Synthesis of Octafluoroporphyrin

Fluorination of porphyrin β-periphery boosts nickel(II)-catalyzed hydrogen evolution reaction

Tunichlorin, the naturally occurring chlorophyll cofactor containing Ni(II) ion, sets up a golden standard for designing the electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via β-peripheral modification. Besides the fine-tuning of the porphyrin β-periphery such as adjusting the aromatics (the saturated level of tetrapyrrole) or installing hydroxyl group (hydrogen bond network) to enhance the catalytic HER efficiency, here we report that β-fluorination of porphyrin is also an important approach to increase the reactivity of Ni(II) center. Benefiting the previously reported derivatization of β-fluorinated porpholactones, we constructed a β-fluorinated tunichlorin mimic (6). Compared with the non-fluorinated analogs (1, 3, and 5), we found that 2, 4, and 6 exhibit significant electrocatalytic HER reactivity acceleration (in terms of turnover frequencies, TOF, s-1) of ca. 37, 170, 133-fold, respectively. Mechanism studies suggested that β-fluorination negatively shifts the metal complexes' reduction potentials and accelerates the electron transfer process, both contributing to the boosting of HER reaction. Notably, 6 showed an 890-fold increase of TOFs than 1, demonstrating the combining advantages of the of fluorination, hydrogenation, and hydroxylation at porphyrin β-periphery.

Applications of Fluorous Porphyrinoids: An Update†

Porphyrins and related macrocycles have been studied broadly for their applications in medicine and materials because of their tunable physicochemical, optoelectronic and magnetic properties. In this review article, we focused on the applications of fluorinated porphyrinoids and their supramolecular systems and summarized the reports published on these chromophores in the past 5-6 years. The commercially available fluorinated porphyrinoids: meso-perfluorophenylporphyrin (TPPF₂₀ ) perfluorophthalocyanine (PcF₁₆ ) and meso-perfluorophenylcorrole (CorF₁₅ ) have increased photo and oxidative stability due to the presence of fluoro groups. Because of their tunable properties and robustness toward oxidative damage these porphyrinoid-based chromophores continue to gain attention of researchers developing advanced functional materials for applications such as sensors, photonic devices, component for solar cells, biomedical imaging, theranostics and catalysts.

Current Advances in the Synthesis of Valuable Dipyrromethane Scaffolds: Classic and New Methods

This review presents the most recent developments on the synthesis of dipyrromethanes, covering classical synthetic strategies, using acid catalyzed condensation of pyrroles and aldehydes or ketones, and recent breakthroughs which allow the synthesis of these type of heterocycles with new substitution patterns.

β-Fluorinated porpholactones and metal complexes: synthesis, characterization and some spectroscopic studies

We describe the synthesis of β-fluorinated porpholactones by oxidation of the fluorinated CC bond of the pyrrolic subunit in porphyrin using the “RuCl₃ + Oxone®” protocol.

Magnesium porphyrins with relevance to chlorophylls

A review on the chemistry of magnesium porphyrins, which have significant interest owing to the relevance to chlorophyll molecules, is presented with emphasis on bicarbonate adducts of magnesium porphyrin and chlorophyll.