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Nifant'ev I, Komarov P, Sadrtdinova G, Safronov V, Kolosov N, Ivchenko P. Mechanistic Insights of Ethylene Polymerization on Phillips Chromium Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:681. [PMID: 38475365 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Silica-supported chromium oxide catalysts, also named Phillips chromium catalysts (PCCs), provide more than half of the world's production of high- and medium-density polyethylenes. PCCs are usually prepared in the Cr(VI)/SiO2 form, which is subjected to reductive activation. It has been explicitly proven that CO reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(II) species that initiate ethylene polymerization; ethylene activates Cr(VI) sites as well, but the nature of the catalytic species is complicated by the presence of the ethylene oxidation products. It is widely accepted that the catalytic species are of a Cr(III)-alkyl nature, but this common assumption faces the challenge of "extra" hydrogen: the formation of similar species under the action of even-electron reducing agents requires an additional H atom. Relatively recently, it was found that saturated hydrocarbons can also activate CrOx/SiO2, and alkyl fragments turn out to be bonded with a polyethylene chain. In recent years, there have been numerous experimental and theoretical studies of the structure and chemistry of PCCs at the different stages of preparation and activation. The use of modern spectral methods (such as extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and others); operando IR, UV-vis, EPR, and XAS spectroscopies; and theoretical approaches (DFT modeling, machine learning) clarified many essential aspects of the mechanisms of CrOx/SiO2 activation and catalytic behavior. Overall, the Cosse-Arlman mechanism of polymerization on Cr(III)-alkyl centers is confirmed in many works, but its theoretical support required the development of nontrivial and contentious mechanistic concepts of Cr(VI)/SiO2 or Cr(II)/SiO2 activation. On the other hand, conflicting experimental data continue to be obtained, and certain mechanistic concepts are being developed with the use of outdated models. Strictly speaking, the main question of what type of catalytic species, Cr(II), Cr(III), or Cr(IV), comes into polymerization still has not received an unambiguous answer. The role of the chemical nature of the support-through the prism of the nature, geometry, and distribution of the active sites-is also not clear in depth. In the present review, we endeavored to summarize and discuss the recent studies in the field of the preparation, activation, and action of PCCs, with a focus on existing contradictions in the interpretation of the experimental and theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Nifant'ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Komarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Guzelia Sadrtdinova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya St. 20, 101100 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Pavel Ivchenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Werny MJ, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Visualizing the Structure, Composition and Activity of Single Catalyst Particles for Olefin Polymerization and Polyolefin Decomposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202306033. [PMID: 37782261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural and morphological characterization of individual catalyst particles for olefin polymerization, as well as for the reverse process of polyolefin decomposition, can provide an improved understanding for how these catalyst materials operate under relevant reaction conditions. In this review, we discuss an emerging analytical toolbox of 2D and 3D chemical imaging techniques that is suitable for investigating the chemistry and reactivity of related catalyst systems. While synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy still provides unparalleled spatial resolutions in 2D and 3D, a number of laboratory-based techniques, most notably focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, infrared photoinduced force microscopy and laboratory-based X-ray nano-computed tomography, have helped to significantly expand the arsenal of analytical tools available to scientists in heterogeneous catalysis and polymer science. In terms of future research, the review outlines the role and impact of in situ and operando (spectro-)microscopy experiments, involving sophisticated reactors as well as online reactant and product analysis, to obtain real-time information on the formation, decomposition, and mobility of polymer phases within single catalyst particles. Furthermore, the potential of fluorescence microscopy, X-ray microscopy and optical microscopy is highlighted for the high-throughput characterization of olefin polymerization and polyolefin decomposition catalysts. By combining these chemical imaging techniques with, for example, chemical staining methodologies, selective probe molecules as well as particle sorting approaches, representative structure-activity relationships can be derived at the level of single catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Werny
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600, AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Giffin KA, Cirriez V, Santoro O, Welle A, Kirillov E, Carpentier JF. Meso- and Rac-[bis(3-phenyl-6- tert-butylinden-1-yl)dimethylsilyl]zirconium Dichloride: Precatalysts for the Production of Differentiated Polyethylene Products with Enhanced Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112217. [PMID: 35683890 PMCID: PMC9183169 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ansa-zirconocene complexes are widely employed as precatalysts for olefin polymerization. Their synthesis generally leads to mixtures of their rac and meso isomers, whose separation is often problematic. In this contribution, we report on the synthesis of a novel silyl-bridged bis(indenyl)-based metallocene, and on the separation of its rac and meso isomers by simple recrystallization from toluene. The two complexes, activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO), have been used as precatalysts in ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization. Regardless of the reaction conditions, the meso complex outperformed its rac congener. A similar trend was observed by performing the process in the presence of the silica-supported versions of the complexes. This is remarkable, since meso metallocenes generally display lower activities than their rac analogues. Furthermore, the meso isomer generates polymer products that are more in line with the targets for the preparation of a bimodal PE grade made of a lower-MW high-density (HDPE) fraction and a higher-MW linear low-density (LLDPE) fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitie A. Giffin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), University of Rennes, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France; (K.A.G.); (O.S.)
- Total Energies One Tech Belgium, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium; (V.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Virginie Cirriez
- Total Energies One Tech Belgium, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium; (V.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Orlando Santoro
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), University of Rennes, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France; (K.A.G.); (O.S.)
| | - Alexandre Welle
- Total Energies One Tech Belgium, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium; (V.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Evgueni Kirillov
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), University of Rennes, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France; (K.A.G.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), University of Rennes, UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France; (K.A.G.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (J.-F.C.)
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4
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Huang C, Liu Z, Liu B, Terano M, Jin Y. Computational Insights into the Multisite Nature of the Phillips CrO x/SiO 2 Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization: The Perspective of Chromasiloxane Ring Size and F Modification. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuimin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boping Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minoru Terano
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yulong Jin
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Liang P, Li W, Chen Y, Dong C, Zhou Q, Feng Y, Chen M, Dai J, Ren C, Jiang B, Wang J, Yang Y. Revealing the Dynamic Behaviors of Tetrahydrofuran for Tailoring the Active Species of Ziegler–Natta Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Chuanding Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P.R. China
| | - Yirong Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Mei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Congjing Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Binbo Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingdai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yongrong Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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6
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Cr[CH(SiMe3)2]3/SiO2 catalysts for ethene polymerization: The correlation at a molecular level between the chromium loading and the microstructure of the produced polymer. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Jongkind MK, Meirer F, Bossers KW, ten Have IC, Ohldag H, Watts B, van Kessel T, Friederichs N, Weckhuysen BM. Influence of Metal-Alkyls on Early-Stage Ethylene Polymerization over a Cr/SiO 2 Phillips Catalyst: A Bulk Characterization and X-ray Chemical Imaging Study. Chemistry 2021; 27:1688-1699. [PMID: 32729972 PMCID: PMC7898848 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst has taken a central role in ethylene polymerization since its invention in 1953. The uniqueness of this catalyst is related to its ability to produce broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) PE materials as well as that no co-catalysts are required to attain activity. Nonetheless, co-catalysts in the form of metal-alkyls can be added for scavenging poisons, enhancing catalyst activity, reducing the induction period, and tailoring polymer characteristics. The activation mechanism and related polymerization mechanism remain elusive, despite extensive industrial and academic research. Here, we show that by varying the type and amount of metal-alkyl co-catalyst, we can tailor polymer properties around a single Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst formulation. Furthermore, we show that these different polymer properties exist in the early stages of polymerization. We have used conventional polymer characterization techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 13 C NMR, for studying the metal-alkyl co-catalyst effect on short-chain branching (SCB), long-chain branching (LCB) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) at the bulk scale. In addition, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) was used as a synchrotron technique to study the PE formation in the early stages: allowing us to investigate the produced type of early-stage PE within one particle cross-section with high energy resolution and nanometer scale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten K. Jongkind
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Koen W. Bossers
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Iris C. ten Have
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Ohldag
- Advanced Light Source, MicroscopyLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1 Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringStanford University450 Serra MallStanfordCA943505USA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of California Santa Cruz1156 High StreetSanta CruzCA95064USA
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Laboratory for Synchotron Radiation—Condensed Matter (LSC)Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI)Forschungsstrasse 1115232VilligenSwitzerland
| | - Theo van Kessel
- Technology and Innovation DepartmentSABICUrmonderbaan 226167 RDGeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Nic. Friederichs
- Technology and Innovation DepartmentSABICUrmonderbaan 226167 RDGeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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8
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Jongkind MK, van Kessel T, Velthoen MEZ, Friederichs N, Weckhuysen BM. Tuning the Redox Chemistry of a Cr/SiO 2 Phillips Catalyst for Controlling Activity, Induction Period and Polymer Properties. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1665-1674. [PMID: 32539171 PMCID: PMC7496818 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst has taken a central role in ethylene polymerization ever since its discovery in 1953. This catalyst is unique compared to other ethylene polymerization catalysts, since it is active without the addition of a metal-alkyl co-catalyst. However, metal-alkyls can be added for scavenging poisons, enhancing the catalyst activity, reducing the induction period and altering polymer characteristics. Despite extensive research into the working state of the catalyst, still no consensus has been reached. Here, we show that by varying the type of metal-alkyl co-catalyst and its amount, the Cr redox chemistry can be tailored, resulting in distinct catalyst activities, induction periods, and polymer characteristics. We have used in-situ UV-Vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) for studying the Cr oxidation state during the reduction by tri-ethyl borane (TEB) or tri-ethyl aluminum (TEAl) and during subsequent ethylene polymerization. The results show that TEB primarily acts as a reductant and reduces Cr6+ with subsequent ethylene polymerization resulting in rapid polyethylene formation. TEAl generated two types of Cr2+ sites, inaccessible Cr3+ sites and active Cr4+ sites. Subsequent addition of ethylene also revealed an increased reducibility of residual Cr6+ sites and resulted in rapid polyethylene formation. Our results demonstrate the possibility of controlling the reduction chemistry by adding the proper amount and type of metal-alkyl for obtaining desired catalyst activities and tailored polyethylene characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten K. Jongkind
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Theo van Kessel
- SABICTechnology and Innovation DepartmentUrmonderbaan 226167RD GeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Marjolein E. Z. Velthoen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Nic. Friederichs
- SABICTechnology and Innovation DepartmentUrmonderbaan 226167RD GeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterial ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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9
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Martino GA, Piovano A, Barzan C, Rabeah J, Agostini G, Bruekner A, Leone G, Zanchin G, Monoi T, Groppo E. Rationalizing the Effect of Triethylaluminum on the Cr/SiO 2 Phillips Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia A. Martino
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Barzan
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Bruekner
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Leone
- CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), via A. corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgia Zanchin
- CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), via A. corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Takashi Monoi
- R&D Division, Japan Polychem Corporation, 1-1 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, 100-8251 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Torino, Italy
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10
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Li W, Wang N, Cao Y, Tang X, Dong C. A robust immobilization strategy in the nano-dispersed Ziegler–Natta catalyst: non-covalent O–Ti coordination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10843-10846. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A robust non-covalent O–Ti bond facilitates the synthesis of polyethylene with a narrow distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- P. R. China
| | - Chuanding Dong
- Department of Physics
- Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100
- 33098 Paderborn
- Germany
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11
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Recent progress in preparation of branched polyethylene with nickel, titanium, vanadium and chromium catalytic systems and EPR study of related catalytic systems. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Guda AA, Guda SA, Lomachenko KA, Soldatov MA, Pankin IA, Soldatov AV, Braglia L, Bugaev AL, Martini A, Signorile M, Groppo E, Piovano A, Borfecchia E, Lamberti C. Quantitative structural determination of active sites from in situ and operando XANES spectra: From standard ab initio simulations to chemometric and machine learning approaches. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Barzan C, Piovano A, Botavina M, Martino GA, Agostini G, Martra G, Groppo E. Exploring the benefits beyond the pre-reduction in methane of the Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst: The molecular structure of the Cr sites and their role in the catalytic performance. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Groppo E, Martino GA, Piovano A, Barzan C. The Active Sites in the Phillips Catalysts: Origins of a Lively Debate and a Vision for the Future. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Antonina Martino
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Barzan
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15/A, 10125 Torino, Italy
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15
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The Effect of Al-Alkyls on the Phillips Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization: The Case of Diethylaluminum Ethoxide (DEALE). Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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17
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Copéret C, Allouche F, Chan KW, Conley MP, Delley MF, Fedorov A, Moroz IB, Mougel V, Pucino M, Searles K, Yamamoto K, Zhizhko PA. Bridging the Gap between Industrial and Well‐Defined Supported Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6398-6440. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Florian Allouche
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ka Wing Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Current address: Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Murielle F. Delley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ilia B. Moroz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Current address: Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR CNRS 8229, Collège de FranceUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot 75005 Paris France
| | - Margherita Pucino
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Keishi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Pavel A. Zhizhko
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences Vavilov street 28 119991 Moscow Russia
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18
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Li W, Hui L, Xue B, Dong C, Chen Y, Hou L, Jiang B, Wang J, Yang Y. Facile high-temperature synthesis of weakly entangled polyethylene using a highly activated Ziegler-Natta catalyst. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Copéret C, Allouche F, Chan KW, Conley MP, Delley MF, Fedorov A, Moroz IB, Mougel V, Pucino M, Searles K, Yamamoto K, Zhizhko PA. Eine Brücke zwischen industriellen und wohldefinierten Trägerkatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Copéret
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Florian Allouche
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Ka Wing Chan
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Murielle F. Delley
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Ilia B. Moroz
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Victor Mougel
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR CNRS 8229, Collège de FranceUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot 75005 Paris Frankreich
| | - Margherita Pucino
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Keith Searles
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Keishi Yamamoto
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Pavel A. Zhizhko
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- A. N. Nesmeyanow-Institut für Elementorganische VerbindungenRussische Akademie der Wissenschaften Vavilov str. 28 119991 Moskau Russland
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20
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Barzan C, Piovano A, Braglia L, Martino GA, Lamberti C, Bordiga S, Groppo E. Ligands Make the Difference! Molecular Insights into CrVI/SiO2 Phillips Catalyst during Ethylene Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17064-17073. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barzan
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Luca Braglia
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
- IRC
“Smart Materials”, Southern Federal University, Zorge
Street 5, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Giorgia A. Martino
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- IRC
“Smart Materials”, Southern Federal University, Zorge
Street 5, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
- Department
of Chemistry, CrisDi Interdepartmental Center, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin I10125, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
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21
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Piovano A, Morra E, Chiesa M, Groppo E. Tuning the Ti3+ and Al3+ Synergy in an Al2O3/TiClx Catalyst To Modulate the Grade of the Produced Polyethylene. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Morra
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry,
INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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22
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Barzan C, Bordiga S, Quadrelli EA, Groppo E. Reactivity of Hydrosilanes with the CrII/SiO2 Phillips Catalyst: Observation of Intermediates and Properties of the Modified CrII Sites. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Piovano A, Thushara KS, Morra E, Chiesa M, Groppo E. Unraveling the Catalytic Synergy between Ti3+and Al3+Sites on a Chlorinated Al2O3: A Tandem Approach to Branched Polyethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - K. S. Thushara
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Morra
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; via Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
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Piovano A, Thushara KS, Morra E, Chiesa M, Groppo E. Unraveling the Catalytic Synergy between Ti(3+) and Al(3+) Sites on a Chlorinated Al2 O3 : A Tandem Approach to Branched Polyethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11203-6. [PMID: 27439690 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An original step-by-step approach to synthesize and characterize a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst consisting of isolated Ti(3+) centers and strong Lewis acid Al(3+) sites on the surface of a chlorinated alumina has been devised. A wide range of physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques were employed to demonstrate that the two sites, in close proximity, act in a concerted fashion to synergistically boost the conversion of ethylene into branched polyethylene, using ethylene as the only feed and without any activator. The coordinatively unsaturated Al(3+) ions promote ethylene oligomerization through a carbocationic mechanism and activate the Ti(3+) sites for the traditional ethylene coordination polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - K S Thushara
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Morra
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry-INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Cicmil D, Meeuwissen J, Vantomme A, Weckhuysen BM. Real-time Analysis of a Working Triethylaluminium-Modified Cr/Ti/SiO 2 Ethylene Polymerization Catalyst with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy. ChemCatChem 2016; 8:1937-1944. [PMID: 27840661 PMCID: PMC5084731 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform (DRIFT) study has been conducted at 373 K and 1 bar on an industrial Cr/Ti/SiO2 Phillips-type catalyst modified with, and without, triethylaluminium (TEAl) as co-catalyst. The reaction rate of the polymerization of ethylene, as monitored by the increase in the methylene stretching band of the growing polyethylene (PE), has been investigated as a function of the titanium content. After an initial period of mixed kinetics, with the reaction rate significantly higher for the TEAl-modified catalysts compared with the non-modified catalysts, the polymerization proceeded as a pseudo-zero-order reaction with a reaction rate that increased as a function of titanium loading. Furthermore, it was found that the higher Ti loading caused the appearance of more acidic hydroxyl groups and modified the Cr sites by making them more Lewis acidic, ultimately shortening the induction time and increasing the initial polymerization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Cicmil
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Meeuwissen
- Refining & ChemicalsTotal Research and Technology FeluyZone Industrielle CB-7181SeneffeBelgium
| | - Aurélien Vantomme
- Refining & ChemicalsTotal Research and Technology FeluyZone Industrielle CB-7181SeneffeBelgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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26
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Cicmil D, van Ravenhorst IK, Meeuwissen J, Vantomme A, Weckhuysen BM. Structure–performance relationships of Cr/Ti/SiO2 catalysts modified with TEAl for oligomerisation of ethylene: tuning the selectivity towards 1-hexene. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01512j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene oligomerisation properties of TEAl-modified Cr/Ti/SiO2 ethylene polymerisation Phillips-type catalysts studied with in situ UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Cicmil
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - I. K. van Ravenhorst
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - J. Meeuwissen
- Total Research and Technology Feluy
- B-7181 Seneffe
- Belgium
| | - A. Vantomme
- Total Research and Technology Feluy
- B-7181 Seneffe
- Belgium
| | - B. M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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