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Wu T, Li Y, Hong J, He L, Mao J, Wu X, Zhou X, Zeng P, Zeng B, Xu Y, Luo W, Chen G, Yuan C, Dai L. Metallopolymer Particle Engineering via Etching of Boronate Polymers toward High-Performance Overall Water Splitting Catalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203148. [PMID: 35871499 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metallopolymers combine the property features of both metallic compounds and organic polymers, representing a typical direction for the design of high-performance hybrid materials. Here, a highly adaptive etching method to create pores and cavities in the metallopolymer particles is established. Starting from boronate polymer (BP) and inorganic@BP core-shell particles, porous, hollow, and yolk-shell metallopolymer particles can be fabricated, respectively. By taking advantage of the easy control over composition and pore/cavity structure, these metallopolymer particles provide a universal platform for the fabrication of nitrogen, boron co-doped carbon nanocomposites loaded with metals (M-NBCs). The as-prepared M-NBCs exhibit remarkable catalytic activities toward oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction. An alkaline overall water splitting cell assembled by using M-NBCs as the anode and cathode can be driven by a single AAA battery. The proposed strategy for the construction of metallopolymer composites may enlighten for the design of complex hybrid nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yaying Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Liu He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jie Mao
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiangfu Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Peixin Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Birong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Weiang Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Conghui Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Wu C, Wu T, Tang Z, Dai J, Zeng B, Xu Y, Chen G, Luo W, Yuan C, Dai L. Self-activatable carbon nanotube@ruthenium-catechol coordination complex for hydrogen evolution reaction. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:405401. [PMID: 35732158 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7b34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple metal ion-catechol coordination strategy to coat ruthenium-catechol polymer complex (TAC-Ru) on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNT) to form a core-shell structure (abbreviated as CNT@TAC-Ru). This is achieved by firstly polymerizing catechol and boronic acid monomers on the surface of CNT to form a boronate ester polymer (BP) shell. Then, Ru3+is used to etch the BP shell, and cleave the dynamic boronate ester bond, leading to the formation of a CNT@ruthenium-catechol coordination complex based on the coordinative efficiency of the catechol group. The electrocatalytic property of the CNT@TAC-Ru composite can be activated through electrochemical cycling treatment. The as-activated CNT@TAC-Ru exhibits evidently improved hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance with an overpotential of 10 mV in 1.0 M KOH at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, which is better than that of commercial Pt/C (32 mV). And the long-term stability is also desirable. This work provides a pyrolysis-free method to form metal-polymer-carbon composite with high HER performance under the alkaline condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhi Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbin Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Juguo Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Birong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiang Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Conghui Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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A Facile Method for the Generation of Fe 3C Nanoparticle and Fe-N x Active Site in Carbon Matrix to Achieve Good Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrochemical Performances. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214779. [PMID: 33114736 PMCID: PMC7663306 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of both nitrogen and transition metal elements into the carbon materials has demonstrated to be a promising strategy to construct highly active electrode materials for energy shortage. In this work, through the coordination reaction between Fe3+ and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene, metallosupramolecular polymer precursors are designed for the preparation of carbon flakes co-doped with both Fe and N elements. The asprepared carbon flakes display wrinkled edges and comprise Fe3C nanoparticle and active site of Fe-Nx. These carbon materials exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance. Towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the optimized sample has Eonset and Ehalf-wave of 0.93 V and 0.83 V in alkaline system, respectively, which are very close to that of Pt/C. This approach may offer a new way to high performance and lowcost electrochemical catalysts.
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Zhong Q, Li S, Chen J, Xie K, Pan S, Richardson JJ, Caruso F. Oxidation‐Mediated Kinetic Strategies for Engineering Metal–Phenolic Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Zhi Zhong
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shiyao Li
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jingqu Chen
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shuaijun Pan
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Joseph J. Richardson
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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Zhong Q, Li S, Chen J, Xie K, Pan S, Richardson JJ, Caruso F. Oxidation‐Mediated Kinetic Strategies for Engineering Metal–Phenolic Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12563-12568. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Zhi Zhong
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shiyao Li
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jingqu Chen
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shuaijun Pan
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Joseph J. Richardson
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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Zhao F, Dong A, Deng L, Guo R, Zhang J. Morphology control and property design of boronate dynamic nanostructures. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00217k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of boronate dynamic nanostructures (BDNs) with different building blocks was systematically investigated to elucidate their design rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Anjie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Liandong Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
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Zhao F, Dong A, Ma J, Deng L, Zhang J. Concentration-directed morphological evolution of boronate ester-based dynamic covalent nanoparticles: a facile approach for size and shape control. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02021j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Precursor concentrations dictated the formation processes of dynamic boronate nanoparticles, thus providing a facile route for morphological and size manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Anjie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Jinfeng Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Liandong Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
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Hao Y, Zheng C, Wang L, Hu Y, Guo H, Song Q, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Covalent self-assembled nanoparticles with pH-dependent enhanced tumor retention and drug release for improving tumor therapeutic efficiency. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2133-2144. [PMID: 32263686 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02833k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing a smart drug delivery system with enhanced tumor retention at the tumor site, and rapid intracellular drug release promises to improve the therapeutic index and mitigate side effects. To this end, covalent phenylboronic acid (PBA)-based self-assembly nanoparticles (BNPs) consisting of pH-responsive cores and detachable poloxamer 188 shells were constructed for loading doxorubicin (DOX) in a simple process. The poloxamer 188 coating could be easily detached when the breakage of the borate ester bonds in the external nanocores was initially triggered in the tumor extracellular weak acid environment. The concealed PBA was subsequently exposed and could react with sialic acids (SA), which are overexpressed on tumor cells, and this enhanced the tumor retention effect of the fresh nanoparticle as well as facilitating the cellular uptake after removing the protective layers. Furthermore, owing to the existence of pH-responsive esters, the uptaken fresh nanoparticles could rapidly release DOX in the acidic tumor environment, which resulted in an enhanced therapeutic efficiency in vitro and in vivo. In summary, this pH dependent behaviour of DOX/BNPs provided new insights for enhanced chemotherapeutic treatment in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China.
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Wang T, Sun Y, Li A, Ma Y, Feng D, Fang Y, Liu Y, Huo Q, Qiao ZA, Dai S. A general synthesis of abundant metal nanoparticles functionalized mesoporous graphitized carbon. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A general coordination–polymerization strategy combining flexible coordination mode with stable polymer network is reported to construct metal–gallic acid resin and mesoporous graphitized carbon materials with abundant metal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yali Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Danyang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Youxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yunling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Qisheng Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Zhen-An Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
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Dong Y, Jia B, Fu F, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhou J. Fabrication of Hollow Materials by Fast Pyrolysis of Cellulose Composite Fibers with Heterogeneous Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Baoquan Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Feiya Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Heyou Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
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Dong Y, Jia B, Fu F, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhou J. Fabrication of Hollow Materials by Fast Pyrolysis of Cellulose Composite Fibers with Heterogeneous Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13504-13508. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Baoquan Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Feiya Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Heyou Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
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Liu P, Hisamune Y, Peeks MD, Odell B, Gong JQ, Herz LM, Anderson HL. Synthesis of Five-Porphyrin Nanorings by Using Ferrocene and Corannulene Templates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8358-62. [PMID: 27213825 PMCID: PMC5089564 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The smallest and most strained member of a family of π-conjugated cyclic porphyrin oligomers was synthesized by using pentapyridyl templates based on ferrocene and corannulene. Both templates are effective for directing the synthesis of the butadiyne-linked cyclic pentamer, despite the fact that the radii of their N5 donor sets are too small by 0.5 Å and 0.9 Å, respectively (from DFT calculations). The five-porphyrin nanoring exhibits a structured absorption spectrum and its fluorescence extends to 1200 nm, reflecting strong π conjugation and Herzberg-Teller vibronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yutaka Hisamune
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin D Peeks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Barbara Odell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Juliane Q Gong
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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