also clarified that Rufy3, as a component of a ternary complex, induces the assembly of Rap2 in the axonal growth cone, whereas in the absence of Rufy3, the accumulation of a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor, T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2 (Tiam2/STEF), is inhibited downstream of Rap2. We also found that Rufy3 regulates the cellular localization of Rap2 and Tiam2/STEF. Taken together, we conclude that Rufy3 is a physiological adapter for Rap2 and activates Tiam2/STEF in glycoprotein M6A-regulated neuronal polarity and axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Honda
- From the Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology.,Trans-disciplinary Research Program, and
| | - Hiroshi Usui
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- From the Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, .,Trans-disciplinary Research Program, and
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40
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Zhao J, Stains CI. Identification of a Fragmented Small GTPase Capable of Conditional Effector Binding. RSC Adv 2017; 7:12265-12268. [PMID: 28966788 DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25575b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A fragmented small GTPase capable of conditional effector binding is described. The effector binding function of this split-GTPase can be modulated using a small molecule input, thus allowing for the potential design of cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Cliff I Stains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
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41
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Posada IMD, Lectez B, Siddiqui FA, Oetken-Lindholm C, Sharma M, Abankwa D. Opposite feedback from mTORC1 to H-ras and K-ras4B downstream of SREBP1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8944. [PMID: 28827765 PMCID: PMC5567141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major growth factor transducer, Ras is an upstream activator of mTORC1, which further integrates nutrient and energy inputs. To ensure a contextual coupling of cell division via Ras/MAPK-signalling and growth via mTORC1-signalling, feedback loops from one pathway back to the other are required. Here we describe a novel feedback from mTORC1, which oppositely affects oncogenic H-ras- and K-ras-signalling output, and as a consequence stemness properties of tumourigenic cells. Amino acid stimulation of mTORC1 increases the processed form of SREBP1, a major lipidome regulator. We show that modulation of the SREBP1 levels downstream of S6K1 has opposite effects on oncogenic H-ras and K-ras nanoscale membrane organisation, ensuing signalling output and promotion of mammospheres expressing these oncogenes. Our data suggest that modulation of phosphatidic acid, a major target of SREBP1 controlled lipid metabolism, is sufficient to affect H-ras and K-ras oppositely in the membrane. Thus mTORC1 activation increases H-ras-, but decreases K-ras-signalling output in cells transformed with the respective oncogene. Given the different impact of these two Ras isoforms on stemness, our results could have implications for stem cell biology and inhibition of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar M D Posada
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Benoit Lectez
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Farid A Siddiqui
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Mukund Sharma
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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42
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Abstract
Traditional pharmaceutical drug discovery is almost exclusively focused on directly controlling protein activity to cure diseases. Modulators of protein activity, especially inhibitors, are developed and applied at high concentration to achieve maximal effects. Thereby, reduced bioavailability and off-target effects can hamper compound efficacy. Nucleic acid-based strategies that control protein function by affecting expression have emerged as an alternative. However, metabolic stability and broad bioavailability represent development hurdles that remain to be overcome for these approaches. More recently, utilizing the cell's own protein destruction machinery for selective degradation of essential drivers of human disorders has opened up a new and exciting area of drug discovery. Small-molecule-induced proteolysis of selected substrates offers the potential of reaching beyond the limitations of the current pharmaceutical paradigm to expand the druggable target space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Cromm
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Craig M Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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43
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Goedhart J, van Unen J. Molecular perturbation strategies to examine spatiotemporal features of Rho GEF and Rho GTPase activity in living cells. Small GTPases 2017; 10:178-186. [PMID: 28521592 PMCID: PMC6548299 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1302551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of our current knowledge of Rho GTPase networks and the regulation by Rho guanine exchange factors (Rho GEFs) and Rho GTPase activating proteins (Rho GAPs) is based on population-based techniques. Over the last decades, technologies that enable single cell analysis with high spatial and temporal resolution have revealed that Rho GTPase activity in cells is regulated on second timescales and at submicrometer length scales. Therefore, perturbation methods with matching spatial and temporal resolution are crucial to further our understanding of Rho GTPase signaling. Here, we give a brief overview of the components of Rho GTPase signaling networks and review a range of existing perturbation strategies that target a specific component of the Rho GTPase signaling module. The advantages and limitations of each perturbation method are discussed. Several recommendations are formulated to guide future studies aimed at addressing spatiotemporal aspects of Rho GEF and Rho GTPase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Goedhart
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jakobus van Unen
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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44
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Shin SM, Choi DK, Jung K, Bae J, Kim JS, Park SW, Song KH, Kim YS. Antibody targeting intracellular oncogenic Ras mutants exerts anti-tumour effects after systemic administration. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15090. [PMID: 28489072 PMCID: PMC5436137 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras mutants, frequently detected in human cancers, are high-priority anticancer drug targets. However, direct inhibition of oncogenic Ras mutants with small molecules has been extremely challenging. Here we report the development of a human IgG1 format antibody, RT11, which internalizes into the cytosol of living cells and selectively binds to the activated GTP-bound form of various oncogenic Ras mutants to block the interactions with effector proteins, thereby suppressing downstream signalling and exerting anti-proliferative effects in a variety of tumour cells harbouring oncogenic Ras mutants. When systemically administered, an RT11 variant with an additional tumour-associated integrin binding moiety for tumour tissue targeting significantly inhibits the in vivo growth of oncogenic Ras-mutated tumour xenografts in mice, but not wild-type Ras-harbouring tumours. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of developing therapeutic antibodies for direct targeting of cytosolic proteins that are inaccessible using current antibody technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Shin
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ki Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunok Jung
- Priority Research Center for Molecular Science &Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeomil Bae
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wook Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Song
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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45
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Jansen JM, Wartchow C, Jahnke W, Fong S, Tsang T, Pfister K, Zavorotinskaya T, Bussiere D, Cheng JM, Crawford K, Dai Y, Dove J, Fang E, Feng Y, Florent JM, Fuller J, Gossert AD, Hekmat-Nejad M, Henry C, Klopp J, Lenahan WP, Lingel A, Ma S, Meyer A, Mishina Y, Narberes J, Pardee G, Ramurthy S, Rieffel S, Stuart D, Subramanian S, Tandeske L, Widger S, Widmer A, Winterhalter A, Zaror I, Hardy S. Inhibition of prenylated KRAS in a lipid environment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174706. [PMID: 28384226 PMCID: PMC5383040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS mutations lead to a constitutively active oncogenic protein that signals through multiple effector pathways. In this chemical biology study, we describe a novel coupled biochemical assay that measures activation of the effector BRAF by prenylated KRASG12V in a lipid-dependent manner. Using this assay, we discovered compounds that block biochemical and cellular functions of KRASG12V with low single-digit micromolar potency. We characterized the structural basis for inhibition using NMR methods and showed that the compounds stabilized the inactive conformation of KRASG12V. Determination of the biophysical affinity of binding using biolayer interferometry demonstrated that the potency of inhibition matches the affinity of binding only when KRAS is in its native state, namely post-translationally modified and in a lipid environment. The assays we describe here provide a first-time alignment across biochemical, biophysical, and cellular KRAS assays through incorporation of key physiological factors regulating RAS biology, namely a negatively charged lipid environment and prenylation, into the in vitro assays. These assays and the ligands we discovered are valuable tools for further study of KRAS inhibition and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Jansen
- Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Wartchow
- Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Jahnke
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan Fong
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Tsang
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Keith Pfister
- Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Zavorotinskaya
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Dirksen Bussiere
- Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Marie Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Crawford
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Yumin Dai
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Dove
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Fang
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jean-Michel Florent
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Fuller
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Alvar D. Gossert
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Hekmat-Nejad
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Chrystèle Henry
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Klopp
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - William P. Lenahan
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Andreas Lingel
- Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Ma
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Arndt Meyer
- Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jamie Narberes
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Gwynn Pardee
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Savithri Ramurthy
- Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Rieffel
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Darrin Stuart
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sharadha Subramanian
- Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Tandeske
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Stephania Widger
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Armin Widmer
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aurelie Winterhalter
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Zaror
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen Hardy
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
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46
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Qin X, Wang J, Wang X, Liu F, Jiang B, Zhang Y. Targeting Rabs as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1139-1147. [PMID: 28390930 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases constitute the largest family of small GTPases. Rabs regulate not only membrane trafficking but also cell signaling, growth and survival, and development. Increasingly, Rabs and their effectors are shown to be overexpressed or subject to loss-of-function mutations in a variety of disease settings, including cancer progression. This review provides an overview of dysregulated Rab proteins in cancer, and highlights the signaling and secretory pathways in which they operate, with the aim of identifying potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Recent progress and perspectives for direct and/or indirect targeting of Rabs are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Qin
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Jiongyi Wang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China.
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China.
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47
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Zhou CX, Shi LY, Li RC, Liu YH, Xu BQ, Liu JW, Yuan B, Yang ZX, Ying XY, Zhang D. GTPase-activating protein Elmod2 is essential for meiotic progression in mouse oocytes. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:852-860. [PMID: 28324667 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1304329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic failure in oocytes is the major determinant of human zygote-originated reproductive diseases, the successful accomplishment of meiosis largely relay on the normal functions of many female fertility factors. Elmod2 is a member of the Elmod family with the strongest GAP (GTPase-activating protein) activity; although it was identified as a possible maternal protein, its actual physiologic role in mammalian oocytes has not been elucidated. Herein we reported that among Elmod family proteins, Elmod2 is the most abundant in mouse oocytes, and that inhibition of Elmod2 by specific siRNA caused severe meiotic delay and abnormal chromosomal segregation during anaphase. Elmod2 knockdown also significantly decreased the rate of oocyte maturation (to MII, with first polar body extrusion), and significantly greater numbers of Elmod2-knockdown MII oocytes were aneuploid. Correspondingly, Elmod2 knockdown dramatically decreased fertilization rate. To investigate the mechanism(s) involved, we found that Elmod2 knockdown caused significantly more abnormal mitochondrial aggregation and diminished cellular ATP levels; and we also found that Elmod2 co-localized and interacted with Arl2, a GTPase that is known to maintain mitochondrial dynamics and ATP levels in oocytes. In summary, we found that Elmod2 is the GAP essential to meiosis progression of mouse oocytes, most likely by regulating mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiang Zhou
- a State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Li-Ya Shi
- a State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Rui-Chao Li
- b Liuzhou Worker's Hospital , Liuzhou , Guangxi , China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- c The Second Affiliated Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Bo-Qun Xu
- c The Second Affiliated Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jin-Wei Liu
- d Department of Gynecology , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Bo Yuan
- e Wenxi Agriculture Committee , Yuncheng , Shanxi , China
| | - Zhi-Xia Yang
- a State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ying
- c The Second Affiliated Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Dong Zhang
- a State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , P.R. China
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48
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Martín-Gago P, Fansa EK, Klein CH, Murarka S, Janning P, Schürmann M, Metz M, Ismail S, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Baumann M, Bastiaens PIH, Wittinghofer A, Waldmann H. A PDE6δ-KRas Inhibitor Chemotype with up to Seven H-Bonds and Picomolar Affinity that Prevents Efficient Inhibitor Release by Arl2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2423-2428. [PMID: 28106325 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibition of the interaction between the KRas oncoprotein and the chaperone PDE6δ impairs KRas spatial organization and signaling in cells. However, despite potent binding in vitro (KD <10 nm), interference with Ras signaling and growth inhibition require 5-20 μm compound concentrations. We demonstrate that these findings can be explained by fast release of high-affinity inhibitors from PDE6δ by the release factor Arl2. This limitation is overcome by novel highly selective inhibitors that bind to PDE6δ with up to 7 hydrogen bonds, resulting in picomolar affinity. Their release by Arl2 is greatly decreased, and representative compounds selectively inhibit growth of KRas mutated and -dependent cells with the highest activity recorded yet. Our findings indicate that very potent inhibitors of the KRas-PDE6δ interaction may impair the growth of tumors driven by oncogenic KRas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martín-Gago
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eyad K Fansa
- Structural Biology Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian H Klein
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc Schürmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Malte Metz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Shehab Ismail
- Structural Biology Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Philippe I H Bastiaens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- TU Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alfred Wittinghofer
- Structural Biology Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- TU Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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49
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Martín-Gago P, Fansa EK, Klein CH, Murarka S, Janning P, Schürmann M, Metz M, Ismail S, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Baumann M, Bastiaens PIH, Wittinghofer A, Waldmann H. A PDE6δ-KRas Inhibitor Chemotype with up to Seven H-Bonds and Picomolar Affinity that Prevents Efficient Inhibitor Release by Arl2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martín-Gago
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Eyad K. Fansa
- Structural Biology Group; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Christian H. Klein
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Marc Schürmann
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Malte Metz
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Shehab Ismail
- Structural Biology Group; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | | | | | - Philippe I. H. Bastiaens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
- TU Dortmund; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Alfred Wittinghofer
- Structural Biology Group; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
- TU Dortmund; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; 44227 Dortmund Germany
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50
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Liu J, Gao J, Li F, Ma R, Wei Q, Wang A, Wu J, Ruan K. NMR characterization of weak interactions between RhoGDI2 and fragment screening hits. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3061-3070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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