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Martín J, Schörgenhumer J, Biedrzycki M, Nevado C. (P^N^C) Ligands to Stabilize Gold(III): A Straightforward Access to Hydroxo, Formate, and Hydride Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8390-8396. [PMID: 38657169 PMCID: PMC11080065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A novel class of (P^N^C) pincer ligands capable of stabilizing elusive gold(III) species is reported here. Straightforward access to (P^N^C)gold(III) hydroxo, formate, and hydride complexes has been streamlined by first incorporating a cycloauration step devoid of toxic metals or harsh conditions. The resulting gold complexes exhibit remarkable stability in solution as well as in the solid state under ambient conditions, which enabled their characterization by X-ray diffraction analyses. Interestingly, the influence of the ligand allowed the preparation of gold(III)-hydrides using mild hydride donors such as H-Bpin, which contrasts with sensitive super hydrides or strong acids and cryogenic conditions employed in previous protocols. A detailed bonding characterization of these species is complemented by reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martín
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH 8057, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Schörgenhumer
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH 8057, Switzerland
| | - Michał Biedrzycki
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH 8057, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH 8057, Switzerland
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2
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Phearman AS, Ardon Y, Goldberg KI. Insertion of Molecular Oxygen into a Gold(III)-Hydride Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4045-4059. [PMID: 38290523 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The use of molecular oxygen as an oxidant in chemical synthesis has significant environmental and economic benefits, and it is widely used as such in large-scale industrial processes. However, its adoption in highly selective homogeneous catalytic transformations, particularly to produce oxygenated organics, has been hindered by our limited understanding of the mechanisms by which O2 reacts with transition metals. Of particular relevance are the mechanisms of the reactions of oxygen with late transition metal hydrides as these metal centers are better poised to release oxygenated products. Homogeneous catalysis with gold complexes has markedly increased, and herein we report the synthesis and full characterization of a rare AuIII-H, supported by a diphosphine pincer ligand (tBuPCP = 2,6-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)benzene). [(tBuPCP)AuIII-H]+ was found to cleanly react with molecular oxygen to yield a stable AuIII-OOH complex that was also fully characterized. Extensive kinetic studies on the reaction via variable temperature NMR spectroscopy have been completed, and the results are consistent with an autoaccelerating radical chain mechanism. The observed kinetic behavior exhibits similarities to that of previously reported PdII-H and PtIV-H reactions with O2 but is not fully consistent with any known O2 insertion mechanism. As such, this study contributes to the nascent fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of aerobic oxidation of late metal hydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Phearman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yotam Ardon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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3
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Mertens RT, Gukathasan S, Arojojoye AS, Olelewe C, Awuah SG. Next Generation Gold Drugs and Probes: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6612-6667. [PMID: 37071737 PMCID: PMC10317554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The gold drugs, gold sodium thiomalate (Myocrisin), aurothioglucose (Solganal), and the orally administered auranofin (Ridaura), are utilized in modern medicine for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis including rheumatoid and juvenile arthritis; however, new gold agents have been slow to enter the clinic. Repurposing of auranofin in different disease indications such as cancer, parasitic, and microbial infections in the clinic has provided impetus for the development of new gold complexes for biomedical applications based on unique mechanistic insights differentiated from auranofin. Various chemical methods for the preparation of physiologically stable gold complexes and associated mechanisms have been explored in biomedicine such as therapeutics or chemical probes. In this Review, we discuss the chemistry of next generation gold drugs, which encompasses oxidation states, geometry, ligands, coordination, and organometallic compounds for infectious diseases, cancer, inflammation, and as tools for chemical biology via gold-protein interactions. We will focus on the development of gold agents in biomedicine within the past decade. The Review provides readers with an accessible overview of the utility, development, and mechanism of action of gold-based small molecules to establish context and basis for the thriving resurgence of gold in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Adedamola S Arojojoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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4
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McCallum T. Heart of gold: enabling ligands for oxidative addition of haloorganics in Au(I)/Au(III) catalysed cross-coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1629-1646. [PMID: 36727215 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of Au-catalysis has been an area rich with new discoveries due to the unique properties of the lustrous element. In the past decade, developments in Au(I)/Au(III) cross-coupling methodology have been made possible with the use of external oxidants that facilitate the challenging oxidation of Au(I) to Au(III) in a stable and catalytically competent fashion. Until recently, Au-chemistry was not known to undergo catalytic transformations that feature oxidative addition of haloarenes like those that were made famous by transition metals such as Pd and Ni. The discovery that ligand modification could facilitate the oxidative addition of Au(I) with haloorganics to provide Au(III) intermediates that are competent in other areas of catalysis (i.e. Lewis acid catalysis) has revolutionized this field and has led to the invention of new cross-coupling methodology. The recent advances at the leading edge in the emerging field of Au(I)/Au(III) catalysis under redox-neutral conditions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McCallum
- The Canadian Bank Note Company, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Mehara J, Koovakattil Surendran A, van Wieringen T, Setia D, Foroutan-Nejad C, Straka M, Rulíšek L, Roithová J. Cationic Gold(II) Complexes: Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201794. [PMID: 35946558 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold(II) complexes are rare, and their application to the catalysis of chemical transformations is underexplored. The reason is their easy oxidation or reduction to more stable gold(III) or gold(I) complexes, respectively. We explored the thermodynamics of the formation of [AuII (L)(X)]+ complexes (L=ligand, X=halogen) from the corresponding gold(III) precursors and investigated their stability and spectral properties in the IR and visible range in the gas phase. The results show that the best ancillary ligands L for stabilizing gaseous [AuII (L)(X)]+ complexes are bidentate and tridentate ligands with nitrogen donor atoms. The electronic structure and spectral properties of the investigated gold(II) complexes were correlated with quantum chemical calculations. The results show that the molecular and electronic structure of the gold(II) complexes as well as their spectroscopic properties are very similar to those of analogous stable copper(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Mehara
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | - Adarsh Koovakattil Surendran
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | - Teun van Wieringen
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | - Deeksha Setia
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Straka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí. 2, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
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6
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Dong J, Robinson JR, Gao ZH, Wang LS. Selective Semihydrogenation of Polarized Alkynes by a Gold Hydride Nanocluster. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12501-12509. [PMID: 35771170 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hydridic hydrogen in nanogold catalysts has long been postulated as an important intermediate in hydrogenation reactions, but it has not been directly observed. Here, we report the synthesis of a new undecagold cluster with a bidentate phosphine ligand. The chelating effects of the bidentate ligand result in a more symmetric Au11 core with two labile Cl- ligands that can exchange with BH4-, leading to a novel undecagold hydride cluster. The new hydride cluster is discovered to readily undergo hydroauration reaction with alkynes containing electron-withdrawing groups, forming key gold-alkenyl semihydrogenation intermediates, which can be efficiently and selectively converted to Z-alkenes under acidic conditions. All key reaction intermediates are isolated and characterized, providing atomic-level insights into the active sites and mechanisms of semihydrogenation reactions catalyzed by gold-based nanomaterials. The hydridic hydrogen in the undecagold cluster is found to be the key to prevent over hydrogenation of alkenes to alkanes. The current study provides fundamental insights into hydrogenation chemistry enabled by gold-based nanomaterials and may lead to the development of efficient catalysts for selective semihydrogenation or functionalization of alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jerome R Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Ze-Hua Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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7
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Abstract
In this contribution, we provide an overview of the main avenues that have emerged in gold coordination chemistry during the last years. The unique properties of gold have motivated research in gold chemistry, and especially regarding the properties and applications of gold compounds in catalysis, medicine, and materials chemistry. The advances in the synthesis and knowledge of gold coordination compounds have been possible with the design of novel ligands becoming relevant motifs that have allowed the preparation of elusive complexes in this area of research. Strong donor ligands with easily modulable electronic and steric properties, such as stable singlet carbenes or cyclometalated ligands, have been decisive in the stabilization of gold(0) species, gold fluoride complexes, gold hydrides, unprecedented π complexes, or cluster derivatives. These new ligands have been important not only from the fundamental structure and bonding studies but also for the synthesis of sophisticated catalysts to improve activity and selectivity of organic transformations. Moreover, they have enabled the facile oxidative addition from gold(I) to gold(III) and the design of a plethora of complexes with specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel P Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Trans-stereochemistry from the insertion of alkynes into a ruthenium - carbon bond of a bridging-phenyl ligand. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Cheung WM, Chong MC, Sung HHY, Cheng SC, Williams ID, Ko CC, Leung WH. Synthesis, structure and reactivity of iridium complexes containing a bis-cyclometalated tridentate C^N^C ligand. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8512-8523. [PMID: 34060573 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to synthesize cyclometalated iridium complexes containing a tridentate C^N^C ligand, transmetallation of [Hg(HC^N^C)Cl] (1) (H2C^N^C = 2,6-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)pyridine) with various organoiridium starting materials has been studied. The treatment of 1 with [Ir(cod)Cl]2 (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) in acetonitrile at room temperature afforded a hexanuclear Ir4Hg2 complex, [Cl(κ2C,N-HC^N^C)(cod)IrHgIr(cod)Cl2]2 (2), which features Ir-Hg-Ir and Ir-Cl-Ir bridges. Refluxing 2 with sodium acetate in tetrahydrofuran (thf) resulted in cyclometalation of the bidentate HC^N^C ligand and formation of trinuclear [(C^N^C)(cod)IrHgIr(cod)Cl2] (3). On the other hand, refluxing [Ir(cod)Cl]2 with 1 and sodium acetate in thf yielded [Ir(C^N^C)(cod)(HgCl)] (4). Chlorination of 4 with PhICl2 gave [Ir(C^N^C)(cod)Cl]·HgCl2 (5·HgCl2) that reacted with tricyclohexylphosphine to yield Hg-free [Ir(C^N^C)(cod)Cl] (5). Chloride abstraction of 5 with silver(i) triflate (AgOTf) gave [Ir(C^N^C)(cod)(H2O)](OTf) (6) that can catalyze the cyclopropanation of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate. Reaction of 1 and [Ir(CO)2Cl(py)] (py = pyridine) with sodium acetate in refluxing thf afforded [Ir(C^N^C)(HgCl)(py)(CO)] (7), in which the carbonyl ligand is coplanar with the C^N^C ligand. On the other hand, refluxing 1 with (PPh4)[Ir(CO)2Cl2] and sodium acetate in acetonitrile gave [Ir(C^N^C)(κ2C,N-HC^N^C)(CO)] (8), the carbonyl ligand of which is trans to the pyridyl ring of the bidentate HC^N^C ligand. Upon irradiation with UV light 8 in thf was isomerized to 8', in which the carbonyl is trans to a phenyl group of the bidentate HC^N^C ligand. The isomer pair 8 and 8' exhibited emission at 548 and 514 nm in EtOH/MeOH at 77 K with lifetime of 84.0 and 64.6 μs, respectively. Protonation of 8 with p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) afforded the bis(bidentate) tosylate complex [Ir(κ2C,N-HC^N^C)2(CO)(OTs)] (9) that could be reconverted to 8 upon treatment with sodium acetate. The electrochemistry of the Ir(C^N^C) complexes has been studied using cyclic voltammetry. Reaction of [Ir(PPh3)3Cl] with 1 and sodium acetate in refluxing thf led to isolation of the previously reported compound [Ir(κ2P,C-C6H4PPh2)2(PPh3)Cl] (10). The crystal structures of 2-5, 8, 8', 9 and 10 have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Man Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Man-Chun Chong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Herman H-Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shun-Cheung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-Chiu Ko
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wa-Hung Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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10
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Tang MC, Chan MY, Yam VWW. Molecular Design of Luminescent Gold(III) Emitters as Thermally Evaporable and Solution-Processable Organic Light-Emitting Device (OLED) Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7249-7279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Chung Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yee Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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11
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Rodriguez J, Tabey A, Mallet-Ladeira S, Bourissou D. Oxidative additions of alkynyl/vinyl iodides to gold and gold-catalyzed vinylation reactions triggered by the MeDalphos ligand. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7706-7712. [PMID: 34168822 PMCID: PMC8188461 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01483h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemilabile Ad2P(o-C6H4)NMe2 ligand promotes fast, quantitative and irreversible oxidative addition of alkynyl and vinyl iodides to gold. The reaction is general. It works with a broad range of substrates of various electronic bias and steric demand, and proceeds with complete retention of stereochemistry from Z and E vinyl iodides. Both alkynyl and vinyl iodides react faster than aryl iodides. The elementary step is amenable to catalysis. Oxidative addition of vinyl iodides to gold and π-activation of alkenols (and N-alkenyl amines) at gold have been combined to achieve hetero-vinylation reactions. A number of functionalized heterocycles, i.e. tetrahydrofuranes, tetrahydropyranes, oxepanes and pyrrolidines were obtained thereby (24 examples, 87% average yield). Taking advantage of the chemoselectivity for vinyl iodides over aryl iodides, sequential transformations involving first a hetero-vinylation step and then a C-N coupling, a C-C coupling or an heteroarylation were achieved from a vinyl/aryl bis-iodide substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodriguez
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - Alexis Tabey
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (FR 2599) 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Didier Bourissou
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université de Toulouse (UPS), CNRS 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
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12
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Dhara D, Scheschkewitz D, Chandrasekhar V, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Reactivity of NHC/diphosphene-coordinated Au(I)-hydride. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:809-812. [PMID: 33367425 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05461e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the reactivity of isolable Au(i)-hydride stabilized by an NHC-coordinated diphosphene towards substrates containing C-C and N-N multiple bonds (NHC = N-heterocyclcic carbene). Reactions with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and azobenzene lead to a trans-addition of the Au(i)-H across the C-C triple bond and the N-N double bond, respectively. In contrast, the reaction with ethyl diazoacetate affords a gold(i)-hydrazonide as the 1,1-addition product to the terminal nitrogen atom. With phenyl acetylene, the corresponding Au(i)-alkynyl complex is obtained under the elimination of dihydrogen. Strikingly, diphosphene-containing Au(i)-hydride is more reactive - affording different products in some cases - than a related NHC-stabilized Au(i)-hydride without the mediating diphosphene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Dhara
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Vadapalli Chandrasekhar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India. and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Cem B Yildiz
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, University of Aksaray, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
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13
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MacMillan JWM, Marczenko KM, Johnson ER, Chitnis SS. Hydrostibination of Alkynes: A Radical Mechanism*. Chemistry 2020; 26:17134-17142. [PMID: 32706129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The addition of Sb-H bonds to alkynes was reported recently as a new hydroelementation reaction that exclusively yields anti-Markovnikov Z-olefins from terminal acetylenes. We examine four possible mechanisms that are consistent with the observed stereochemical and regiochemical outcomes. A comprehensive analysis of solvent, substituent, isotope, additive, and temperature effects on hydrostibination reaction rates definitively refutes three ionic mechanisms involving closed-shell charged intermediates. Instead the data support a fourth pathway featuring open-shell neutral intermediates. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations are consistent with this model, predicting an activation barrier that is in agreement with the experimental value (Eyring analysis) and a rate limiting step that is congruent with the experimental kinetic isotope effect. We therefore conclude that hydrostibination of arylacetylenes is initiated by the generation of stibinyl radicals, which then participate in a cycle featuring SbII and SbIII intermediates to yield the observed Z-olefins as products. This mechanistic understanding will enable rational evolution of hydrostibination as a synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W M MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada
| | - Katherine M Marczenko
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada
| | - Erin R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada
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14
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Poveda D, Vivancos Á, Bautista D, González-Herrero P. Visible light driven generation and alkyne insertion reactions of stable bis-cyclometalated Pt(iv) hydrides. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12095-12102. [PMID: 34123220 PMCID: PMC8162800 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04879h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydride complexes resulting from the oxidative addition of C–H bonds are intermediates in hydrocarbon activation and functionalization reactions. The discovery of metal systems that enable their direct formation through photoexcitation with visible light could lead to advantageous synthetic methodologies. In this study, easily accessible dimers [Pt2(μ-Cl)2(C^N)2] (C^N = cyclometalated 2-arylpyridine) are demonstrated as a very convenient source of Pt(C^N) subunits, which promote photooxidative C–H addition reactions with different 2-arylpyridines (N′^C′H) upon irradiation with blue light. The resulting [PtH(Cl)(C^N)(C′^N′)] complexes are the first isolable Pt(iv) hydrides arising from a cyclometalation reaction. A transcyclometalation process involving three photochemical steps is elucidated, which occurs when the C^N ligand is a monocyclometalated 2,6-diarylpyridine, and a detailed analysis of the photoreactivity associated with the Pt(C^N) moiety is provided. Alkyne insertions into the Pt–H bond of a photogenerated Pt(iv) hydride are also reported as a demonstration of the ability of this class of compounds to undergo subsequent organometallic reactions. The photochemical generation of isolable bis-cyclometalated Pt(iv) hydrides via photooxidative C–H addition reactions is demonstrated from easily accessible Pt(ii) precursors using visible light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionisio Poveda
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 19 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Ángela Vivancos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 19 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Delia Bautista
- Área Científica y Técnica de Investigación, Universidad de Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 21 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Pablo González-Herrero
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 19 30100 Murcia Spain
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15
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Rocchigiani L, Bochmann M. Recent Advances in Gold(III) Chemistry: Structure, Bonding, Reactivity, and Role in Homogeneous Catalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 121:8364-8451. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rocchigiani
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47TJ, United Kingdom
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16
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Rocchigiani L, Klooster WT, Coles SJ, Hughes DL, Hrobárik P, Bochmann M. Hydride Transfer to Gold: Yes or No? Exploring the Unexpected Versatility of Au⋅⋅⋅H−M Bonding in Heterobimetallic Dihydrides. Chemistry 2020; 26:8267-8280. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rocchigiani
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich NR47TJ UK
| | - Wim T. Klooster
- National Crystallography ServiceSchool of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO171BJ UK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- National Crystallography ServiceSchool of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO171BJ UK
| | - David L. Hughes
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich NR47TJ UK
| | - Peter Hrobárik
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Natural SciencesComenius University 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich NR47TJ UK
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17
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Luo H, Cao B, Chan ASC, Sun RW, Zou T. Cyclometalated Gold(III)‐Hydride Complexes Exhibit Visible Light‐Induced Thiol Reactivity and Act as Potent Photo‐Activated Anti‐Cancer Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11046-11052. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hejiang Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Bei Cao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, and General Education DivisionThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518172 P. R. China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | | | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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18
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Luo H, Cao B, Chan ASC, Sun RW, Zou T. Cyclometalated Gold(III)‐Hydride Complexes Exhibit Visible Light‐Induced Thiol Reactivity and Act as Potent Photo‐Activated Anti‐Cancer Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hejiang Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Bei Cao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, and General Education DivisionThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518172 P. R. China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | | | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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19
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Cadge JA, Sparkes HA, Bower JF, Russell CA. Oxidative Addition of Alkenyl and Alkynyl Iodides to a Au
I
Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Cadge
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - John F. Bower
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
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20
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Cadge JA, Sparkes HA, Bower JF, Russell CA. Oxidative Addition of Alkenyl and Alkynyl Iodides to a Au I Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6617-6621. [PMID: 31951062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The first isolated examples of intermolecular oxidative addition of alkenyl and alkynyl iodides to AuI are reported. Using a 5,5'-difluoro-2,2'-bipyridyl ligated complex, oxidative addition of geometrically defined alkenyl iodides occurs readily, reversibly and stereospecifically to give alkenyl-AuIII complexes. Conversely, reversible alkynyl iodide oxidative addition generates bimetallic complexes containing both AuIII and AuI centers. Stoichiometric studies show that both new initiation modes can form the basis for the development of C-C bond forming cross-couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Cadge
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Hazel A Sparkes
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - John F Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
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21
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Maliszewska HK, Hughes DL, Muñoz MP. Allene-derived gold and platinum complexes: synthesis and first applications in catalysis. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:4034-4038. [PMID: 32134415 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis, full characterisation and first application in catalysis of novel Au(i), Au(iii) and Pt(ii) carbene-type complexes formed from bis(pyridyl)allenes. The catalytic activity of the new Au(i)-complexes in the cyclisation of 1,6-enynes, a benchmark reaction for new Au and Pt complexes, was comparable to Au(i)-state-of-the-art catalysts used in these reactions. Reactions with the new Au(iii)- and Pt(ii)-complexes occurred under milder conditions than those reported with AuCl3 and PtCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K Maliszewska
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - David L Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - María Paz Muñoz
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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22
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Reactivity of 5-alkynyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrroles with Au(III): Route to vinylgold(III) complexes, aurocycles by cyclisation of these complexes and ML complexes. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Yang J, Zhu Y, Tse AKW, Zhou X, Chen Y, Tse YC, Wong KMC, Ho CY. Synthesis and study of Au(iii)-indolizine derivatives: turn-on luminescence by photo-induced controlled release. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4471-4474. [PMID: 30839955 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The photo- and structural properties of a series of Au(iii) indolizine complexes were determined. Controlled release of halogenated indolizine derivatives from the corresponding Au(iii) complexes was achieved by photoinduced C-X bond formation, which provided turn-on luminescence with an increase in emission intensity of up to 67 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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24
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Rigoulet M, Massou S, Sosa Carrizo ED, Mallet-Ladeira S, Amgoune A, Miqueu K, Bourissou D. Evidence for genuine hydrogen bonding in gold(I) complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:46-51. [PMID: 30567973 PMCID: PMC6320517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817194116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of gold to act as proton acceptor and participate in hydrogen bonding remains an open question. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of cationic gold(I) complexes featuring ditopic phosphine-ammonium (P,NH+) ligands. In addition to the presence of short Au∙∙∙H contacts in the solid state, the presence of Au∙∙∙H-N hydrogen bonds was inferred by NMR and IR spectroscopies. The bonding situation was extensively analyzed computationally. All features were consistent with the presence of three-center four-electron attractive interactions combining electrostatic and orbital components. The role of relativistic effects was examined, and the analysis is extended to other recently described gold(I) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Rigoulet
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université - CNRS No 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Stéphane Massou
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, Fédération de Recherche Université - CNRS No 2599, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - E Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université - CNRS No 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, Fédération de Recherche Université - CNRS No 2599, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Abderrahmane Amgoune
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université - CNRS No 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université - CNRS No 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Didier Bourissou
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université - CNRS No 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France;
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25
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Rocchigiani L, Fernandez-Cestau J, Chambrier I, Hrobárik P, Bochmann M. Unlocking Structural Diversity in Gold(III) Hydrides: Unexpected Interplay of cis/ trans-Influence on Stability, Insertion Chemistry, and NMR Chemical Shifts. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8287-8302. [PMID: 29860842 PMCID: PMC6047844 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new families of stable or at least spectroscopically observable gold(III) hydride complexes is reported, including anionic cis-hydrido chloride, hydrido aryl, and cis-dihydride complexes. Reactions between (C^C)AuCl(PR3) and LiHBEt3 afford the first examples of gold(III) phosphino hydrides (C^C)AuH(PR3) (R = Me, Ph, p-tolyl; C^C = 4,4'-di- tert-butylbiphenyl-2,2'-diyl). The X-ray structure of (C^C)AuH(PMe3) was determined. LiHBEt3 reacts with (C^C)AuCl(py) to give [(C^C)Au(H)Cl]-, whereas (C^C)AuH(PR3) undergoes phosphine displacement, generating the dihydride [(C^C)AuH2]-. Monohydrido complexes hydroaurate dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate to give Z-vinyls. (C^N^C)Au pincer complexes give the first examples of gold(III) bridging hydrides. Stability, reactivity and bonding characteristics of Au(III)-H complexes crucially depend on the interplay between cis and trans-influence. Remarkably, these new gold(III) hydrides extend the range of observed NMR hydride shifts from δ -8.5 to +7 ppm. Relativistic DFT calculations show that the origin of this wide chemical shift variability as a function of the ligands depends on the different ordering and energy gap between "shielding" Au(dπ)-based orbitals and "deshielding" σ(Au-H)-type MOs, which are mixed to some extent upon inclusion of spin-orbit (SO) coupling. The resulting 1H hydride shifts correlate linearly with the DFT optimized Au-H distances and Au-H bond covalency. The effect of cis ligands follows a nearly inverse ordering to that of trans ligands. This study appears to be the first systematic delineation of cis ligand influence on M-H NMR shifts and provides the experimental evidence for the dramatic change of the 1H hydride shifts, including the sign change, upon mutual cis and trans ligand alternation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rocchigiani
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Julio Fernandez-Cestau
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Chambrier
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hrobárik
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität
Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, United Kingdom
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26
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Belanzoni P. Ligand Effect on Bonding in Gold(III) Carbonyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6161-6175. [PMID: 29741374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We quantitatively assess the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson (DCD) components of the Au(III)-CO bond and the charge density polarization at the CO, in a series of neutral, cationic, and dicationic bis- and monocyclometalated gold(III) complexes via charge-displacement (CD) analysis. A striking feature concerns the very small net electron charge flux from CO to the metal fragment which is unexpectedly stable toward both the charge of the complex and the oxidation state of gold (I, III). All systems exhibit a similar trend for the σ charge rearrangement in the region of the carbonyl bond, where, by contrast, the π back-donation trend variation is large, which is strictly correlated to the change in CO bond distance and the shift in CO stretching frequencies, in close analogy with the gold(I) carbonyl complexes. In the whole series of gold(III) compounds, a large Au(III) ← CO σ donation is measured (from 0.19 to 0.31 electrons), as well as a significant Au(III) → CO π back-donation (from -0.09 to -0.22 electrons), which however is not generally able to completely balance the polarization of the CO π electrons in the direction from oxygen to carbon (C ← O) induced by the presence of the metal fragment [LAu(III)]0/+1/+2. Surprisingly, all the gold(III) complexes in the series are characterized by a very small anisotropy in the Au(III) → CO in-plane and out-of-plane π back-donation components, in sharp contrast with the marked anisotropy found before for the experimentally characterized [(C^N^C)Au(III)CO]+ complex. A first attempt to figure out a rationale on the bonding/reactivity relationship for Au(III)-CO is made by performing a comparative study with an isostructural [(N^N^C)Pt(II)CO]+ complex in a model water-gas shift (WGS) reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
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27
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Grajeda J, Nova A, Balcells D, Bruch QJ, Wragg DS, Heyn RH, Miller AJM, Tilset M. Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Gold(III) PNP Pincer Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Grajeda
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27516‐3290 Chapel Hill NC USA
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences University of Oslo P.O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Ainara Nova
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences University of Oslo P.O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - David Balcells
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences University of Oslo P.O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Quinton J. Bruch
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27516‐3290 Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - David S. Wragg
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences University of Oslo P.O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | | | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27516‐3290 Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Mats Tilset
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences University of Oslo P.O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
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28
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Bertrand B, O'Connell MA, Waller ZAE, Bochmann M. A Gold(III) Pincer Ligand Scaffold for the Synthesis of Binuclear and Bioconjugated Complexes: Synthesis and Anticancer Potential. Chemistry 2018; 24:3613-3622. [PMID: 29334159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated (C^N^C)AuIII complexes bearing functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands provide a high-yielding, modular route to bioconjugated and binuclear complexes. This methodology has been applied to the synthesis of bioconjugated complexes presenting biotin and 17α-ethynylestradiol vectors, as well as to the synthesis of bimetallic AuIII /AuI complexes. The in vitro antiproliferative activities of these compounds against various cancer cells lines depend on the linker length, with the longer linker being the most potent. The estradiol conjugate AuC6 Estra proved to be more toxic against the estrogen receptor positive (ER+) cancer cells than against the ER- cancer cells and non-cancer cells. The bimetallic complex AuC6 Au was more selective for breast cancer cells with respect to a healthy cell standard than the monometallic complex AuNHC. The metal uptake study on cells expressing or not biotin and estrogen receptors revealed an improved and targeted delivery of gold for both the bioconjugated complexes AuC6 Biot and AuC6 Estra compared to the non-vectorised analogue AuNHC. The investigations of the interaction of the bioconjugates and bimetallic complexes with human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA using FRET-melting techniques revealed a reduced ability to stabilize this DNA structure with respect to the non-vectorised analogue AuNHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Bertrand
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Zoë A E Waller
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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29
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Pintus A, Bochmann M. Radical-initiated alkene hydroauration as a route to gold(iii) alkyls: an experimental and computational study. RSC Adv 2018; 8:2795-2803. [PMID: 35541449 PMCID: PMC9077454 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydroauration of functionalised 1-alkenes by the gold(iii) hydride (C^NOMe^C)AuH is initiated by organic radicals and proceeds via (C^N^C)Au(ii) radical intermediates following a bimolecular outer-sphere mechanism. The outcome of these reactions is determined by the stability of the gold-substituted radicals, and chemoselectivity correlates with the degree of spin delocalisation in the alkylgold radical intermediates. The reaction is sensitive to steric as well as electronic factors; disubstituted alkenes and alkenes that form unstable radicals give product mixtures or are unreactive. As DFT calculations show, the reactions agree well with the calculated reaction enthalpies and the standard free energy change for the reaction of the gold(ii) radical with the respective alkene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pintus
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK +44(0)-1603-592044
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK +44(0)-1603-592044
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30
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Currie L, Rocchigiani L, Hughes DL, Bochmann M. Carbon–sulfur bond formation by reductive elimination of gold(iii) thiolates. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6333-6343. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00906f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiols were found to cleave Au–C bonds in (C^N^C)gold(iii) pincer complexes and to induce C–S reductive elimination reactions, to give aryl thioethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Currie
- School of Chemistry
- University of East Anglia
- Norwich NR4 7TJ
- UK
| | | | - David L. Hughes
- School of Chemistry
- University of East Anglia
- Norwich NR4 7TJ
- UK
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31
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Fernandez-Cestau J, Rocchigiani L, Pintus A, Rama RJ, Budzelaar PHM, Bochmann M. Isocyanide insertion into Au–H bonds: first gold iminoformyl complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11447-11450. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of gold hydrides with isocyanides leads to η1-iminoformyl complexes, the first example of an isocyanide insertion in gold chemistry. Key intermediates are gold(ii) isocyanide adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Pintus
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia
- Norwich
- UK
| | - Raquel J. Rama
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia
- Norwich
- UK
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla
- E-41092 Sevilla
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32
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Rocchigiani L, Fernandez‐Cestau J, Agonigi G, Chambrier I, Budzelaar PHM, Bochmann M. Gold(III) Alkyne Complexes: Bonding and Reaction Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13861-13865. [PMID: 28892244 PMCID: PMC5698712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of hitherto hypothetical AuIII π-alkyne complexes is reported. Bonding and stability depend strongly on the trans effect and steric factors. Bonding characteristics shed light on the reasons for the very different stabilities between the classical alkyne complexes of PtII and their drastically more reactive AuIII congeners. Lack of back-bonding facilitates alkyne slippage, which is energetically less costly for gold than for platinum and explains the propensity of gold to facilitate C-C bond formation. Cycloaddition followed by aryl migration and reductive deprotonation is presented as a new reaction sequence in gold chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rocchigiani
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | | | - Gabriele Agonigi
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Isabelle Chambrier
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | | | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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33
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Nair AG, McBurney RT, Gatus MRD, Binding SC, Messerle BA. Gold(III) NHC Complexes for Catalyzing Dihydroalkoxylation and Hydroamination Reactions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12067-12075. [PMID: 28933838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A gold(III) complex of an N-heterocyclic carbene based hemilabile ligand with two pendant pyrazole arms (1,3-bis((1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole, LH) was synthesized. Complex [LAu(III)Cl3] is an excellent catalyst for promoting dihydroalkoxylation at room temperature, even catalyzing this reaction at 0 °C. [LAu(III)Cl3] is one of the most efficient catalysts reported to date for the spirocyclization of alkynyl diols. Furthermore, [LAu(III)Cl3] catalyzed intra- and intermolecular hydroamination reactions, achieving good to excellent conversions. [LAu(III)Cl3] is a more efficient catalyst than a gold(I) analogue, [LAu(I)Cl]. The dependence of the quantity of weakly coordinating anion [BArF4]- ((3,5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl borate) present on catalysis efficiency was probed for the dihydroalkoxylation reaction. X-ray diffraction analysis of single crystals demonstrated the solid-state structure of gold complexes [LAu(III)Cl3] and [LAu(I)Cl], which displayed the expected square-planar and linear coordination geometries, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin G Nair
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Roy T McBurney
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Mark R D Gatus
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Samantha C Binding
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Barbara A Messerle
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney 2109, Australia
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34
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Rocchigiani L, Fernandez-Cestau J, Agonigi G, Chambrier I, Budzelaar PHM, Bochmann M. Gold(III) Alkyne Complexes: Bonding and Reaction Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rocchigiani
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Julio Fernandez-Cestau
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Gabriele Agonigi
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Isabelle Chambrier
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cintia 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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35
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Kumar R, Krieger JP, Gómez-Bengoa E, Fox T, Linden A, Nevado C. The First Gold(III) Formate: Evidence for β-Hydride Elimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12862-12865. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Universidad del Pais Vasco; Apdo 1072 CP-20080 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Thomas Fox
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
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36
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Kumar R, Krieger JP, Gómez-Bengoa E, Fox T, Linden A, Nevado C. The First Gold(III) Formate: Evidence for β-Hydride Elimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Universidad del Pais Vasco; Apdo 1072 CP-20080 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Thomas Fox
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 8057 Zürich Switzerland
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37
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Fernandez-Cestau J, Bertrand B, Pintus A, Bochmann M. Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Luminescent (C∧N∧C)gold(III) Alkyl Complexes: Correlation between Photoemission Energies and C–H Acidity. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoı̂t Bertrand
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ. U.K
| | - Anna Pintus
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ. U.K
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ. U.K
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38
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Holmsen MSM, Nova A, Balcells D, Langseth E, Øien-Ødegaard S, Heyn RH, Tilset M, Laurenczy G. trans-Mutation at Gold(III): A Mechanistic Study of a Catalytic Acetylene Functionalization via a Double Insertion Pathway. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eirin Langseth
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, P.O. Box 124
Blindern, Oslo N-0314, Norway
| | | | - Richard H. Heyn
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, P.O. Box 124
Blindern, Oslo N-0314, Norway
| | | | - Gábor Laurenczy
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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39
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Rahm M, Hoffmann R, Ashcroft NW. Ternary Gold Hydrides: Routes to Stable and Potentially Superconducting Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Laboratory of Atomic
and Solid State
Physics, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Laboratory of Atomic
and Solid State
Physics, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - N. W. Ashcroft
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Laboratory of Atomic
and Solid State
Physics, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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40
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Chambrier I, Roşca DA, Fernandez-Cestau J, Hughes DL, Budzelaar PHM, Bochmann M. Formation of Gold(III) Alkyls from Gold Alkoxide Complexes. Organometallics 2017; 36:1358-1364. [PMID: 28413238 PMCID: PMC5388904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gold(III) methoxide complex (C∧N∧C)AuOMe (1) reacts with tris(p-tolyl)phosphine in benzene at room temperature under O abstraction to give the methylgold product (C∧N∧C)AuMe (2) together with O=P(p-tol)3 ((C∧N∧C) = [2,6-(C6H3t Bu-4)2pyridine]2-). Calculations show that this reaction is energetically favorable (ΔG = -32.3 kcal mol-1). The side products in this reaction, the Au(II) complex [Au(C∧N∧C)]2 (3) and the phosphorane (p-tol)3P(OMe)2, suggest that at least two reaction pathways may operate, including one involving (C∧N∧C)Au• radicals. Attempts to model the reaction by DFT methods showed that PPh3 can approach 1 to give a near-linear Au-O-P arrangement, without phosphine coordination to gold. The analogous reaction of (C∧N∧C)AuOEt, on the other hand, gives exclusively a mixture of 3 and (p-tol)3P(OEt)2. Whereas the reaction of (C∧N∧C)AuOR (R = But, p-C6H4F) with P(p-tol)3 proceeds over a period of hours, compounds with R = CH2CF3, CH(CF3)2 react almost instantaneously, to give 3 and O=P(p-tol)3. In chlorinated solvents, treatment of the alkoxides (C∧N∧C)AuOR with phosphines generates [(C∧N∧C)Au(PR3)]Cl, via Cl abstraction from the solvent. Attempts to extend the synthesis of gold(III) alkoxides to allyl alcohols were unsuccessful; the reaction of (C∧N∧C)AuOH with an excess of CH2=CHCH2OH in toluene led instead to allyl alcohol isomerization to give a mixture of gold alkyls, (C∧N∧C)AuR' (R' = -CH2CH2CHO (10), -CH2CH(CH2OH)OCH2CH=CH2 (11)), while 2-methallyl alcohol affords R' = CH2CH(Me)CHO (12). The crystal structure of 11 was determined. The formation of Au-C instead of the expected Au-O products is in line with the trend in metal-ligand bond dissociation energies for Au(III): M-H > M-C > M-O.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David L. Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | | | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
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41
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Cyclometallierte AuIII
-Komplexe: Synthese, Reaktivität und physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Kumar R, Nevado C. Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Physicochemical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1994-2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 CH-8057 Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 180 CH-8057 Switzerland
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43
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Radenković S, Antić M, Savić ND, Glišić BĐ. The nature of the Au–N bond in gold(iii) complexes with aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycles: the influence of Au(iii) ions on the ligand aromaticity. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02634j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic character of nitrogen-containing rings is decreased upon gold(iii) coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Radenković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- R. Domanovića 12
- P. O. Box 60
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Marija Antić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- R. Domanovića 12
- P. O. Box 60
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Nada D. Savić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- R. Domanovića 12
- P. O. Box 60
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Biljana Đ. Glišić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- R. Domanovića 12
- P. O. Box 60
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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44
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Gaggioli CA, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Belanzoni P. The gold(iii)–CO bond: a missing piece in the gold carbonyl complex landscape. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1603-1606. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09879g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Surprisingly, charge-displacement (CD) analysis reveals a significant π back-donation in the gold(iii)–CO bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Gaggioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Universita' degli Studi di Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM)
- c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Universita' degli Studi di Perugia
- Perugia
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Universita' degli Studi di Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Universita' degli Studi di Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
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45
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Kleinhans G, Hansmann MM, Guisado-Barrios G, Liles DC, Bertrand G, Bezuidenhout DI. Nucleophilic T-Shaped (LXL)Au(I)-Pincer Complexes: Protonation and Alkylation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15873-15876. [PMID: 27960301 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and reactivity of unusual T-shaped (LXL)Au(I)-pincer complexes, based on a carbazole framework flanked by two mesoionic carbenes (MICs). In contrast to other Au(I) complexes, these complexes react with electrophiles. Protonation and alkylation occur either at the metal or the ligand, depending on steric factors. Of particular interest, protonation at gold leads to an unprecedented cationic Au(III) hydride, which gives a 1H NMR resonance at δ -8.34 ppm. The reactivity of this "hydride", however, shows protic and not hydridic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kleinhans
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Max M Hansmann
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Gregorio Guisado-Barrios
- Institute of Advance Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , Avenida Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - David C Liles
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Daniela I Bezuidenhout
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.,Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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