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Vestrheim O, Schenkelberg ME, Dai Q, Schneebeli ST. Efficient Multigram Procedure for the Synthesis of Large Hydrazone-linked Molecular Cages. Org Chem Front 2023; 10:3965-3974. [PMID: 37906634 PMCID: PMC10600964 DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Covalently linked molecular cages can provide significant advantages (including, but not limited to enhanced thermal and chemical stability) over metal-linked coordination cages. Yet, while large coordination cages can now be created routinely, it is still challenging to create chemically robust, covalently linked molecular cages with large internal cavities. This fundamental challenge has made it difficult, for example, to introduce endohedral functional groups into covalent cages to enhance their practical utility (e.g., for selective guest recognition or catalysis), since the cavities would have simply been filled up with such endohedral functional groups in most cases. Here we now report the synthesis of some of the largest known covalently linked molecular tetrahedra. Our new covalent cages all contain 12 peripheral functional groups, which keep them soluble. They are formed from a common vertex, which aligns the hydrazide functions required for the hydrazone linkages with atropisomerism. While we previously reported this vertex as a building block for the smallest member of our hydrazone-linked tetrahedra, our original synthesis was not feasible to be carried out on the larger scales required to successfully access the larger tetrahedra. To overcome this synthetic challenge, we now present a greatly improved synthesis of our vertex, which only requires a single chromatographic step (compared to 3 chromatographic purification steps, which were needed for the initial synthesis). Our new synthetic route enabled us to create a whole family of molecular cages with increasing size (all linked with hydrolytically stable hydrazone bonds), with our largest covalent cage featuring p-quarterphenyl linkers and the ability to encapsulate a hypothetical sphere of approximately 3 nm in diameter. These results now open up the possibility to introduce functional groups required for selective recognition and catalysis into chemically robust covalent cages (without blocking the cavities of the covalent cages).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Vestrheim
- Departments of Industrial & Physical Pharmacy and Chemistry, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Mica E. Schenkelberg
- Departments of Industrial & Physical Pharmacy and Chemistry, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Qingsheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- This paper describes experimental work performed by Qingsheng Dai but she is unaware that it has been submitted for publication as we have no contact details for her. Qingsheng Dai, therefore, does not take any responsibility for the submission
| | - Severin T. Schneebeli
- Departments of Industrial & Physical Pharmacy and Chemistry, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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2
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Rajappan SC, Vestrheim O, Sharafi M, Li J, Schneebeli ST. Carbonyl-to-Alkyne Electron Donation Effects in up to 10-nm-Long, Unimolecular Oligo( p-phenylene ethynylenes). ORGANIC MATERIALS 2021; 3:337-345. [PMID: 34505058 PMCID: PMC8425378 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized some of the longest unimolecular oligo(p-phenylene ethynylenes) (OPEs), which are fully substituted with electron-withdrawing ester groups. An iterative convergent/divergent (a.k.a. iterative exponential growth - IEG) strategy based on Sonogashira couplings was utilized to access these sequence-defined macromolecules with up to 16 repeating units and 32 ester substituents. The carbonyl groups of the ester substituents interact with the triple bonds of the OPEs, leading to (i) unusual, angled triple bonds with increased rotational barrier, (ii) enhanced conformational disorder, and (iii) associated broadening of the UV/Vis absorption spectrum. Our results demonstrate that fully air-stable, unimolecular OPEs with ester groups can readily be accessed with IEG chemistry, providing new macromolecular backbones with unique geometrical, conformational, and photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu C Rajappan
- University of Vermont, Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Olav Vestrheim
- University of Vermont, Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Mona Sharafi
- University of Vermont, Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Jianing Li
- University of Vermont, Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Severin T Schneebeli
- University of Vermont, Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
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3
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Sharafi M, McKay KT, Ivancic M, McCarthy DR, Dudkina N, Murphy KE, Rajappan SC, Campbell JP, Shen Y, Badireddy AR, Li J, Schneebeli ST. Size-selective Catalytic Polymer Acylation with a Molecular Tetrahedron. Chem 2020; 6:1469-1494. [PMID: 32728651 PMCID: PMC7388586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Selective catalysis at the molecular level represents a cornerstone of chemical synthesis. However, it still remains an open question how to elevate tunable catalysis to larger length scales to functionalize whole polymer chains in a selective manner. We now report a hydrazone-linked tetrahedron with wide openings, which acts as a catalyst to size-selectively functionalize polydisperse polymer mixtures. Our experimental and computational evidence supports a dual role of the hydrazone-linked tetrahedron. To accelerate functionalization of the polymer substrates, the tetrahedron (i) unfolds the polymer substrates and/or breaks the polymer aggregates as well as (ii) enables target sites (amino groups) on the polymers to coordinate with catalytic units (triglyme) attached to the tetrahedron. With the tetrahedron as the catalyst, we find that the reactivity of the shorter polymers increases selectively. Our findings enable the possibility to engineer hydrolytically stable molecular polyhedra as organocatalysts for size-selective polymer modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sharafi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Kyle T McKay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Monika Ivancic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Dillon R McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Natavan Dudkina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Kyle E Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Sinu C Rajappan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Joseph P Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Yuxiang Shen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Appala Raju Badireddy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Lead Contact
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4
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Wang J, Chai Z, Wang J, Wang C, Han M, Liao Q, Huang A, Lin P, Li C, Li Q, Li Z. Mechanoluminescence or Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence: Molecular Packing‐Dependent Emission Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhaofei Chai
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Can Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Qiuyan Liao
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Arui Huang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Peixuan Lin
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Conggang Li
- China State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular PhysicsWuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsThe Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhen Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation ScienceTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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Wang J, Chai Z, Wang J, Wang C, Han M, Liao Q, Huang A, Lin P, Li C, Li Q, Li Z. Mechanoluminescence or Room-Temperature Phosphorescence: Molecular Packing-Dependent Emission Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17297-17302. [PMID: 31529755 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML) and room-temperature photophosphorescence (RTP) were achieved in polymorphisms of a triphenylamine derivative with ortho-substitution. This molecular packing-dependent emission afforded crucial information to deeply understand the intrinsic mechanism of different emission forms and the possible packing-function relationship. With the incorporation of solid-state 13 C NMR spectra of single crystals, as well as the analysis of crystal structures, the preferred packing modes for ML and/or RTP were investigated in detail, which can guide the reasonable design of organic molecules with special light-emission properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhaofei Chai
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Can Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qiuyan Liao
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Arui Huang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Peixuan Lin
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Conggang Li
- China State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Fernandez-Bartolome E, Santos J, Gamonal A, Khodabakhshi S, McCormick LJ, Teat SJ, Sañudo EC, Costa JS, Martín N. A Three-Dimensional Dynamic Supramolecular "Sticky Fingers" Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2310-2315. [PMID: 30549401 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Engineering high-recognition host-guest materials is a burgeoning area in basic and applied research. The challenge of exploring novel porous materials with advanced functionalities prompted us to develop dynamic crystalline structures promoted by soft interactions. The first example of a pure molecular dynamic crystalline framework is demonstrated, which is held together by means of weak "sticky fingers" van der Waals interactions. The presented organic-fullerene-based material exhibits a non-porous dynamic crystalline structure capable of undergoing single-crystal-to-single-crystal reactions. Exposure to hydrazine vapors induces structural and chemical changes that manifest as toposelective hydrogenation of alternating rings on the surface of the [60]fullerene. Control experiments confirm that the same reaction does not occur when performed in solution. Easy-to-detect changes in the macroscopic properties of the sample suggest utility as molecular sensors or energy-storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Santos
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Gamonal
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saeed Khodabakhshi
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura J McCormick
- Advanced Light Source, Berkeley Laboratory, 1; Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Berkeley Laboratory, 1; Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - E Carolina Sañudo
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció química Inorgànica, Univ. de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Sánchez Costa
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Valdo AKSM, Sarotti AM, Martins FT. Synthon trends according to acid strength and geometry in salts of N-heterocyclic bases. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hierarchy and robustness of homosynthons and heterosynthons formed by N-heterocyclic bases were assessed experimentally in salts of aminopyrazine (ampyz) andtrans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (BPE) with common strong, moderate and weak acids, and theoretically at the M06-2X/6-31+G** level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariel M. Sarotti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR)
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario–CONICET
- S2002LRK Rosario
- Argentina
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