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Concha-Puelles M, Torres-González S, Robles-Henríquez R, Lühr S. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Selective Mono N-Ethylation of Arylamines and Tandem Reduction/ N-Ethylation of Nitroarenes Using Triethylamine and Formic Acid. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8773-8781. [PMID: 38822797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The mono N-alkylation of arylamines using alkylamines as alkyl group donors has been scarcely investigated. In this work, we report the mono N-alkylation of several arylamines (52-95%) catalyzed by the complex ruthenium-triphos in the presence of Al(OTf)3. Moreover, the highly reductant ability of the catalyst system allows the tandem reduction/N-alkylation of nitrobenzenes in good yields (up to 80%). In addition, the catalyst can be recycled after three reaction cycles without loss of catalyst activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- MatíAs Concha-Puelles
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 775000, Chile
| | - Simón Torres-González
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 775000, Chile
| | - Ramiro Robles-Henríquez
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 775000, Chile
| | - Susan Lühr
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 775000, Chile
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2
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Lei Z, Yao J, Xiao Y, Liu WH, Yu L, Duan W, Li CJ. Dual role of nitroarenes as electrophiles and arylamine surrogates in Buchwald-Hartwig-type coupling for C-N bond construction. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3552-3561. [PMID: 38455022 PMCID: PMC10915857 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06618e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most widely utilized methods for the construction of C(sp2)-N bonds is the transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl halides/boronic acids with amines, known as Ullmann condensation, Buchwald-Hartwig amination, and Chan-Lam coupling. However, aryl halides/boronic acids often require multi-step preparation while generating a large amount of corrosive and toxic waste, making the reaction less attractive. Herein, we present an unprecedented method for the C(sp2)-N formation via Buchwald-Hartwig-type reactions using synthetically upstream nitroarenes as the sole starting materials, thus eliminating the need for arylhalides and pre-formed arylamines. A diverse range of symmetrical di- and triarylamines were obtained in a single step from nitroarenes, and more importantly, various unsymmetrical di- and triarylamines were also highly selectively synthesized in a one-pot/two-step process. Furthermore, the success of the scale-up experiments, the late-stage functionalization of a drug intermediate, and the rapid preparation of hole-transporting material TCTA showcased the utility and practicality of this protocol in synthetic chemistry. Mechanistic studies indicate that this transformation may proceed via an arylamine intermediate generated in situ from the reduction of nitroarenes, which is followed by a denitrative Buchwald-Hartwig-type reaction with another nitroarene to form a C-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Lin Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Wengui Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University East Daxue Road Nanning Guangxi 530004 P. R. China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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3
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Yang S, Zeng H, Luo M, Zeng X. Reductive transamidation of tertiary amides with nitroarenes enabled by magnesium and chlorosilane. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9337-9340. [PMID: 37987529 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is the reductive transamidation of tertiary amides with nitroarenes promoted by main group metal magnesium and chlorosilane. The reaction uses commercially available and air-stable nitroarenes as nitrogen sources, so it can occur under transition-metal- and ligand-free conditions, thus providing a step-economic and cost-effective strategy for forming centrally important secondary amides. Several biologically interesting amide motifs are readily accessible by the Mg-promoted reductive transamidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Haohao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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4
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Bao H, Wang L. Photoinduced Reduction of Nitroarenes and Tandem C-N Cross-Coupling with Haloarenes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38047598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient photocatalytic C-N cross-coupling of nitroarenes with haloarenes has been developed using simple and cheap Ni(acac)2 as a cocatalyst. The reaction is confirmed as a stepwise process: (1) metal free photoinduced reduction of nitroarenes into aniline derivatives and (2) photo- and Ni-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling of anilines with haloarenes. The reaction conditions are simple and mild, giving high-value diarylamines with good to excellent yields and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshi Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
| | - Leifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
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5
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Vu V, Powell JN, Ford RL, Patel PJ, Driver TG. The Development and Mechanistic Study of an Iron-Catalyzed Intramolecular Nitroso Ene Reaction of Nitroarenes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:15175-15181. [PMID: 38292415 PMCID: PMC10824534 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
An intramolecular iron-catalyzed nitroso ene reaction was developed to afford six- or seven-membered N-heterocycles from nitroarenes using an earth abundant iron catalyst and phenylsilane as the terminal reductant. The reaction can be triggered using as little as 3 mol % of iron(II) acetate and 3 mol % of 4,7-dimethoxyphenanthroline as the ligand. The scope of the reaction is broad tolerating a range of electron-releasing or electron-withdrawing substituents on the nitroarene, and the ortho-substituent can be modified to diastereoselectively construct benzoxazines, dihydrobenzothiazines, tetrahydroquinolines, tetrahydroquinoxalines, or tetrahydrobenzooxazepines. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the reaction proceeds via a nitrosoarene intermediate, and kinetic analysis of the reaction revealed a first-order rate dependence in catalyst-, nitroarene-, and silane concentration, and an inverse kinetic order in acetate was observed. The difference in rates between PhSiH3 and PhSiD3 was found to be 1.50 ± 0.09, and investigation of the temperature dependence of the reaction rate revealed that the activation parameters to be ΔH‡ = 13.5 kcal•mol-1 and ΔS‡ = -39.1 cal•mol-1•K-1. These data were interpreted to indicate that the turnover-limiting step to be hydride transfer from iron to the coordinated nitroarene, which occurs through an ordered transition state with little Fe-H bond breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Vu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Jair N. Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Russell L. Ford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Pooja J. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
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6
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Sirvinskaite G, Nardo CS, Müller P, Gasser AC, Morandi B. Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp 3 C-H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301978. [PMID: 37404217 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the prevalence of molecules containing nitro groups in organic synthesis, innovative methods to expand the reactivity of this functional group are of interest in both industrial and academic settings. In this report, a metal-free intramolecular benzylic sp3 C-H amination is disclosed using aryl nitro compounds as aryl nitrene precursors. Organosilicon reagent N,N'-bis(trimethylsilyl)-4,4'-bipyridinylidene (Si-DHBP) served as an efficient reductant in the transformation, enabling the in situ generation of aryl nitrene species for the direct, metal-free synthesis of unprotected 2-arylindolines from the corresponding nitroarene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Sirvinskaite
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Celine S Nardo
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Müller
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aurelio C Gasser
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Akana-Schneider BD, Weix DJ. Reductive Arylation of Nitroarenes with Chloroarenes: Reducing Conditions Enable New Reactivity from Palladium Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16150-16159. [PMID: 37437188 PMCID: PMC10529700 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed C-N bond forming reactions are a key tool in modern synthetic organic chemistry. Despite advances in catalyst design enabling the use of a variety of aryl (pseudo)halides, the necessary aniline coupling partner is often synthesized in a discrete reduction step from a nitroarene. An ideal synthetic sequence would avoid the necessity of this step while maintaining the reliable reactivity of palladium catalysis. Herein, we describe how reducing conditions enable new chemical steps and reactivity from well-studied palladium catalysts, resulting in a new, useful transformation: the reductive arylation of nitroarenes with chloroarenes to form diarylamines. Mechanistic experiments suggest that under reducing conditions, BrettPhos-palladium complexes catalyze the dual N-arylation of typically inert azoarenes─generated via the in situ reduction of nitroarenes─via two distinct mechanisms. Initial N-arylation proceeds via a novel association-reductive palladation sequence followed by reductive elimination to yield an intermediate 1,1,2-triarylhydrazine. Arylation of this intermediate by the same catalyst via a traditional amine arylation sequence forms a transient tetraarylhydrazine, unlocking reductive N-N bond cleavage to liberate the desired product. The resulting reaction allows for the synthesis of diarylamines bearing a variety of synthetically valuable functionalities and heteroaryl cores in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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8
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Meng SS, Li F, Tang X, Chan ASC. P (III)-Promoted Reductive Coupling of Aromatic and Aliphatic Nitro Compounds with Grignard Reagents. Org Lett 2023; 25:3718-3722. [PMID: 37162162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A phosphine-promoted reductive coupling of nitro compounds with Grignard reagents is described. Polyfunctional and pharmaceutically relevant diarylamines were generated by this reaction in moderate to high yields. Aliphatic nitro compounds that are highly challenging substrates undergo a combination of α-arylation and reductive coupling to afford the α-arylated arylamines efficiently. A series of valuable biaryl compounds with polyfluorinated and heteroaryl rings are co-generated in 56-94% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shui Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Albert S C Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
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9
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Duff L, Meakin H, Richardson A, Greener AJ, Smith GWA, Ocaña I, Chechik V, James MJ. Denitrative Hydroxylation of Unactivated Nitroarenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203807. [PMID: 36594445 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A one-step method for the conversion of nitroarenes into phenols under operationally simple, transition-metal-free conditions is described. This denitrative functionalization protocol provides a concise and economical alternative to conventional three-step synthetic sequences. Experimental and computational studies suggest that nitroarenes may be substituted by an electron-catalysed radical-nucleophilic substitution (SRN 1) chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Harry Meakin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adam Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew J Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - George W A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ivan Ocaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Michael J James
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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10
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Fontaine JP, Lapointe V, Filliâtre M, Bélanger G. Synthesis of Substituted Indolines through Photocatalyzed Decarboxylative Radical Arylation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6557-6564. [PMID: 36877887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a new photocatalyzed remote alkyl radical generation and cyclization to prepare substituted indolines in a green, metal-free procedure. This method complements the Fischer indolization, metal-catalyzed couplings, and photocatalyzed radical addition and cyclization. A wide range of functional groups is tolerated, including aryl halides, that would not be compatible with most existing methods. Electronic bias and substitution were studied to demonstrate complete regiocontrol and high chemocontrol in the indoline formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Fontaine
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Vincent Lapointe
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Marion Filliâtre
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Bélanger
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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11
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Iron/B2pin2 catalytic system enables the generation of alkyl radicals from inert alkyl C-O bonds for amine synthesis. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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12
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Sun R, Ma SS, Zhang ZH, Zhang YQ, Xu BH. Ruthenium-catalyzed reductive amination of ketones with nitroarenes and nitriles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1450-1456. [PMID: 36651476 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Ru(dppbsa)-catalyzed reductive amination of ketones with nitroarenes and nitriles using H2 as the environmentally benign hydrogen surrogate is developed in this study. Cross-experiments demonstrated that both reactions are initiated by the reduction of nitroarenes or nitriles to the corresponding amines, followed by condensation with ketones to give imines and thereafter hydrogenation. However, the route to the formation of an amino-ligated Ru complex during the reduction of nitroarenes or nitriles, followed by in situ nucleophilic C-N coupling, cannot be completely excluded. This newly developed versatile method features good functional group tolerance, which provides a novel design platform for homogeneous catalysts in constructing motifs of secondary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institution of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institution of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zi-Heng Zhang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yan-Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institution of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bao-Hua Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institution of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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13
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Li G, Lavagnino MN, Ali SZ, Hu S, Radosevich AT. Tandem C/N-Difunctionalization of Nitroarenes: Reductive Amination and Annulation by a Ring Expansion/Contraction Sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:41-46. [PMID: 36562776 PMCID: PMC9839621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic method for the reductive transformation of nitroarenes into ortho-aminated and -annulated products is reported. The method operates via the exhaustive deoxygenation of nitroarenes by an organophosphorus catalyst and a mild terminal reductant to access aryl nitrenes, which after ring expansion, are trapped by amine nucleophiles to give dearomatized 2-amino-3H-azepines. Treatment of these ring-expanded intermediates with acyl electrophiles triggers 6π electrocyclization to extrude the nitrogen atom and restore aromaticity of the phenyl ring, which delivers via C-H functionalization 2-aminoanilide and benzimidazole products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Marissa N. Lavagnino
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Siraj Z. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Shicheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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14
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Zhang F, Wang F, Zhao Y, Chen R, Wu X. Denitrative Mizoroki–Heck reaction of unactivated alkenes. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00132f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
A general palladium-catalyzed denitrative Mizoroki–Heck reaction of unactivated alkenes has been developed with high E/Z selectivity.
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15
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Chemoselective Chan-Lam and reductive nitroarene coupling of boronic acid using an octahedral Ni-DMAP complex as catalyst. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Braddock AA, Lee GE, Theodorakis EA, Romero EA. Interrogating Redox and Lewis Base Activations of Aminoboranes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Braddock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Grace E. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Erik A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
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17
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Wang B, Ren H, Cao HJ, Lu C, Yan H. A switchable redox annulation of 2-nitroarylethanols affording N-heterocycles: photoexcited nitro as a multifunctional handle. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11074-11082. [PMID: 36320483 PMCID: PMC9516892 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient transformation of nitroaromatics to functional molecules such as N-heterocycles has been an attractive and significant topic in synthesis chemistry. Herein, a photoexcited nitro-induced strategy for switchable annulations of 2-nitroarylethanols was developed to construct N-heterocycles including indoles, N-hydroxyl oxindoles and N-H oxindoles. The metal- and photocatalyst-free reaction proceeds through intramolecular redox C-N coupling of branched hydroxyalkyl and nitro units, which is initiated by a double hydrogen atom abstraction (d-HAA) process. The key to the switchable reaction outcomes is the mediation of a diboron reagent by its favorable oxy-transfer reactivity to in situ generated nitroso species. The utility of this protocol was well demonstrated by broad substrate scope, excellent yields, functional group tolerance and wide applications. Finally, detailed mechanistic studies were performed, and kinetic isotope effect (KIE) experiments indicate that the homolysis of the C-H bond is involved in the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hongyuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hou-Ji Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University XinXiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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18
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Roychowdhury P, Herrera RG, Tan H, Powers DC. Traceless Benzylic C-H Amination via Bifunctional N-Aminopyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200665. [PMID: 35483017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
C-H amination reactions provide the opportunity to streamline the synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic small molecules. The impact of intermolecular C-H amination methods, however, is currently limited the frequent requirement for the amine precursors to bear activating groups, such as N-sulfonyl substituents, that are both challenging to remove and not useful synthetic handles for subsequent derivatization. Here, we introduce traceless nitrogen activation for C-H amination-which enables application of selective C-H amination chemistry to the preparation of diverse N-functionalized products-via sequential benzylic C-H N-aminopyridylation followed by Ni-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling with aryl boronic acids. Unlike many C-H amination reactions that provide access to protected amines, the current method installs an easily diversifiable synthetic handle that serves as a lynchpin for C-H amination, deaminative N-N functionalization sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Roberto G Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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19
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Roychowdhury P, Herrera RG, Tan H, Powers DC. Traceless Benzylic C−H Amination via Bifunctional
N
‐Aminopyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto G. Herrera
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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20
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Ding Z, Liu Z, Wang Z, Yu T, Xu M, Wen J, Yang K, Zhang H, Xu L, Li P. Catalysis with Diboron(4)/Pyridine: Application to the Broad-Scope [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopropanes and Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8870-8882. [PMID: 35532758 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the extensive but non-recyclable use of tetraalkoxydiboron(4) compounds as stoichiometric reagents in diverse reactions, this article reports an atom-economical reaction using a commercial diboron(4) as the catalyst. The key to success was designing a catalytic cycle for radical [3 + 2] cycloaddition involving a pyridine cocatalyst to generate from the diboron(4) catalyst and reversibly mediate the transfer of boronyl radicals. In comparison with known [3 + 2] cycloaddition with transition metal-based catalysts, the current reaction features not only metal-free conditions, inexpensive and stable catalysts, and simple operation but also remarkably broadened substrate scope. In particular, previously unusable cyclopropyl ketones without an activating group and/or alkenes with 1,2-disubstitution and 1,1,2-trisubstitution patterns were successfully used for the first time. Consequently, challenging cyclopentane compounds with various levels of substitution (65 examples, 57 new products, up to six substituents at all five ring atoms) were readily prepared in generally high to excellent yield and diastereoselectivity. The reaction was also successfully applied in concise formal synthesis of an anti-obesity drug and building natural product-like complex bridged or spirocyclic compounds. Mechanistic experiments and computational investigation support the proposed radical relay catalysis featuring a pyridine-assisted boronyl radical catalyst. Overall, this work demonstrates the first approach to use tetraalkoxydiboron(4) compounds as catalysts and may lead to the development of new, green, and efficient transition metal-like boron-catalyzed organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jingru Wen
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Kaiyan Yang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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21
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Wang S, Li T, Gu C, Han J, Zhao CG, Zhu C, Tan H, Xie J. Decarboxylative tandem C-N coupling with nitroarenes via S H2 mechanism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2432. [PMID: 35508545 PMCID: PMC9068905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic tertiary amines are one of the most important classes of organic compounds in organic chemistry and drug discovery. It is difficult to efficiently construct tertiary amines from primary amines via classical nucleophilic substitution due to consecutive overalkylation. In this paper, we have developed a radical tandem C-N coupling strategy to efficiently construct aromatic tertiary amines from commercially available carboxylic acids and nitroarenes. A variety of aromatic tertiary amines can be furnished in good yields (up to 98%) with excellent functional group compatibility under mild reaction conditions. The use of two different carboxylic acids also allows for the concise synthesis of nonsymmetric aromatic tertiary amines in satisfactory yields. Mechanistic studies suggest the intermediacy of the arylamine–(TPP)Fe(III) species and might provide a possible evidence for an SH2 (bimolecular homolytic substitution) pathway in the critical C-N bond formation step. Aromatic tertiary amines are versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. In this article, the authors report on an iron-catalysed reaction for the decarboxylative C-N coupling from carboxylic acids and nitroarenes, leading to non-symmetric tertiary aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyihan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan-Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hairen Tan
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China. .,Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.
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22
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Song H, Shen Y, Zhou H, Ding D, Yang F, Wang Y, Xu C, Cai X. Light-Promoted Low-Valent-Tungsten-Catalyzed Ambient Temperature Amination of Boronic Acids with Nitroaromatics. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5303-5314. [PMID: 35362972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triggering C-N bond formation with nitroaromatics and boronic acids at mild conditions is highly desirable, since most prior works were carried out under harsh conditions and sometimes suffered from poor chemo- or regioselectivity. Herein, a low-valent-tungsten-catalyzed reaction that enables the ambient temperature amination of boronic acids with nitroaromatics is disclosed. With readily available W(CO)6 as a precatalyst under external-photosensitizer-free conditions, nitroaromatics smoothly undergo C-N coupling reactions with their boronic acid partners, delivering structurally diverse secondary amines in good yields (>50 examples, yields up to 96%). This methodology is both scalable and highly chemoselective and engages both aliphatic and aromatic boronic acid partners. The catalysis is initiated by the deoxygenation of nitroaromatics by a trans-[W(CO)4(PPh3)2] (trans-W, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine) complex, which forms in situ via ligand replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P. R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P. R. China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P. R. China
| | - Danli Ding
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P. R. China
| | - Fu Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P. R. China
| | - Yemei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P. R. China
| | - Xingwei Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, P. R. China
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23
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Li Q, Dai P, Tang H, Zhang M, Wu J. Photomediated reductive coupling of nitroarenes with aldehydes for amide synthesis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9361-9365. [PMID: 36093005 PMCID: PMC9384791 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the widespread significance of amide functional groups in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical studies, an efficient and practical synthetic protocol that avoids the use of stoichiometric activating reagents or metallic reductants is highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Peng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Haidi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Muliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
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24
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Jiang HM, Qin JH, Sun Q, Zhang D, Jiang JP, Ouyang XH, Song RJ, Li JH. Copper-promoted cross-coupling of nitroarenes with 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines using a peroxide-driven radical reductive strategy. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct radical-mediated reductive coupling of nitroarenes with 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines to build the C(sp3)–N bond using 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines as internal reducing agents and alkyl sources is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jing-Hao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ren-Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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25
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He HD, Zhang ZK, Tang HB, Xu YQ, Xu XB, Cao ZY, Xu H, Li Y. Manganese-mediated reductive N, N-dialkylation of nitroarenes: a dramatic NiI 2 effect. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00928e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A dramatic NiI2 effect has been found for Mn-mediated reductive N,N-dialkylation of nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Dong He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhi-Kai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hao-Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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26
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Wang D, Wan Z, Zhang H, Alhumade H, Yi H, Lei A. Electrochemical Reductive Arylation of Nitroarenes with Arylboronic Acids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5399-5404. [PMID: 34581006 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of diarylamine is extremely important in organic chemistry. Herein, a novel electrochemical reductive arylation of nitroarenes with arylboronic acids was developed. A variety of diarylamines were synthesized without the need for transition-metal catalysts. The reaction could be scaled up efficiently in a flow cell and several derivatization reactions were carried out smoothly. Cyclic voltammetry experiments and mechanism studies showed that acetonitrile, formic acid, and triethyl phosphite all played a role in promoting this reductive arylation transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohua Wan
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jdedah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Abdulaziz University, Jdedah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- King Abdulaziz University, Jdedah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Zou D, Gan L, Yang F, Wang H, Pu Y, Li J, Walsh PJ. SET activation of nitroarenes by 2-azaallyl anions as a straightforward access to 2,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7060. [PMID: 34862375 PMCID: PMC8642414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nitroarenes as amino sources in synthesis is challenging. Herein is reported an unusual, straightforward, and transition metal-free method for the net [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction of 2-azaallyl anions with nitroarenes. The products of this reaction are diverse 2,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (>40 examples, up to 95% yield). This method does not require an external reductant to reduce nitroarenes, nor does it employ nitrosoarenes, which are often used in N-O cycloadditions. Instead, it is proposed that the 2-azaallyl anions, which behave as super electron donors (SEDs), deliver an electron to the nitroarene to generate a nitroarene radical anion. A downstream 2-azaallyl radical coupling with a newly formed nitrosoarene is followed by ring closure to afford the observed products. This proposed reaction pathway is supported by computational studies and experimental evidence. Overall, this method uses readily available materials, is green, and exhibits a broad scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zou
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, 310015 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lishe Gan
- grid.500400.10000 0001 2375 7370School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 529020 Jiangmen, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, 310015 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, 310015 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Youge Pu
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323 USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, 310015, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323 USA
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28
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Manna K, Ganguly T, Baitalik S, Jana R. Visible-Light- and PPh 3-Mediated Direct C-N Coupling of Nitroarenes and Boronic Acids at Ambient Temperature. Org Lett 2021; 23:8634-8639. [PMID: 34643396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We present here a metal-free, visible-light- and triphenylphosphine-mediated intermolecular, reductive amination between nitroarenes and boronic acids at ambient temperature without any photocatalyst. Mechanistically, a slow reduction of nitroarenes to a nitroso and, finally, a nitrene intermediate occurs that leads to the amination product with concomitant 1,2-aryl/-alkyl migration from a boronate complex. A wide range of nitroarenes underwent C-N coupling with aryl-/alkylboronic acids providing high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartic Manna
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanusree Ganguly
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujoy Baitalik
- Inorganic Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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29
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Guan X, Zhu H, Driver TG. Cu-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Nitroarenes with Aryl Boronic Acids to Construct Diarylamines. ACS Catal 2021; 11:12417-12422. [PMID: 35433104 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and study of a simple copper-catalyzed reaction of nitroarenes with aryl boronic acids to form diarylamines that uses phenyl silane as the stoichiometric terminal reductant is described. This cross-coupling reaction requires as little as 2 mol % of CuX and 4 mol% of diphosphine for success and tolerates a broad range of functional groups on either the nitroarene or the aryl boronic acid with to afford the amine in good yield. Mechanistic investigations established that the cross-coupling reaction proceeds via a nitrosoarene intermediate and that copper is required to catalyze both the deoxygenation of the nitroarene to afford the nitrosoarene and C-NAr bond formation of the nitrosoarene with the aryl boronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, United States
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30
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Uzelac M, Yuan K, Nichol GS, Ingleson MJ. Formation of a hydride containing amido-zincate using pinacolborane. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14018-14026. [PMID: 34546250 PMCID: PMC8507400 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02580e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amido-zincates containing hydrides are underexplored yet potentially useful complexes. Attempts to access this type of zincate through combining amido-organo zincates and pinacolborane (HBPin) via Zn–C/H–BPin exchange led instead to preferential formation of amide–BPin and/or [amide–BPin(Y)]− (Y = Ph, amide, H), when the amide is hexamethyldisilazide or 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide and the hydrocarbyl group was phenyl or ethyl. In contrast, the use of a dipyridylamide (dpa) based arylzinc complex led to Zn–C/H–BPin metathesis being the major outcome. Independent synthesis and full characterisation of two LnLi[(dpa)ZnPh2] (L = THF, n = 3; L = PMDETA, n = 1) complexes, 1 and 3, respectively, enabled reactivity studies that demonstrated that these species display zincate type reactivity (by comparison to the lower reactivity of the neutral complex (Me-dpa)ZnPh2, 4, Me-dpa = 2,2′-dipyridyl-N-methylamine). This included 1 performing the rapid deprotonation of 4-ethynyltoluene and also phenyl transfer to α,α,α-trifluoroacetophenone in contrast to neutral complex 4. Complex 1 reacted with one equivalent of HBPin to give predominantly PhBPin (ca. 90%) and a lithium amidophenylzincate containing a hydride unit, complex 7-A, as the major zinc containing product. Complex 7-A transfers hydride to an electrophile preferentially over phenyl, indicating it reacts as a hydridozincate. Attempts to react 1 with >1 equivalent of HBPin or with catecholborane led to more complex outcomes, which included significant borane and dpaZn substituent scrambling, two examples of which were crystallographically characterised. While this work provides proof of principle for Zn–C/H–BPin exchange as a route to form an amido-zincate containing a hydride, amido-organozincates that undergo more selective Zn–C/H–BPin exchange still are required. Careful tuning of the nature of the amide ligand in amido-zincates allows for selective Zn–C over Zn–N exchange with HBPin affording a hydride containing amido-zincate. The mixed hydrido-phenyl zincate preferentially transfers hydride over phenyl.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Uzelac
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Kang Yuan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Michael J Ingleson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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31
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Hernández‐Ruiz R, Rubio‐Presa R, Suárez‐Pantiga S, Pedrosa MR, Fernández‐Rodríguez MA, Tapia MJ, Sanz R. Mo-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of N-Polyheterocycles from Nitroarenes and Glycols with Recycling of the Waste Reduction Byproduct. Substituent-Tuned Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:13613-13623. [PMID: 34288167 PMCID: PMC8518888 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic domino reduction-imine formation-intramolecular cyclization-oxidation for the general synthesis of a wide variety of biologically relevant N-polyheterocycles, such as quinoxaline- and quinoline-fused derivatives, and phenanthridines, is reported. A simple, easily available, and environmentally friendly dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex has proven to be a highly efficient and versatile catalyst for transforming a broad range of starting nitroarenes involving several redox processes. Not only is this a sustainable, step-economical as well as air- and moisture-tolerant method, but also it is worth highlighting that the waste byproduct generated in the first step of the sequence is recycled and incorporated in the final target molecule, improving the overall synthetic efficiency. Moreover, selected indoloquinoxalines have been photophysically characterized in cyclohexane and toluene with exceptional fluorescence quantum yields above 0.7 for the alkyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Hernández‐Ruiz
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de BurgosPza. Misael Bañuelos s/n09001-BurgosSpain
| | - Rubén Rubio‐Presa
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de BurgosPza. Misael Bañuelos s/n09001-BurgosSpain
| | - Samuel Suárez‐Pantiga
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de BurgosPza. Misael Bañuelos s/n09001-BurgosSpain
| | - María R. Pedrosa
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de BurgosPza. Misael Bañuelos s/n09001-BurgosSpain
| | - Manuel A. Fernández‐Rodríguez
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de BurgosPza. Misael Bañuelos s/n09001-BurgosSpain
- Current address: Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química InorgánicaCampus Científico-TecnológicoFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad de AlcaláAutovía A-II, Km 33.128805-Alcalá de HenaresMadridSpain
| | - M. José Tapia
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de BurgosPza. Misael Bañuelos s/n09001-BurgosSpain
| | - Roberto Sanz
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de BurgosPza. Misael Bañuelos s/n09001-BurgosSpain
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32
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Zhao Y, Zhu H, Sung S, Wink DJ, Zadrozny JM, Driver TG. Counterion Control of
t
‐BuO‐Mediated Single Electron Transfer to Nitrostilbenes to Construct
N
‐Hydroxyindoles or Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
- College of Chemical Engineering Huaqiao University, Xiamen 668 Jimei Boulevard Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Siyoung Sung
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Donald J. Wink
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Joseph M. Zadrozny
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
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33
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Yang F, Dong X, Shen Y, Liu M, Zhou H, Wang X, Li L, Yuan A, Song H. Reductive C-N Coupling of Nitroarenes: Heterogenization of MoO 3 Catalyst by Confinement in Silica. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3413-3421. [PMID: 34231975 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The construction of C-N bonds with nitroaromatics and boronic acids using highly efficient and recyclable catalysts remains a challenge. In this study, nanoporous MoO3 confined in silica serves as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for C-N cross-coupling of nitroaromatics with aryl or alkyl boronic acids to deliver N-arylamines and with desirable multiple reusability. Experimental results suggest that silica not only heterogenizes the Mo species in the confined mesoporous microenvironment but also significantly reduces the reaction induction period and regulates the chemical efficiency of the targeted product. The well-shaped MoO3 @m-SiO2 catalyst exhibits improved catalytic performance both in yield and turnover number, in contrast with homogeneous Mo catalysts, commercial Pd/C, or MoO3 nanoparticles. This approach offers a new avenue for the heterogeneous catalytic synthesis of valuable bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xuexue Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xuyu Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Heng Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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34
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Zhao Y, Zhu H, Sung S, Wink DJ, Zadrozny JM, Driver TG. Counterion Control of t-BuO-Mediated Single Electron Transfer to Nitrostilbenes to Construct N-Hydroxyindoles or Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19207-19213. [PMID: 34129257 PMCID: PMC8380450 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
tert-Butoxide unlocks new reactivity patterns embedded in nitroarenes. Exposure of nitrostilbenes to sodium tert-butoxide was found to produce N-hydroxyindoles at room temperature without an additive. Changing the counterion to potassium changed the reaction outcome to yield solely oxindoles through an unprecedented dioxygen-transfer reaction followed by a 1,2-phenyl migration. Mechanistic experiments established that these reactions proceed via radical intermediates and suggest that counterion coordination controls whether an oxindole or N-hydroxyindole product is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Siyoung Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Donald J Wink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Joseph M Zadrozny
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Tom G Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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35
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Ning Y, Wang S, Li M, Han J, Zhu C, Xie J. Site-specific Umpolung amidation of carboxylic acids via triplet synergistic catalysis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4637. [PMID: 34330910 PMCID: PMC8324892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24908-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of catalytic amide bond-forming methods is important because they could potentially address the existing limitations of classical methods using superstoichiometric activating reagents. In this paper, we disclose an Umpolung amidation reaction of carboxylic acids with nitroarenes and nitroalkanes enabled by the triplet synergistic catalysis of FeI2, P(V)/P(III) and photoredox catalysis, which avoids the production of byproducts from stoichiometric coupling reagents. A wide range of carboxylic acids, including aliphatic, aromatic and alkenyl acids participate smoothly in such reactions, generating structurally diverse amides in good yields (86 examples, up to 97% yield). This Umpolung amidation strategy opens a method to address challenging regioselectivity issues between nucleophilic functional groups, and complements the functional group compatibility of the classical amidation protocols. The synthetic robustness of the reaction is demonstrated by late-stage modification of complex molecules and gram-scale applications. Catalytic amide bond-forming methods is important because they could potentially address the existing limitations of classical methods using superstoichiometric activating reagents. Here the authors show an Umpolung amidation reaction of carboxylic acids with nitroarenes and nitroalkanes enabled by FeI2, P(V)/P(III) and photoredox catalysis that avoids the production of byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, China.
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36
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Li G, Yang L, Liu J, Zhang W, Cao R, Wang C, Zhang Z, Xiao J, Xue D. Light‐Promoted C–N Coupling of Aryl Halides with Nitroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Jian‐Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Zunting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
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37
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Light‐Promoted C–N Coupling of Aryl Halides with Nitroarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5230-5234. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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38
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Ma SS, Sun R, Zhang ZH, Yu ZK, Xu BH. Ruthenium-catalysed chemoselective alkylation of nitroarenes with alkanols. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The alkylation of nitroarenes with akanols catalysed by the phosphinesulfonate ruthenium complex was reported. It displays different reactivity and chemoselectivity depending on the acid–base conditions, delivering diverse anilines from nitroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Processes, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Processes, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi-Heng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Processes, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Yu
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bao-Hua Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Processes, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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39
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Li G, Qin Z, Radosevich AT. P(III)/P(V)-Catalyzed Methylamination of Arylboronic Acids and Esters: Reductive C-N Coupling with Nitromethane as a Methylamine Surrogate. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16205-16210. [PMID: 32886500 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The direct reductive N-arylation of nitromethane by organophosphorus-catalyzed reductive C-N coupling with arylboronic acid derivatives is reported. This method operates by the action of a small ring organophosphorus-based catalyst (1,2,2,3,4,4-hexamethylphosphetane P-oxide) together with a mild terminal reductant hydrosilane to drive the selective installation of the methylamino group to (hetero)aromatic boronic acids and esters. This method also provides for a unified synthetic approach to isotopically labeled N-methylanilines from various stable isotopologues of nitromethane (i.e., CD3NO2, CH315NO2, and 13CH3NO2), revealing this easy-to-handle compound as a versatile precursor for the direct installation of the methylamino group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ziyang Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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40
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Gao Y, Yang S, Huo Y, Hu X. Recent Progress on Reductive Coupling of Nitroarenes by Using Organosilanes as Convenient Reductants. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Simin Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science School of Chemistry and Materials Science South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
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41
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Intermediate formation enabled regioselective access to amide in the Pd-catalyzed reductive aminocarbonylation of olefin with nitroarene. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Li G, Nykaza TV, Cooper JC, Ramirez A, Luzung MR, Radosevich AT. An Improved P III/P V═O-Catalyzed Reductive C-N Coupling of Nitroaromatics and Boronic Acids by Mechanistic Differentiation of Rate- and Product-Determining Steps. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6786-6799. [PMID: 32178514 PMCID: PMC7146866 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Experimental,
spectroscopic, and computational studies are reported
that provide an evidence-based mechanistic description of an intermolecular
reductive C–N coupling of nitroarenes and arylboronic acids
catalyzed by a redox-active main-group catalyst (1,2,2,3,4,4-hexamethylphosphetane P-oxide, i.e., 1·[O]). The central observations
include the following: (1) catalytic reduction of 1·[O]
to PIII phosphetane 1 is kinetically fast
under conditions of catalysis; (2) phosphetane 1 represents
the catalytic resting state as observed by 31P NMR spectroscopy;
(3) there are no long-lived nitroarene partial-reduction intermediates
observable by 15N NMR spectroscopy; (4) the reaction is
sensitive to solvent dielectric, performing best in moderately polar
solvents (viz. cyclopentylmethyl ether); and (5) the reaction is largely
insensitive with respect to common hydrosilane reductants. On the
basis of the foregoing studies, new modified catalytic conditions
are described that expand the reaction scope and provide for mild
temperatures (T ≥ 60 °C), low catalyst
loadings (≥2 mol%), and innocuous terminal reductants (polymethylhydrosiloxane).
DFT calculations define a two-stage deoxygenation sequence for the
reductive C–N coupling. The initial deoxygenation involves
a rate-determining step that consists of a (3+1) cheletropic addition
between the nitroarene substrate and phosphetane 1; energy
decomposition techniques highlight the biphilic character of the phosphetane
in this step. Although kinetically invisible, the second deoxygenation
stage is implicated as the critical C–N product-forming event,
in which a postulated oxazaphosphirane intermediate is diverted from
arylnitrene dissociation toward heterolytic ring opening with the
arylboronic acid; the resulting dipolar intermediate evolves by antiperiplanar
1,2-migration of the organoboron residue to nitrogen, resulting in
displacement of 1·[O] and formation of the target
C–N coupling product upon in situ hydrolysis.
The method thus described constitutes a mechanistically well-defined
and operationally robust main-group complement to the current workhorse
transition-metal-based methods for catalytic intermolecular C–N
coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Trevor V Nykaza
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julian C Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael R Luzung
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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43
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Nykaza TV, Li G, Yang J, Luzung MR, Radosevich AT. P
III
/P
V
=O Catalyzed Cascade Synthesis of N‐Functionalized Azaheterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor V. Nykaza
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Gen Li
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Junyu Yang
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | | | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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44
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Elliott Q, Dos Passos Gomes G, Evoniuk CJ, Alabugin IV. Testing the limits of radical-anionic CH-amination: a 10-million-fold decrease in basicity opens a new path to hydroxyisoindolines via a mixed C-N/C-O-forming cascade. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6539-6555. [PMID: 34094120 PMCID: PMC8159354 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06511c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An intramolecular C(sp3)-H amidation proceeds in the presence of t-BuOK, molecular oxygen, and DMF. This transformation is initiated by the deprotonation of an acidic N-H bond and selective radical activation of a benzylic C-H bond towards hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Cyclization of this radical-anion intermediate en route to a two-centered/three-electron (2c,3e) C-N bond removes electron density from nitrogen. As this electronegative element resists such an "oxidation", making nitrogen more electron rich is key to overcoming this problem. This work dramatically expands the range of N-anions that can participate in this process by using amides instead of anilines. The resulting 107-fold decrease in the N-component basicity (and nucleophilicity) doubles the activation barrier for C-N bond formation and makes this process nearly thermoneutral. Remarkably, this reaction also converts a weak reductant into a much stronger reductant. Such "reductant upconversion" allows mild oxidants like molecular oxygen to complete the first part of the cascade. In contrast, the second stage of NH/CH activation forms a highly stabilized radical-anion intermediate incapable of undergoing electron transfer to oxygen. Because the oxidation is unfavored, an alternative reaction path opens via coupling between the radical anion intermediate and either superoxide or hydroperoxide radical. The hydroperoxide intermediate transforms into the final hydroxyisoindoline products under basic conditions. The use of TEMPO as an additive was found to activate less reactive amides. The combination of experimental and computational data outlines a conceptually new mechanism for conversion of unprotected amides into hydroxyisoindolines proceeding as a sequence of C-H amidation and C-H oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Christopher J Evoniuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
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45
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Nykaza TV, Li G, Yang J, Luzung MR, Radosevich AT. P III /P V =O Catalyzed Cascade Synthesis of N-Functionalized Azaheterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4505-4510. [PMID: 31869510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic method for the modular synthesis of diverse N-aryl and N-alkyl azaheterocycles (indoles, oxindoles, benzimidazoles, and quinoxalinediones) is reported. The method employs a small-ring organophosphorus-based catalyst (1,2,2,3,4,4-hexamethylphosphetane P-oxide) and a hydrosilane reductant to drive the conversion of ortho-functionalized nitroarenes into azaheterocycles through sequential intermolecular reductive C-N cross coupling with boronic acids, followed by intramolecular cyclization. This method enables the rapid construction of azaheterocycles from readily available building blocks, including a regiospecific approach to N-substituted benzimidazoles and quinoxalinediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor V Nykaza
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Junyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael R Luzung
- Kallyope Inc., 430 E. 29th St., Suite 1050, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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46
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Ploeger ML, Darù A, Harvey JN, Hu X. Reductive Cleavage of Azoarene as a Key Step in Nickel-Catalyzed Amidation of Esters with Nitroarenes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marten L. Ploeger
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Darù
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeremy N. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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47
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Özkaya B, Bub CL, Patureau FW. Step and redox efficient nitroarene to indole synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13185-13188. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A step and redox efficient nitroarene to indole synthesis was herein developed, in sharp contrast to the rich literature on the construction of indoles. Elemental Zinc was found to be best terminal reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bünyamin Özkaya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Christina L. Bub
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
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48
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Song H, Yang Z, Tung CH, Wang W. Iron-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Nitroarenes with Olefins: Intermediate of Iron–Nitroso Complex. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Song
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyi Yang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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49
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Roscales S, Csáky AG. Transition‐Metal‐Free Three‐Component Synthesis of Tertiary Aryl Amines from Nitro Compounds, Boronic Acids, and Trialkyl Phosphites. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Roscales
- Instituto PluridisciplinarUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Paseo de Juan XXIII, 1 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Aurelio G. Csáky
- Instituto PluridisciplinarUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Paseo de Juan XXIII, 1 28040 Madrid Spain
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50
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Abstract
N-Aryl amides are an important class of compounds in pharmaceutical and agrochemical chemistry. Rapid and low-cost synthesis of N-aryl amides remains in high demand. Herein, we disclose an operationally simple process to access N-aryl amides directly from readily available nitroarenes and carboxylic acids as coupling substrates. This method involves the in situ activation of carboxylic acids to acyloxyphosphonium salt for one-pot amidation, without the need for isolation of the corresponding synthetic intermediates. Furthermore, the ease of preparation and workup allow the quick and efficient synthesis of a wide range of N-aryl amides, including several amide-based druglike and agrochemical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072; and Joint School of NUS & TJU , International Campus of Tianjin University , Fuzhou 350207 , P. R. of China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072; and Joint School of NUS & TJU , International Campus of Tianjin University , Fuzhou 350207 , P. R. of China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072; and Joint School of NUS & TJU , International Campus of Tianjin University , Fuzhou 350207 , P. R. of China
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