1
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Yang Y, Wang G, Zhou M. Infrared Spectroscopy of [M(CO 2) n] + (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba; n = 1-4) in the Gas Phase: Solvation-Induced Electron Transfer and Activation of CO 2. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:618-625. [PMID: 38198125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Cationic complexes of heavy alkaline earth metal and carbon dioxide [M(CO2)n]+ (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba) are produced by a laser vaporization-supersonic expansion ion source in the gas phase and are studied by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum chemistry calculations. For the n = 1 complexes, the metal-ligand binding arises primarily from the electrostatic interaction with the CO2 ligand bound to the metal (+I) center in an end-on η1-O fashion. The more highly coordinated complexes [M(CO2)n]+ with n ≥ 2 are characterized to involve a [M2+(CO2-)] core ion with the CO2- ligand bound to the metal (+II) center in a bidentate η2-O, O manner. The activation of CO2 in forming a bent CO2- moiety occurs via solvation-induced metal cation-ligand electron transfer reactions. Bonding analyses reveal that the attractive forces between M2+ and CO2- in the core cation come mainly from electrostatic attraction, but the contribution of covalent orbital interactions should not be underestimated. The atomic orbitals of metal dications that are engaged in the orbital interactions are ns and (n - 1)d orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Songhu Rd. 2005, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Songhu Rd. 2005, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Songhu Rd. 2005, 200438 Shanghai, China
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2
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Krämer K, Schmitz M, Kelm H, van Wüllen C, Krüger HJ. Unexpected Reduction of a Coordinated Diazapyridinophane Ligand Bound to Chromium(III) Ion Leading to Delocalization of the Unpaired Electron across Two Isolated Pyridine Units. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202301099. [PMID: 37903737 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
In the tetraazamacrocyclic ligand N,N'-dimethyl-2,11-diaza-[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane (L-N4 Me2 ), the two pyridine units are separated from each other by sp3 -hybridized triatomic bridges. Such electronically isolated pyridine moieties are considerably less prone to reductions than di- or triimines. A detailed structural, magnetic, and spectroscopic investigation of the complexes [Cr(L-N4 Me2 )(OAc)2 ] and [Cr(L-N4 Me2 )(OAc)2 ](PF6 ), in combination with theoretical calculations, reveals that the reduced complex must be described as a chromium(III) ion coordinated to the anionic radical ligand (L-N4 Me2 )⋅- rather than a low-spin chromium(II) ion bound to closed-shell ligands. Thus, it is, to the best of our knowledge, only the second example of a stable and structurally characterized metal complex containing a reduced isolated pyridine unit. The stability is attributed to the delocalization of the unpaired electron across the two pyridine units, mediated by their interaction to the metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Krämer
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Department of Chemistry, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitz
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Department of Chemistry, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Harald Kelm
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Department of Chemistry, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christoph van Wüllen
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Department of Chemistry and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Krüger
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Department of Chemistry, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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3
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Pei J, Yang L, Lin J, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Wang D, Chen W. Integrating Host Design and Tailored Electronic Effects of Yolk-Shell Zn-Mn Diatomic Sites for Efficient CO 2 Electroreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316123. [PMID: 37997525 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Modulating the surface and spatial structure of the host is associated with the reactivity of the active site, and also enhances the mass transfer effect of the CO2 electroreduction process (CO2 RR). Herein, we describe the development of two-step ligand etch-pyrolysis to access an asymmetric dual-atomic-site catalyst (DASC) composed of a yolk-shell carbon framework (Zn1 Mn1 -SNC) derived from S,N-coordinated Zn-Mn dimers anchored on a metal-organic framework (MOF). In Zn1 Mn1 -SNC, the electronic effects of the S/N-Zn-Mn-S/N configuration are tailored by strong interactions between Zn-Mn dual sites and co-coordination with S/N atoms, rendering structural stability and atomic distribution. In an H-cell, the Zn1 Mn1 -SNC DASC shows a low onset overpotential of 50 mV and high CO Faraday efficiency of 97 % with a low applied overpotential of 343 mV, thus outperforming counterparts, and in a flow cell, it also reaches a high current density of 500 mA cm-2 at -0.85 V, benefitting from the high structure accessibility and active dual sites. DFT simulations showed that the S,N-coordinated Zn-Mn diatomic site with optimal adsorption strength of COOH* lowers the reaction energy barrier, thus boosting the intrinsic CO2 RR activity on DASC. The structure-property correlation found in this study suggests new ideas for the development of highly accessible atomic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Pei
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Anhui, 230601, China
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jie Lin
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zedong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiyi Sun
- Energy & Catalysis Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Energy & Catalysis Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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4
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Sun Y, Liu X, Zhu M, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Wang S, Ji Z, Yang H, Wang X. Non-noble metal single atom-based catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO2: Synthesis approaches and performance evaluation. DECARBON 2023:100018. [DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.decarb.2023.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
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5
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Recent Advances in Non-Precious Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Single-Site Catalysts for CO2 Electroreduction Reaction to CO. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Dong X, Wang L, Wang G, Zhou M. Carbon Dioxide Activation by Alkaline-Earth Metals: Formation and Spectroscopic Characterization of OCMCO 3 and MC 2O 4 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) in Solid Neon. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4598-4607. [PMID: 35816036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of alkaline-earth metal atoms (Ca, Sr, and Ba) with carbon dioxide are investigated using matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy in solid neon. The ground-state metal atoms react with two carbon dioxide molecules to produce the oxalate complexes MC2O4 and the carbonate-carbonyl complexes OCMCO3 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) spontaneously on annealing. The species are identified by the effects of isotopic substitution on their infrared spectra as well as density functional calculations. Bonding analyses reveal that the attractive forces between M2+ and (CO3)2- or (C2O4)2- in the OCMCO3 and MC2O4 complexes come mainly from electrostatic attraction, but covalent orbital interactions also play an important role, which are dominated by the ligand-to-metal donation bonding. The calcium, strontium, and barium metal centers in these complexes use their ns and predominately (n - 1)d atomic orbitals for covalent bonding that mimic transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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7
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Yang Y, Zhou Y, Jin X, Wang G, Zhou M. Infrared spectroscopy of Be(CO 2) 4+ in the gas phase: electron transfer and C-C coupling of CO 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13149-13155. [PMID: 35587654 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beryllium-carbon dioxide cation complexes Be(CO2)n+ are produced by a laser vaporization-supersonic expansion ion source in the gas phase. Mass-selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy supplemented by theoretical calculations confirms that Be(CO2)4+ is a coordination saturated complex that can be assigned to a mixture of two isomers. The first structure involves a bent CO2- ligand that is bound in a monodentate η1-O coordination mode. Another isomer has a metal oxalate-type C2O4- moiety with a C-C hemibond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Yangyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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8
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Lombardi L, Cerveri A, Ceccon L, Pedrazzani R, Monari M, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Merging C-C σ-bond activation of cyclobutanones with CO 2 fixation via Ni-catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4071-4074. [PMID: 35262541 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A carboxylative Ni-catalyzed tandem C-C σ-bond activation of cyclobutanones followed by CO2-electrophilic trapping is documented as a direct route to synthetically valuable 3-indanone-1-acetic acids. The protocol shows an adequate functional group tolerance and useful chemical outcomes (yield up to 76%) when AlCl3 is adopted as an additive. Manipulations of the targeted cyclic scaffolds and a mechanistic proposal based on experimental evidence complete the investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cerveri
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Ceccon
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Pedrazzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
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9
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Kwasigroch B, Khuu T, Perez EH, Denton JK, Schneider EK, Straßner A, Theisen M, Kruppa SV, Weis P, Kappes MM, Riehn C, Johnson MA, Niedner-Schatteburg G. On the Hydrogen Oxalate Binding Motifs onto Dinuclear Cu and Ag Metal Phosphine Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15136-15146. [PMID: 34632659 PMCID: PMC8597048 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the binding geometries of the isomers that are formed when the hydrogen oxalate ((CO2)2H=HOx) anion attaches to dinuclear coinage metal phosphine complexes of the form [M1M2dcpm2(HOx)]+ with M=Cu, Ag and dcpm=bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane, abbreviated [MM]+. These structures are established by comparison of isomer‐selective experimental vibrational band patterns displayed by the cryogenically cooled and N2‐tagged cations with DFT calculations of the predicted spectra for various local minima. Two isomeric classes are identified that feature either attachment of the carboxylate oxygen atoms to the two metal centers (end‐on docking) or attachment of oxygen atoms on different carbon atoms asymmetrically to the metal ions (side‐on docking). Within each class, there are additional isomeric variations according to the orientation of the OH group. This behavior indicates that HOx undergoes strong and directional coordination to [CuCu]+ but adopts a more flexible coordination to [AgAg]+. Infrared spectra of the bare ions, fragmentation thresholds and ion mobility measurements are reported to explore the behaviors of the complexes at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kwasigroch
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thien Khuu
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, 225 Prospect Str., New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Evan H Perez
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, 225 Prospect Str., New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Joanna K Denton
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, 225 Prospect Str., New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Erik K Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Annika Straßner
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marvin Theisen
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sebastian V Kruppa
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, 225 Prospect Str., New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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10
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Tortajada A, Börjesson M, Martin R. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Carboxylation and Amidation Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3941-3952. [PMID: 34586783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity and importance of carboxylic acids and amides in peptides, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and synthetic materials has challenged chemists to design de novo catalytic carboxylation and amidation protocols. They represent a powerful alternative to canonical oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes, hydrolysis of nitriles, transamidation reactions, or condensation techniques for the synthesis of these functional groups. Among various scenarios, the recent years have witnessed considerable advances in Ni-catalyzed reductive carboxylation and amidation reactions utilizing carbon dioxide and isocyanate counterparts. This Account aims to highlight the progress made in this arena with a historical perspective, with particular emphasis on the methodologies that have emanated from our laboratories without losing sight of the underlying principles by which these reactions operate, with the ultimate goal of allowing the transition from comprehension to prediction in this exciting field.Unlike the utilization of conventional polar yet highly reactive organometallic reagents in carboxylation or amidation reactions, the utilization of nickel catalysts has allowed the use of carbon dioxide and isocyanates with less reactive and less-polarized counterparts for the formations of carboxylic acids and amides. These less reactive groups include organic halides and pseudohalides (i.e., alkyl bromides and chlorides, esters, alcohols, and ammonium salts), unsaturated hydrocarbons (i.e., alkynes, styrenes, unactivated alkenes, and dienes) or even C-H bonds, where forging the targeted C-C bond at previously unfunctionalized C-H linkages was possible, thus giving access to densely functionalized compounds that would be difficult to access otherwise. The C-H functionalization includes chain-walking scenarios, where subtle changes in the ligand and reaction conditions marked the selectivity of the transformations, and reactions via a [1,4]-Ni shift, where selective carboxylation in aromatic rings could be achieved. Conceptuality and practicality aside, these transformations have even offered the possibility of modulating and dictating the site-selectivity pattern, thus providing not only new vistas when controlling the selectivity of bond-forming reactions at specific sites within the side chain but also new knowledge in retrosynthetic analysis when accessing carboxylic acids and amide backbones. Importantly, these techniques have shown to be particularly suited for the preparation of isotopically labeled molecules when using 13CO2 or even 14CO2, thus becoming a useful endeavor in the drug discovery pipeline. Although mechanistic understanding at the molecular level still constitutes the "Achilles heel" of these transformations, the recent empirical discoveries and the rapid adoption of these protocols by the community augurs well for the widespread utilization of reductive carboxylation and amidation reactions in both academic and industrial laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Tortajada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marino Börjesson
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Dong X, Ding C, Zhang Q, Chen M, Zhao L, Zhou M, Frenking G. Covalent Bonding Between Be + and CO 2 in BeOCO + with a Surprisingly High Antisymmetric OCO Stretching Vibration. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14300-14305. [PMID: 34449204 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cationic complex BeOCO+ is produced in a solid neon matrix. Infrared absorption spectroscopic study shows that it has a very high antisymmetric OCO stretching vibration of 2418.9 cm-1, which is about 71 cm-1 blue-shifted from that of free CO2. The quantum chemical calculations are in very good agreement with the experimental observation. Depending on the theoretical method, a linear or quasi-linear structure is predicted for the cation. The analysis of the electronic structure shows that the bonding of Be+ to one oxygen atom induces very little charge migration between the two moieties, but it causes a significant change in the σ-charge distribution that strengthens the terminal C-O bond, leading to the observed blue shift. The bonding analysis reveals that the Be+ ← OCO donation results in strong binding due to the interference of the wave function and a charge polarization within the CO2 fragment and hybridization to Be+ but only negligible charge donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chengxiang Ding
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qingnan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Mohua Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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12
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Edington SC, Perez EH, Charboneau DJ, Menges FS, Hazari N, Johnson MA. Chemical Reduction of Ni II Cyclam and Characterization of Isolated Ni I Cyclam with Cryogenic Vibrational Spectroscopy and Inert-Gas-Mediated High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6715-6721. [PMID: 34324319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NiII cyclam (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) is an efficient catalyst for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO. A crucial elementary step in the proposed catalytic cycle is the coordination of CO2 to a NiI cyclam intermediate. Isolation and spectroscopic characterization of this labile NiI species without solvent has proven to be challenging, however, and only partial IR spectra have previously been reported using multiple photon fragmentation of ions generated by gas-phase electron transfer to the NiII cyclam dication at 300 K. Here, we report a chemical reduction method that efficiently prepares NiI cyclam in solution. This enables the NiI complex to be transferred into a cryogenic photofragmentation mass spectrometer using inert-gas-mediated electrospray ionization. The vibrational spectra of the 30 K ion using both H2 and N2 messenger tagging over the range 800-4000 cm-1 were then measured. The resulting spectra were analyzed with the aid of electronic structure calculations, which show strong method dependence in predicted band positions and small molecule activation. The conformational changes of the cyclam ligand induced by binding of the open shell NiI cation were compared with those caused by the spherical, closed-shell LiI cation, which has a similar ionic radius. We also report the vibrational spectrum of a NiI cyclam complex with a strongly bound O2 ligand. The cyclam ligand supporting this species exhibits a large conformational change compared to the complexes with weakly bound N2 and H2, which is likely due to significant charge transfer from Ni to the coordinated O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Edington
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Evan H Perez
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David J Charboneau
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Fabian S Menges
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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13
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Nishimura T, Ando Y, Shinokubo H, Miyake Y. Cationic Nickel(II) Pyridinophane Complexes: Synthesis, Structures and Catalytic Activities for C–H Oxidation. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuki Ando
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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14
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Pradhan S, Roy S, Sahoo B, Chatterjee I. Utilization of CO 2 Feedstock for Organic Synthesis by Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 27:2254-2269. [PMID: 32931070 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CO2 is a highly abundant, green, and sustainable carbon feedstock. Despite its kinetic inertness and thermodynamic stability, the development of various catalytic techniques has enabled the conversion of CO2 to value-added products such as carboxylic acids, amino acids, and heterocyclic compounds, where visible-light photocatalysis has emerged to be an efficient promoter of these processes. This Minireview covers the progress in the areas of CO2 incorporation onto organic matters based on the combined venture of renewable resources of CO2 and light energy with significant emphasis on the last three years' developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Basudev Sahoo
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
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15
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Perez EH, Menges FS, Cattaneo M, Mayer JM, Johnson MA. Characterization of the non-covalent docking motif in the isolated reactant complex of a double proton-coupled electron transfer reaction with cryogenic ion spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:234309. [PMID: 32571036 PMCID: PMC7304996 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The solution kinetics of a proton-coupled electron transfer reaction involving two-electron oxidation of a Ru compound with concomitant transfer of two protons to a quinone derivative have been interpreted to indicate the formation of a long-lived intermediate between the reactants. We characterize the ionic reactants, products, and an entrance channel reaction complex in the gas phase using high-resolution mass spectrometry augmented by cryogenic ion IR photodissociation spectroscopy. Collisional activation of this trapped entrance channel complex does not drive the reaction to products but rather yields dissociation back to reactants. Electronic structure calculations indicate that there are four low-lying isomeric forms of the non-covalently bound complex. Comparison of their predicted vibrational spectra with the observed band pattern indicates that the C=O groups of the ortho-quinone attach to protons on two different -NH2 groups of the reactant scaffold, exhibiting strong O-H-N contact motifs. Since collisional activation does not lead to the products observed in the liquid phase, these results indicate that the reaction most likely proceeds through reorientation of the H-atom donor ligand about the metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan H. Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Fabian S. Menges
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Mauricio Cattaneo
- INQUINOA-CONICET, Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, T4000INI San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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16
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Yang D, Su MZ, Zheng HJ, Zhao Z, Kong XT, Li G, Xie H, Zhang WQ, Fan HJ, Jiang L. Infrared spectroscopy of CO 2 transformation by group III metal monoxide cations. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1910175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming-zhi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui-jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiang-tao Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wei-qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hong-jun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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17
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Yuan Q, Cao W, Wang XB. Cryogenic and temperature-dependent photoelectron spectroscopy of metal complexes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1719699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Yuan
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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18
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Wen CF, Mao F, Liu Y, Zhang XY, Fu HQ, Zheng LR, Liu PF, Yang HG. Nitrogen-Stabilized Low-Valent Ni Motifs for Efficient CO2 Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Fang Wen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fangxin Mao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huai Qin Fu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Rong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hua Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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19
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Kureja K, Bruhn C, Ringenberg MR, Siemeling U. (Benz-)imidazolin-2-ylidene-benzimidazolatonickel(II) Chelates: Syntheses, Structures, and Tuning of Noninnocent Chelate Ligand Behavior. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16256-16266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Kureja
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Mark R. Ringenberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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20
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Greis K, Yang Y, Canty AJ, O'Hair RAJ. Gas-Phase Synthesis and Reactivity of Ligated Group 10 Ions in the Formal +1 Oxidation State. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1867-1880. [PMID: 31183840 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization of the group 10 complexes [(phen)M(O2CCH3)2] (phen=1,10-phenanthroline, M = Ni, Pd, Pt) generates the cations [(phen)M(O2CCH3)]+, whose gas-phase chemistry was studied using multistage mass spectrometry experiments in an ion trap mass spectrometer with the combination of collision-induced dissociation (CID) and ion-molecule reactions (IMR). Decarboxylation of [(phen)M(O2CCH3)]+ under CID conditions generates the organometallic cations [(phen)M(CH3)]+, which undergo bond homolysis upon a further stage of CID to generate the cations [(phen)M]+· in which the metal center is formally in the +1 oxidation state. In the case of [(phen)Pt(CH3)]+, the major product ion [(phen)H]+ was formed via loss of the metal carbene Pt=CH2. DFT calculated energetics for the competition between bond homolysis and M=CH2 loss are consistent with their experimentally observed branching ratios of 2% and 98% respectively. The IMR of [(phen)M]+· with O2, N2, H2O, acetone, and allyl iodide were examined. Adduct formation occurs for O2, N2, H2O, and acetone. Upon CID, all adducts fragment to regenerate [(phen)M]+·, except for [(phen)Pt(OC(CH3)2)]+·, which loses a methyl radical to form [(phen)Pt(OCCH3)]+ which upon a further stage of CID regenerates [(phen)Pt(CH3)]+ via CO loss. This closes a formal catalytic cycle for the decomposition of acetone into CO and two methyl radicals with [(phen)Pt]+· as catalyst. In the IMR of [(phen)M]+· with allyl iodide, formation of [(phen)M(CH2CHCH2)]+ was observed for all three metals, whereas for M = Pt also [(phen)Pt(I)]+ and [(phen)Pt(I)2(CH2CHCH2)]+ were observed. Finally, DFT calculated reaction energetics for all IMR reaction channels are consistent with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Greis
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Allan J Canty
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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21
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Zhang B, Zhang J, Shi J, Tan D, Liu L, Zhang F, Lu C, Su Z, Tan X, Cheng X, Han B, Zheng L, Zhang J. Manganese acting as a high-performance heterogeneous electrocatalyst in carbon dioxide reduction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2980. [PMID: 31278257 PMCID: PMC6611886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing highly efficient electrocatalysts based on cheap and earth-abundant metals for CO2 reduction is of great importance. Here we demonstrate that the electrocatalytic activity of manganese-based heterogeneous catalyst can be significantly improved through halogen and nitrogen dual-coordination to modulate the electronic structure of manganese atom. Such an electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction exhibits a maximum CO faradaic efficiency of 97% and high current density of ~10 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 0.49 V. Moreover, the turnover frequency can reach 38347 h−1 at overpotential of 0.49 V, which is the highest among the reported heterogeneous electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. In situ X-ray absorption experiment and density-functional theory calculation reveal the modified electronic structure of the active manganese site, on which the free energy barrier for intermediate formation is greatly reduced, thus resulting in a great improvement of CO2 reduction performance. While renewable CO2 conversion provides a means to remove and recycle waste emissions, there are few earth-abundant materials that are both efficient and active. Here, authors prepare N-doped carbon with atomic manganese as high-performance CO2 reduction electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianling Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Jinbiao Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dongxing Tan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lifei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhuizhui Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiuniang Tan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyan Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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22
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Sahoo B, Bellotti P, Juliá-Hernández F, Meng QY, Crespi S, König B, Martin R. Site-Selective, Remote sp 3 C-H Carboxylation Enabled by the Merger of Photoredox and Nickel Catalysis. Chemistry 2019; 25:9001-9005. [PMID: 31074058 PMCID: PMC6773098 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A photoinduced carboxylation of alkyl halides with CO2 at remote sp3 C−H sites enabled by the merger of photoredox and Ni catalysis is described. This protocol features a predictable reactivity and site selectivity that can be modulated by the ligand backbone. Preliminary studies reinforce a rationale based on a dynamic displacement of the catalyst throughout the alkyl side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Sahoo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francisco Juliá-Hernández
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Charboneau DJ, Brudvig GW, Hazari N, Lant HMC, Saydjari AK. Development of an Improved System for the Carboxylation of Aryl Halides through Mechanistic Studies. ACS Catal 2019; 9:3228-3241. [PMID: 31007967 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The nickel-catalyzed carboxylation of organic halides or pseudohalides using carbon dioxide is an emerging method to prepare synthetically valuable carboxylic acids. Here, we report a detailed mechanistic investigation of these reactions using the carboxylation of aryl halides with (PPh3)2NiIICl2 as a model reaction. Our studies allow us to understand several general features of nickel-catalyzed carboxylation reactions. For example, we demonstrate that both a Lewis acid and halide source are beneficial for catalysis. To this end, we establish that heterogeneous Mn(0) and Zn(0) reductants are multifaceted reagents that generate noninnocent Mn(II) or Zn(II) Lewis acids upon oxidation. In a key result, a rare example of a well-defined nickel(I) aryl complex is isolated, and it is demonstrated that its reaction with carbon dioxide results in the formation of a carboxylic acid in high yield (after workup). The carbon dioxide insertion product undergoes rapid decomposition, which ca These three oxidation states correspond to the onbe circumvented by a ligand metathesis reaction with a halide source. Our studies have led to both a revised mechanism and the development of a broadly applicable strategy to improve reductive carboxylation reactions. A critical component of this strategy is that we have replaced the heterogeneous Mn(0) reductant typically used in catalysis with a well-defined homogeneous organic reductant. Through its use, we have increased the range of ancillary ligands, additives, and substrates that are compatible with the reaction. This has enabled us to perform reductive carboxylations at low catalyst loadings. Additionally, we demonstrate that reductive carboxylations of organic (pseudo)halides can be achieved in high yields in more practically useful, non-amide solvents. Our results describe a mechanistically guided strategy to improve reductive carboxylations through the use of a homogeneous organic reductant, which may be broadly translatable to a wide range of cross-electrophile coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hannah M. C. Lant
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Andrew K. Saydjari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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24
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Ma C, Zhao CQ, Xu XT, Li ZM, Wang XY, Zhang K, Mei TS. Nickel-Catalyzed Carboxylation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Fluorosulfates Using Carbon Dioxide. Org Lett 2019; 21:2464-2467. [PMID: 30912447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and practical methods to construct carboxylic acids using CO2 as a C1 synthon is of great importance. Nickel-catalyzed carboxylation of aryl fluorosulfates and heteroaryl fluorosulfates with CO2 is described, affording arene carboxylic acids with good to excellent yields under mild conditions. In addition, a one-pot phenol fluorosulfation/carboxylation is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Chuan-Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xue-Tao Xu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Zhao-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
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25
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Barwa E, Ončák M, Pascher TF, Taxer T, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. CO 2/O 2 Exchange in Magnesium-Water Clusters Mg +(H 2O) n. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:73-81. [PMID: 30516989 PMCID: PMC6331139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrated singly charged metal ions doped with carbon dioxide, Mg2+(CO2)-(H2O) n, in the gas phase are valuable model systems for the electrochemical activation of CO2. Here, we study these systems by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry combined with ab initio calculations. We show that the exchange reaction of CO2 with O2 proceeds fast with bare Mg+(CO2), with a rate coefficient kabs = 1.2 × 10-10 cm3 s-1, while hydrated species exhibit a lower rate in the range of kabs = (1.2-2.4) × 10-11 cm3 s-1 for this strongly exothermic reaction. Water makes the exchange reaction more exothermic but, at the same time, considerably slower. The results are rationalized with a need for proper orientation of the reactants in the hydrated system, with formation of a Mg2+(CO4)-(H2O) n intermediate while the activation energy is negligible. According to our nanocalorimetric analysis, the exchange reaction of the hydrated ion is exothermic by -1.7 ± 0.5 eV, in agreement with quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Barwa
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Taxer
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Niemann T, Strate A, Ludwig R, Zeng HJ, Menges FS, Johnson MA. Cooperatively enhanced hydrogen bonds in ionic liquids: closing the loop with molecular mimics of hydroxy-functionalized cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18092-18098. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03300a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The combined experimental and theoretical approach for the gas and the liquid phases provides a quantitative understanding of the competition between differently H-bonded and charged constituents in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Niemann
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Department Life
| | - Anne Strate
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Department Life
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Department Life
| | - Helen J. Zeng
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
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27
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Tortajada A, Juliá‐Hernández F, Börjesson M, Moragas T, Martin R. Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Carboxylation Reactions with Carbon Dioxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15948-15982. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Tortajada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Francisco Juliá‐Hernández
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Marino Börjesson
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Toni Moragas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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28
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Tortajada A, Juliá‐Hernández F, Börjesson M, Moragas T, Martin R. Übergangsmetallkatalysierte Carboxylierungen mit Kohlendioxid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Tortajada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spanien
| | - Francisco Juliá‐Hernández
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spanien
| | - Marino Börjesson
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spanien
| | - Toni Moragas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spanien
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spanien
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spanien
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29
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Menges FS, Zeng HJ, Kelleher PJ, Gorlova O, Johnson MA, Niemann T, Strate A, Ludwig R. Structural Motifs in Cold Ternary Ion Complexes of Hydroxyl-Functionalized Ionic Liquids: Isolating the Role of Cation-Cation Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2979-2984. [PMID: 29750531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We address the competition between intermolecular forces underlying the recent observation that ionic liquids (ILs) with a hydroxyl-functionalized cation can form domains with attractive interactions between the nominally repulsive positively charged constituents. Here we show that this behavior is present even in the isolated ternary (HEMIm+)2NTf2- complex (HEMIm+ = 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium) cooled to about 35 K in a photodissociation mass spectrometer. Of the three isomers isolated by double resonance techniques, one is identified to exhibit direct contact between the cations. This linkage involves a cooperative H-bond wherein the OH group on one cation binds to the OH group on the other, which then attaches to the basic N atom of the anion. Formation of this motif comes at the expense of the usually dominant interaction of the acidic C(2)H group on the Im ring with molecular anions, as evidenced by isomer-dependent shifts in the C(2)H vibrational fundamentals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian S Menges
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Helen J Zeng
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Patrick J Kelleher
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Olga Gorlova
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Thomas Niemann
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Anne Strate
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
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30
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Lang J, Fries DV, Niedner-Schatteburg G. Characterization of Trinuclear Oxo Bridged Cobalt Complexes in Isolation. Z PHYS CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study elucidates molecular structures, fragmentation pathways and relative stabilities of isolated trinuclear oxo bridged cobalt complexes of the structural type [Co3O(OAc)6(Py)n]+ (OAc=acetate, Py=pyridine, n=0, 1, 2, 3). We present infrared multiple photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectra in combination with quantum chemical calculations. They indicate that the coordination of axial pyridine ligands to the [Co3O(OAc)6]+ subunit disturbs the triangular geometry of the Co3O core. [Co3O(OAc)6]+ exhibits a nearly equilateral triangular Co3O core geometry. The coordination of one or two pyridine ligands disturbs this arrangement resulting in isosceles triangular Co3O core geometries (in the cases of n=1 and 2). Coordination of three pyridine ligands (n=3) results in an equilateral triangular Co3O core geometry as in the case of n=0. Collision induced dissociation (CID) studies reveal that the complexes undergo a consecutive elimination of pyridine and acetate ligands with increasing excitation energy. Relative stabilities of the complexes decrease with the number of coordinated pyridine ligands. The presented results help to gain a fundamental insight into the molecular structure of trinuclear oxo bridged cobalt complexes void of any external effects such as crystal packing or solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lang
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS , Technische Universität Kaiserslautern , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Daniela V. Fries
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS , Technische Universität Kaiserslautern , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS , Technische Universität Kaiserslautern , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
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31
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Dodson LG, Thompson MC, Weber JM. Characterization of Intermediate Oxidation States in CO2Activation. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2018; 69:231-252. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-050317-021122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah G. Dodson
- JILA and NIST, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Michael C. Thompson
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA;,
| | - J. Mathias Weber
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA;,
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32
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Singh V, Sakaki S, Deshmukh MM. Ni(I)-Hydride Catalyst for Hydrosilylation of Carbon Dioxide and Dihydrogen Generation: Theoretical Prediction and Exploration of Full Catalytic Cycle. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, India
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Takano, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Milind M. Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, India
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33
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Meng QY, Wang S, Huff GS, König B. Ligand-Controlled Regioselective Hydrocarboxylation of Styrenes with CO2 by Combining Visible Light and Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3198-3201. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yuan Meng
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shun Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gregory S. Huff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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34
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Tortajada A, Ninokata R, Martin R. Ni-Catalyzed Site-Selective Dicarboxylation of 1,3-Dienes with CO2. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2050-2053. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Tortajada
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ryo Ninokata
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Munshi M, Craig SM, Berden G, Martens J, DeBlase AF, Foreman DJ, McLuckey SA, Oomens J, Johnson MA. Preparation of Labile Ni +(cyclam) Cations in the Gas Phase Using Electron-Transfer Reduction through Ion-Ion Recombination in an Ion Trap and Structural Characterization with Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5047-5052. [PMID: 28961009 PMCID: PMC5677246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion chemistry methods that capture and characterize the degree of activation of small molecules in the active sites of homogeneous catalysts form a powerful new tool to unravel how ligand environments affect reactivity. A key roadblock in this development, however, is the ability to generate the fragile metal oxidation states that are essential for catalytic activity. Here we demonstrate the preparation of the key Ni(I) center in the widely used cyclam scaffold using ion-ion recombination as a gas-phase alternative to electrochemical reduction. The singly charged Ni+(cyclam) coordination complex is generated by electron transfer from fluoranthene and azobenzene anions to doubly charged Ni2+(cyclam), using the electron-transfer dissociation protocol in a commercial quadrupole ion trap instrument and in a custom-built octopole RF ion trap. The successful preparation of the Ni+(cyclam) cation is verified through analysis of its vibrational spectrum obtained using the infrared free electron laser FELIX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musleh
U. Munshi
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld
7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie M. Craig
- Sterling
Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld
7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld
7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew F. DeBlase
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Spectral
Energies,
LLC, Beavercreek, Ohio 45430, United States
| | - David J. Foreman
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud
University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld
7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, Science Park 908, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Sterling
Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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36
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van Gemmeren M, Börjesson M, Tortajada A, Sun SZ, Okura K, Martin R. Switchable Site-Selective Catalytic Carboxylation of Allylic Alcohols with CO2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6558-6562. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel van Gemmeren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Marino Börjesson
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Andreu Tortajada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Shang-Zheng Sun
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Keisho Okura
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA; Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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37
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van Gemmeren M, Börjesson M, Tortajada A, Sun SZ, Okura K, Martin R. Switchable Site-Selective Catalytic Carboxylation of Allylic Alcohols with CO2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel van Gemmeren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Marino Börjesson
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Andreu Tortajada
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Shang-Zheng Sun
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Keisho Okura
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA; Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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38
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Sondermann C, Ringenberg MR. Tuning the overpotential of electrocatalytically active cyclopentadienylnickel complexes containing 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes (DAB) for proton reduction. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:5143-5146. [PMID: 28350025 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00960g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The complexes [CpNi(DAB)]BF4, Cp = cyclopentadienyl, DAB = substituted 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes, undergo two reduction processes. EPR spectroscopically active Ni(i) intermediates were observed despite the potential redox activity of the DAB ligands and these reduced species catalyse the conversion of electrons and protons (from acetic acid) into dihydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sondermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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39
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DeBlase AF, Harrilal CP, Lawler JT, Burke NL, McLuckey SA, Zwier TS. Conformation-Specific Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Cold [YAPAA+H]+ and [YGPAA+H]+ Ions: A Stereochemical “Twist” on the β-Hairpin Turn. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5481-5493. [PMID: 28353347 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. DeBlase
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christopher P. Harrilal
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - John T. Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Nicole L. Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Timothy S. Zwier
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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40
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Schwarz H. Metal-mediated activation of carbon dioxide in the gas phase: Mechanistic insight derived from a combined experimental/computational approach. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Zimmermann P, Limberg C. Activation of Small Molecules at Nickel(I) Moieties. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4233-4242. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmermann
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Pastor A, Montilla F, Galindo A. Spectroscopic and Structural Characterization of Carbon Dioxide Transition Metal Complexes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Wang X, Nakajima M, Serrano E, Martin R. Alkyl Bromides as Mild Hydride Sources in Ni-Catalyzed Hydroamidation of Alkynes with Isocyanates. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15531-15534. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Wang
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Masaki Nakajima
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eloisa Serrano
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluïs
Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Thompson MC, Ramsay J, Weber JM. Solvent-Driven Reductive Activation of CO2by Bismuth: Switching from Metalloformate Complexes to Oxalate Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15171-15174. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Thompson
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado; 440 UCB Boulder CO 80309-0440 USA
| | - Jacob Ramsay
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado; 440 UCB Boulder CO 80309-0440 USA
| | - J. Mathias Weber
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado; 440 UCB Boulder CO 80309-0440 USA
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45
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Thompson MC, Ramsay J, Weber JM. Solvens-induzierte reduktive Aktivierung von CO2durch Bismut und Änderung des Reaktionsprodukts von Metalloformiat nach Oxalat. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Thompson
- JILA und Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado; 440 UCB Boulder CO 80309-0440 USA
| | - Jacob Ramsay
- JILA und Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado; 440 UCB Boulder CO 80309-0440 USA
| | - J. Mathias Weber
- JILA und Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado; 440 UCB Boulder CO 80309-0440 USA
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46
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Börjesson M, Moragas T, Gallego D, Martin R. Metal-Catalyzed Carboxylation of Organic (Pseudo)halides with CO 2. ACS Catal 2016; 6:6739-6749. [PMID: 27747133 PMCID: PMC5057167 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent years have witnessed the development of metal-catalyzed reductive carboxylation of organic (pseudo)halides with CO2 as C1 source, representing potential powerful alternatives to existing methodologies for preparing carboxylic acids, privileged motifs in a myriad of pharmaceuticals and molecules displaying significant biological properties. While originally visualized as exotic cross-coupling reactions, a close look into the literature data indicates that these processes have become a fertile ground, allowing for the utilization of a variety of coupling partners, even with particularly challenging substrate combinations. As for other related cross-electrophile scenarios, the vast majority of reductive carboxylation of organic (pseudo)halides are characterized by their simplicity, mild conditions, and a broad functional group compatibility, suggesting that these processes could be implemented in late-stage diversification. This perspective describes the evolution of metal-catalyzed reductive carboxylation of organic (pseudo)halides from its inception in the pioneering stoichiometric work of Osakada to the present. Specific emphasis is devoted to the reactivity of these coupling processes, with substrates ranging from aryl-, vinyl-, benzyl- to unactivated alkyl (pseudo)halides. Despite the impressive advances realized, a comprehensive study detailing the mechanistic intricacies of these processes is still lacking. Some recent empirical evidence reveal an intriguing dichotomy exerted by the substitution pattern on the ligands utilized; still, however, some elementary steps within the catalytic cycle of these reactions remain speculative, in many instances invoking a canonical cross-coupling process. Although tentative, we anticipate that these processes might fall into more than one distinct mechanistic category depending on the substrate utilized, suggesting that investigations aimed at unraveling the mechanistic underpinnings of these processes will likely bring new and innovative research grounds in this vibrant area of expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Börjesson
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Toni Moragas
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Daniel Gallego
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Serrano E, Martin R. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Amidation of Unactivated Alkyl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Serrano
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA); Passeig Lluïs Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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Serrano E, Martin R. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Amidation of Unactivated Alkyl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11207-11. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Serrano
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA); Passeig Lluïs Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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Börjesson M, Moragas T, Martin R. Ni-Catalyzed Carboxylation of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides with CO2. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7504-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marino Börjesson
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Toni Moragas
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Moragas T, Gaydou M, Martin R. Nickel-Catalyzed Carboxylation of Benzylic C−N Bonds with CO2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5053-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Moragas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Morgane Gaydou
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA); Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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