1
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Tian D, Chen G, Wang X, Zhang HJ. Modular Access to Functionalized Oxetanes as Benzoyl Bioisosteres. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18011-18018. [PMID: 38905313 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Bioisosterism is a valuable principle exploited in drug discovery to fine-tune physicochemical properties of bioactive compounds. Functionalized 3-aryl oxetanes, as an important class of bioisosteres for benzoyl groups (highly prevalent structures in approved drugs), have been rarely utilized in agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals due to significant synthetic challenges. Here, we present a modular synthetic strategy based on the unexplored yet readily available reagents, oxetanyl trichloroacetimidates, inspired by Schmidt glycosylation, enabling easy access to a library of functionalized oxetanes. This operationally simple protocol leverages the vast existing libraries of aryl halides and various nucleophiles. The power and generality of this approach is demonstrated by late-stage functionalization of complex molecules, as well as the rapid synthesis of oxetane analogues of bioactive molecules and marketed drugs. Preliminary mechanistic study suggests that the oxygen atom in the oxetane ring plays a crucial role in stabilizing the carbocation intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaocheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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2
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Babar K, Zahoor AF, Ahmad S, Akhtar R. Recent synthetic strategies toward the synthesis of spirocyclic compounds comprising six-membered carbocyclic/heterocyclic ring systems. Mol Divers 2021; 25:2487-2532. [PMID: 32696299 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spirocyclic compounds fascinate the synthetic chemists due to their privileged ring system and efficacy in drug discovery. Many natural compounds comprise spirocyclic moiety in their skeleton and are effective in pharmaceutical industry. Over the years, many synthetic methodologies have been established for the construction of spirocyclic compounds. In this review, recent synthetic approaches to accessing various spirocompounds comprising six-membered carbocycles/heterocycles have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashaf Babar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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3
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Abou-Hamdan H, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Synthesis of a Seco iso-Secologanin Aglycone Analogue of Interest toward Secoiridoids and Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9244-9252. [PMID: 34129330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the access to an acyclic iso-secologanin aglycone analogue relevant to secoiridoids and monoterpene indole alkaloids. Its synthesis involved the regioselective allylic alkylation of a linear dienyl carbonate with dimethyl malonate, which was catalyzed by an iridium complex, and an anti-Markovnikov Wacker-type oxidation of the terminal alkene of the branched product that was obtained. The thus-formed aldehyde was engaged in a Pictet-Spengler reaction with tryptamine toward monoterpene indole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Abou-Hamdan
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
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4
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Pawar TJ, Mitkari SB, Peña‐Cabrera E, Villegas Gómez C, Cruz Cruz D. Polyenals and Polyenones in Aminocatalysis: A Decade Building Complex Frameworks from Simple Blocks. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Janardan Pawar
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
| | - Suhas Balasaheb Mitkari
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
| | - Eduardo Peña‐Cabrera
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
| | - Clarisa Villegas Gómez
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
| | - David Cruz Cruz
- Departamento de Química División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad de Guanajuato Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto México
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5
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Curti C, Battistini L, Sartori A, Zanardi F. New Developments of the Principle of Vinylogy as Applied to π-Extended Enolate-Type Donor Systems. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2448-2612. [PMID: 32040305 PMCID: PMC7993750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The principle of vinylogy states that the electronic effects of a functional group in a molecule are possibly transmitted to a distal position through interposed conjugated multiple bonds. As an emblematic case, the nucleophilic character of a π-extended enolate-type chain system may be relayed from the legitimate α-site to the vinylogous γ, ε, ..., ω remote carbon sites along the chain, provided that suitable HOMO-raising strategies are adopted to transform the unsaturated pronucleophilic precursors into the reactive polyenolate species. On the other hand, when "unnatural" carbonyl ipso-sites are activated as nucleophiles (umpolung), vinylogation extends the nucleophilic character to "unnatural" β, δ, ... remote sites. Merging the principle of vinylogy with activation modalities and concepts such as iminium ion/enamine organocatalysis, NHC-organocatalysis, cooperative organo/metal catalysis, bifunctional organocatalysis, dicyanoalkylidene activation, and organocascade reactions represents an impressive step forward for all vinylogous transformations. This review article celebrates this evolutionary progress, by collecting, comparing, and critically describing the achievements made over the nine year period 2010-2018, in the generation of vinylogous enolate-type donor substrates and their use in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franca Zanardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli
Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università
di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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6
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An F, Maji B, Min E, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Basicities and Nucleophilicities of Pyrrolidines and Imidazolidinones Used as Organocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1526-1547. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng An
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Min
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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7
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Yang W, Wang X, Jin X, Sun H, Guo R, Xu W, Cai Q. Copper‐Catalysed Double
O
‐Arylation for Enantioselective Synthesis of
oxa
‐Spirocycles. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Yang
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Wang
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Jin
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Han Sun
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Runan Guo
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of PharmacyJinan University No.601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou 510530 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cai
- College of PharmacyJinan University No.601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou 510530 People's Republic of China
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8
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Pawar TJ, Jiang H, Vázquez MA, Villegas Gómez C, Cruz Cruz D. Aminocatalytic Privileged Diversity-Oriented Synthesis (ApDOS): An Efficient Strategy to Populate Relevant Chemical Spaces. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar J. Pawar
- Departamento de Química; División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad de Guanajuato; Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto. México
| | - Hao Jiang
- Departamento de Química; División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad de Guanajuato; Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto. México
| | - Miguel A. Vázquez
- Departamento de Química; División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad de Guanajuato; Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto. México
| | - Clarisa Villegas Gómez
- Departamento de Química; División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad de Guanajuato; Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto. México
| | - David Cruz Cruz
- Departamento de Química; División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas; Universidad de Guanajuato; Noria Alta S/N 36050 Guanajuato Gto. México
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9
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Ding R, Wolf C. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Oxetanyl and α-Azetidinyl Tertiary Alkyl Fluorides and Chlorides. Org Lett 2018; 20:892-895. [PMID: 29360370 PMCID: PMC5937693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric thiourea and squaramide catalysis provides access to synthetically versatile α-oxetanyl and α-azetidinyl alkyl halides exhibiting a tetrasubstituted chiral carbon center with high yields and enantioselectivities. The products are readily transformed with negligible erosion of enantiopurity and excellent diastereoselectivity to a diverse group of multifunctional compounds including fluorooxindoles with two contiguous chirality centers, fluorinated heterocyclic spiranes, and polyspiro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ransheng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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10
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Pancholi AK, Iacobini GP, Clarkson GJ, Porter DW, Shipman M. Synthesis of 4,5-Diazaspiro[2.3]hexanes and 1,2-Diazaspiro[3.3]heptanes as Hexahydropyridazine Analogues. J Org Chem 2018; 83:491-498. [PMID: 29183129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
4,5-Diazaspiro[2.3]hexanes are made by dihalocarbene addition across the exocyclic double bond of readily accessible 3-alkylidene-1,2-diazetidines. Using difluorocarbene, generated from TMSCF3/NaI, these spirocycles were produced in yields up to 97% by stereospecific addition across the alkene. Lower yields (up to 64%) were observed using more reactive dichlorocarbene, due to competitive insertion of the carbene into the N-N bond. Larger 1,2-diazaspiro[3.3]heptanes are produced by [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 3-alkylidene-1,2-diazetidines with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in up to 99% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa K Pancholi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Greg P Iacobini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David W Porter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Horsham Research Centre , Wimblehurst Road, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Shipman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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11
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Ding A, Meazza M, Guo H, Yang JW, Rios R. New development in the enantioselective synthesis of spiro compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5946-5996. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we summarize the latest developments in the enantioselective synthesis of spirocompounds. The most important organometallic and organocatalytic methodologies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishun Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Marta Meazza
- School of Chemistry. University of Southampton. Highfield Campus
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jung Woon Yang
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 16419
- South Korea
| | - Ramon Rios
- School of Chemistry. University of Southampton. Highfield Campus
- Southampton
- UK
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
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12
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Nicolle SM, Nortcliffe A, Bartrum HE, Lewis W, Hayes CJ, Moody CJ. C−H Insertion as a Key Step to Spiro-Oxetanes, Scaffolds for Drug Discovery. Chemistry 2017; 23:13623-13627. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon M. Nicolle
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Nortcliffe
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E. Bartrum
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hayes
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Moody
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
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13
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Bull JA, Croft RA, Davis OA, Doran R, Morgan KF. Oxetanes: Recent Advances in Synthesis, Reactivity, and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:12150-12233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Croft
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Owen A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kate F. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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14
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Donslund BS, Nielsen RP, Mønsted SMN, Jørgensen KA. Benzofulvenes in Trienamine Catalysis: Stereoselective Spiroindene Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke S. Donslund
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Rune Pagh Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Sofie M. N. Mønsted
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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15
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Donslund BS, Nielsen RP, Mønsted SMN, Jørgensen KA. Benzofulvenes in Trienamine Catalysis: Stereoselective Spiroindene Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11124-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke S. Donslund
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Rune Pagh Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Sofie M. N. Mønsted
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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16
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Yuan X, Zhang SJ, Du W, Chen YC. Asymmetric Diels-Alder Cycloadditions of Trifluoromethylated Dienophiles Under Trienamine Catalysis. Chemistry 2016; 22:11048-52. [PMID: 27305465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting; and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Shan-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting; and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting; and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting; and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education; West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 P. R. China
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17
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Ran GY, Wang P, Du W, Chen YC. α-Regioselective [3 + 2] annulations with Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates of isatins and 2-nitro-1,3-enynes. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An α-regioselective asymmetric [3 + 2] annulation reaction with Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates of isatins and (E)-2-nitro-1,3-enynes catalysed by cinchona-derived amines has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yao Ran
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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