Comment on "A Liposomal System Capable of Generating CO2 Bubbles to Induce Transient Cavitation, Lysosomal Rupturing and Cell Necrosis"

Silica-supported near-infrared carbon dots and bicarbonate nanoplatform for triple synergistic sterilization and wound healing promotion therapy

Widespread bacterial infection and the emergence of antibiotic resistance exhibit an increasing threat to public health. Additionally, chronic wounds caused by bacterial infection have become a major challenge and threat in medical. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore effective and safe nanomaterials which possess antibacterial and wound healing promotion performance. Herein, we developed silica-supported near-infrared carbon dots (QPCuRC@MSiO₂) and bicarbonate (BC) nanoplatform (BC/QPCuRC@MSiO₂@PDA), which possess triple synergistic antibacterial including quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Meanwhile, the nanoplatform realized the controlled release of CO₂ in situ triggered by 808 nm laser irradiation for wound healing. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial assays displayed that the BC/QPCuRC@MSiO₂@PDA possess excellent antibacterial property, the antibacterial rate up to 99.6% and 99.99% to Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. Wound healing evaluation proved that suitable release of CO₂ could promote the process of infected wound healing, and the wound healing rate up to 100% after treatment for 14 days. Additionally, the cellular imaging experiment revealed that the BC/QPCuRC@MSiO₂@PDA could be considered as fluorescence probe. Together, these results demonstrated that the BC/QPCuRC@MSiO₂@PDA have great potential in biomedical field.

Liposomes used as a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system: From basics to clinical immunization

Liposomes are widely utilized as a carrier to improve therapeutic efficacy of agents thanks to their merits of high loading capacity, targeting delivery, reliable protection of agents, good biocompatibility, versatile structure modification and adjustable characteristics, such as size, surface charge, membrane flexibility and the agent loading mode. In particular, in recent years, through modification with immunopotentiators and targeting molecules, and in combination with innovative immunization devices, liposomes are rapidly developed as a multifunctional vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS) that has a high capability in inducing desired immunoresponses, as they can target immune cells and even cellular organelles, engender lysosome escape, and promote Ag cross-presentation, thus enormously enhancing vaccination efficacy. Moreover, after decades of development, several products developed on liposome VADS have already been authorized for clinical immunization and are showing great advantages over conventional vaccines. This article describes in depth some critical issues relevant to the development of liposomes as a VADS, including principles underlying immunization, physicochemical properties of liposomes as the immunity-influencing factors, functional material modification to enhance immunostimulatory functions, the state-of-the-art liposome VADSs, as well as the marketed vaccines based on a liposome VADS. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive reference to the development of novel liposome vaccines.