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Mosiagin I, Fernandes AJ, Budinská A, Hayriyan L, Ylijoki KEO, Katayev D. Catalytic ipso-Nitration of Organosilanes Enabled by Electrophilic N-Nitrosaccharin Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310851. [PMID: 37632357 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds represent one of the essential classes of molecules that are widely used as feedstock for the synthesis of intermediates, the preparation of nitro-derived pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials on both laboratory and industrial scales. We herein disclose the efficient, mild, and catalytic ipso-nitration of organotrimethylsilanes, enabled by an electrophilic N-nitrosaccharin reagent and allows chemoselective nitration under mild reaction conditions, while exhibiting remarkable substrate generality and functional group compatibility. Additionally, the reaction conditions proved to be orthogonal to other common functionalities, allowing programming of molecular complexity via successive transformations or late-stage nitration. Detailed mechanistic investigation by experimental and computational approaches strongly supported a classical electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar) mechanism, which was found to proceed through a highly ordered transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mosiagin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anthony J Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alena Budinská
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liana Hayriyan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kai E O Ylijoki
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3 C3, Canada
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Wang L, Liu M, Jiang M, Wan L, Li W, Cheng D, Chen F. Six‐Step Continuous Flow Synthesis of Diclofenac Sodium via Cascade Etherification/Smiles Rearrangement Strategy: Tackling the Issues of Batch Processing. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201420. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Weijian Li
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Drugs Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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3
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Patra S, Mosiagin I, Katayev D, Giri R. Organic Nitrating Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitro compounds are vital raw chemicals that are widely used in academic laboratories and industries for the preparation of various drugs, agrochemicals, and materials. Thus, nitrating reactions are of great importance for chemists and are even taught in schools as one of the fundamental transformations in organic synthesis. Since the discovery of the first nitrating reactions in the 19th century, progress in this field has been constant. Yet, for many years the classical electrophilic nitration approach using a mixture of strong mineral acids dominated the field. However, in recent decades, the attention of researchers has focused on new reactivity and new reagents that can provide access to nitro compounds in a practical and straightforward way under mild reaction conditions. Organic nitrating reagents have played a special role in this field since they have enhanced reactivity. They also allow nitration to be carried out in an ecofriendly and sustainable manner. This review examines the development and application of organic nitrating reagents.1 Introduction2 Organic Nitrating Reagents2.1 Alkyl Nitrites2.2 Nitroalkanes2.3 Alkyl Nitrates2.4 N-Nitroamides2.5 N-Nitropyrazole2.6 N-Nitropyridinium Salts3 Organic Nitrating Reagents Generated In Situ3.1 Acyl Nitrates3.2 Trimethylsilyl Nitrate3.3 Nitro Onium Salts4 Organic Nitronium Salts5 Organic Nitrates and Nitrites5.1 Ammonium Nitrates5.2 Heteroarylium Nitrates5.3 Other Organic Nitrates5.4 Organic Nitrites6 Conclusion and Outlook
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4
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Knochel P, Djukanovic D, Heinz B, Mandrelli F, Mostarda S, Filipponi P, Martin B. Continuous Flow Acylation of (Hetero)aryllithiums with Polyfunctional N,N-Dimethylamides and Tetramethylurea in Toluene. Chemistry 2021; 27:13977-13981. [PMID: 34387898 PMCID: PMC8519161 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The continuous flow reaction of various aryl or heteroaryl bromides in toluene in the presence of THF (1.0 equiv) with sec -BuLi (1.1 equiv) provided at 25 °C within 40 sec the corresponding aryllithiums which were acylated with various functionalized N,N-dimethylamides including easily enolizable amides at -20 °C within 27 sec, producing highly functionalized ketones in 48-90% yield (36 examples). This method was well suited for the preparation of α-chiral ketones such as naproxene and ibuprofen derived ketones with 99% ee . A one-pot stepwise bis-addition of two different lithium organometallics to 1,1,3,3-tetramethyurea (TMU) provided unsymmetrical ketones in 69-79% yield (9 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, GERMANY
| | - Dimitrije Djukanovic
- Ludwig Maximillians University Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig Maximillians University Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | | | - Serena Mostarda
- Novartis Pharma Schweiz AG, Chemical Development, SWITZERLAND
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Novartis Pharma Schweiz AG, Chemical Development, SWITZERLAND
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma Schweiz AG, Chemical Development, SWITZERLAND
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Fu WC, Jamison TF. Deuteriodifluoromethylation and
gem
‐Difluoroalkenylation of Aldehydes Using ClCF
2
H in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chung Fu
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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7
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Fu WC, Jamison TF. Deuteriodifluoromethylation and
gem
‐Difluoroalkenylation of Aldehydes Using ClCF
2
H in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13885-13890. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chung Fu
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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8
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Angyal A, Demjén A, Wölfling J, Puskás LG, Kanizsai I. Acid-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of 2 H-Azirines with Nitrones: An Unexpected Access to 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3587-3595. [PMID: 32020808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The first 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 2H-azirines with nitrones, a straightforward approach toward the regioselective synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles, is reported. This trifluoroacetic acid-catalyzed protocol tolerates a broad range of aliphatic and aromatic substrates, offering an efficient access to highly diverse, multisubstituted imidazoles in isolated yields up to 83% under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Angyal
- AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 11/D, Szeged H-6726, Hungary.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Demjén
- AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 11/D, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Iván Kanizsai
- AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 11/D, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
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Baumann M. Integrating continuous flow synthesis with in-line analysis and data generation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5946-5954. [PMID: 30062354 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis of fine chemicals has successfully advanced from an academic niche area to a rapidly growing field of its own that directly impacts developments and applications in industrial settings. Whilst the numerous advantages of flow over batch processing are widely recognised and have led to a wider uptake of continuous flow synthesis within the community, we have reached a point where continuous flow synthesis has to transition from a stand-alone enabling technology to a readily integrated synthesis concept. Thus it is paramount to embrace a multitude of in-line analysis and purification techniques to not only allow for efficiently telescoped multi-step sequences but ultimately generate bioactivity data concomitantly on newly synthesised entities. This short review summarises the state of the art in this field and presents both challenges and opportunities that arise from this ambitious endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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11
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Jaman Z, Sobreira TJP, Mufti A, Ferreira CR, Cooks RG, Thompson DH. Rapid On-Demand Synthesis of Lomustine under Continuous Flow Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zinia Jaman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tiago J. P. Sobreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ahmed Mufti
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christina R. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David H. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Du LH, Dong Z, Long RJ, Chen PF, Xue M, Luo XP. The convenient Michael addition of imidazoles to acrylates catalyzed by Lipozyme TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus in a continuous flow microreactor. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:807-812. [PMID: 30629063 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fast and green protocol for the Michael addition of imidazoles to acrylates catalyzed by Lipozyme TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus in a continuous flow microreactor was developed. In contrast with existing methods, this method is simple (35 min), uses mild reaction conditions (45 °C) and is environmentally friendly. This enzymatic Michael addition performed in continuous flow microreactors is an innovation that may open up the use of enzymatic microreactors in imidazole analogue biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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McWilliams JC, Allian AD, Opalka SM, May SA, Journet M, Braden TM. The Evolving State of Continuous Processing in Pharmaceutical API Manufacturing: A Survey of Pharmaceutical Companies and Contract Manufacturing Organizations. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ayman D. Allian
- Department of Pivotal Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Opalka
- Chemical Process Development, Biogen Idec, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Scott A. May
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michel Journet
- API Chemistry, GSK, 709 Swedeland Road, UW2810, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Timothy M. Braden
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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14
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Bering L, Jeyakumar K, Antonchick AP. Metal-Free C–O Bond Functionalization: Catalytic Intramolecular and Intermolecular Benzylation of Arenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:3911-3914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bering
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kirujan Jeyakumar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrey P. Antonchick
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Tian Z, Xu J, Liu B, Tan Q, Xu B. Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles through [3+1+1] Cycloaddition Reaction of Nitrones and Isocyanides. Org Lett 2018; 20:2603-2606. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bingxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qitao Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Morse PD, Jamison TF. Synthesis and Utilization of Nitroalkyne Equivalents in Batch and Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13999-14002. [PMID: 28929565 PMCID: PMC5698803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for overcoming the low stability of nitroalkynes through the development of nitrated vinyl silyltriflate equivalents. Because of their instability, nitroalkynes have only rarely been utilized in synthesis. The reactivity of these silyltriflates, which are prepared in situ, is exemplified by dipolar cycloaddition reactions with nitrones to give highly substituted 4‐nitro‐4‐isoxazolines in high yields. This approach has proven general for several different alkyl and aryl substituted alkynes. In order to minimize the accumulation of potentially hazardous reaction intermediates, we have also developed a continuous flow variant of this method that is capable of carrying out the entire reaction sequence in a good yield and a short residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Morse
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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