1
|
Brégent T, Ivanova MV, Poisson T, Jubault P, Legros J. Continuous‐Flow Divergent Lithiation of 2,3‐Dihalopyridines: Deprotolithiation versus Halogen Dance. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202286. [PMID: 36200571 PMCID: PMC10092453 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the first halogen dance (HD) in continuous flow on 2-chloro-3-bromopyridine by selectively trapping a (pyridin-4-yl)lithium species that is known to undergo the halogen-dance process. In addition, this lithiated intermediate was trapped at lower temperature before the HD occurs. The HD process was extended to fluoro-iodopyridines by using various electrophiles to afford 28 examples with yields ranging from 42 to 97 % with very short residence times. Finally, scale up of the reaction was demonstrated, affording a promising space-time yield (STY) of 4.2 kg.h-1 .L-1 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Brégent
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Maria V. Ivanova
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Julien Legros
- Normandie Univ. INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Murie VE, Nicolino PV, Dos Santos T, Gambacorta G, Nishimura RHV, Perovani IS, Furtado LC, Costa-Lotufo LV, Moraes de Oliveira A, Vessecchi R, Baxendale IR, Clososki GC. Synthesis of 7-Chloroquinoline Derivatives Using Mixed Lithium-Magnesium Reagents. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13402-13419. [PMID: 34553940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared a library of functionalized quinolines through the magnesiation of 7-chloroquinolines under mild conditions, employing both batch and continuous flow conditions. The preparation involved the generation of mixed lithium-magnesium intermediates, which were reacted with different electrophiles. Mixed lithium-zinc reagents allowed the synthesis of halogenated and arylated derivatives. Some of the synthesized 4-carbinol quinolines have shown interesting antiproliferative properties, their hydroxyl group being a suitable amino group bioisostere. We also report a two-step approach for optically active derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valter E Murie
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paula V Nicolino
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Thiago Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Rodolfo H V Nishimura
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Icaro S Perovani
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Furtado
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Leticia V Costa-Lotufo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliano C Clososki
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium: A Hexane-Soluble Reagent for Br/Na-Exchanges and Directed Metalations in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14296-14301. [PMID: 33826212 PMCID: PMC8252725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the on-demand generation of hexane-soluble (2-ethylhexyl)sodium (1) from 3-(chloromethyl)heptane (2) using a sodium-packed-bed reactor under continuous flow conditions. Thus, the resulting solution of 1 is free of elemental sodium and therefore suited for a range of synthetic applications. This new procedure avoids the storage of an alkylsodium and limits the handling of metallic sodium to a minimum. (2-Ethylhexyl)sodium (1) proved to be a very useful reagent and undergoes in-line Br/Na-exchanges as well as directed sodiations. The resulting arylsodium intermediates are subsequently trapped in batch with various electrophiles such as ketones, aldehydes, Weinreb-amides, imines, allyl bromides, disulfides and alkyl iodides. A reaction scale-up of the Br/Na-exchange using an in-line electrophile quench was also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | | | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Wiegand AJ, Hoefer CA, Annapureddy RR, Knochel P. (2‐Ethylhexyl)natrium: Ein hexanlösliches Reagenz für Br/Na‐Austauschreaktionen und dirigierte Metallierungen im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Alexander J. Wiegand
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Carla A. Hoefer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Rajasekar Reddy Annapureddy
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kremsmair A, Harenberg JH, Schwärzer K, Hess A, Knochel P. Preparation and reactions of polyfunctional magnesium and zinc organometallics in organic synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6011-6019. [PMID: 33995997 PMCID: PMC8098701 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyfunctional organometallics of magnesium and zinc are readily prepared from organic halides via a direct metal insertion in the presence of LiCl or a Br/Mg-exchange using iPrMgCl·LiCl (turbo-Grignard) or related reagents. Alternatively, such functionalized organometallics are prepared by metalations with TMP-bases (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl). The scope of these methods is described as well as applications in new Co- or Fe-catalyzed cross-couplings or aminations. It is shown that the use of a continous flow set-up considerably expands the field of applications of these methods and further allows the preparation of highly reactive organosodium reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Johannes H Harenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Kuno Schwärzer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Andreas Hess
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mortzfeld F, Polenk J, Guelat B, Venturoni F, Schenkel B, Filipponi P. Reaction Calorimetry in Continuous Flow Mode: A New Approach for the Thermal Characterization of High Energetic and Fast Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Mortzfeld
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Polenk
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Guelat
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Venturoni
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Berthold Schenkel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Knochel P, Harenberg JH, Weidmann N. Continuous-Flow Reactions Mediated by Main Group Organometallics. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe generation of reactive organometallic reagents in batch is often complicated by the low thermal stability of these important synthetic intermediates and can require low reaction temperatures and special reaction conditions. However, the use of continuous-flow setups and microreactors has led to a revolution in this field. In this short review, an overview is given of recent advances in this area, with a focus on the main group organometallics of Li, Na, and K.
Collapse
|
8
|
Weidmann N, Harenberg JH, Knochel P. Continuous Flow Preparation of (Hetero)benzylic Lithiums via Iodine-Lithium Exchange Reaction under Barbier Conditions. Org Lett 2020; 22:5895-5899. [PMID: 32701295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the generation of benzylic lithiums via an iodine-lithium exchange reaction on benzylic iodides performed in continuous flow using tBuLi as the exchange reagent. The resulting benzylic lithium species are trapped in situ by carbonyl electrophiles under Barbier conditions, resulting in benzylic secondary and tertiary alcohols. This flow procedure further allows the generation of highly reactive heterobenzylic lithium compounds, which are difficult to generate under batch conditions. A general scale-up was possible without further optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Johannes H Harenberg
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Colella M, Nagaki A, Luisi R. Flow Technology for the Genesis and Use of (Highly) Reactive Organometallic Reagents. Chemistry 2019; 26:19-32. [PMID: 31498924 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the field of organic synthesis, the advent of flow chemistry and flow microreactor technology represented a tremendous novelty in the way of thinking and performing chemical reactions, opening the doors to poorly explored or even impossible transformations using batch methods. In this Concept article, we would like to highlight the impact of flow chemistry for exploiting highly reactive organometallic reagents, and how, alongside the well-known advantages concerning safety, scalability, and productivity, flow chemistry makes possible processes that are impossible to control by using the traditional batch approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colella
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Aichiiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Zhao
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Laurent Micouin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| | - Riccardo Piccardi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601CNRS-Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales 45 Rue des Saints-Pères FR-75006 Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Orr SA, Border EC, Andrews PC, Blair VL. Lithium-Bromide Exchange versus Nucleophilic Addition of Schiff's base: Unprecedented Tandem Cyclisation Pathways. Chemistry 2019; 25:11876-11882. [PMID: 31282040 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
By exploring lithium-bromide exchange reactivity of aromatic Schiff's bases with tert-butyllithium (tBuLi), we have revealed unprecedented competitive intermolecular and intramolecular cascade annulation pathways, leading to valuable compounds, such as iso-indolinones and N-substituted anthracene derivatives. A series of reaction parameters were probed, including solvent, stoichiometry, sterics and organolithium reagent choice, in order to understand the influences that limit such ring-closing pathways. With two viable reactivity options for the organolithium on the imine; namely, nucleophilic addition or lithium-bromide exchange, a surprising competitive nature was observed, where nucleophilic addition dominated, even under cryogenic conditions. Considering the most commonly used solvents for lithium-bromide exchange, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and diethyl ether (Et2 O), contrasting reactivity outcomes were revealed with nucleophilic addition promoted in THF, while Et2 O yielded almost double the conversion of cyclic products than in THF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Orr
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Emily C Border
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anthore‐Dalion L, Benischke AD, Wei B, Berionni G, Knochel P. The Halogen–Samarium Exchange Reaction: Synthetic Applications and Kinetics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4046-4050. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Anthore‐Dalion
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Andreas D. Benischke
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Baosheng Wei
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Namur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 61, rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Anthore‐Dalion L, Benischke AD, Wei B, Berionni G, Knochel P. Die Halogen‐Samarium‐Austauschreaktion: Synthetische Anwendungen und Kinetik. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Anthore‐Dalion
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Andreas D. Benischke
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Baosheng Wei
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Namur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 61, rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgien
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu Y, Li Y, Xiang S, Fan W, Jin J, Huang D. Utilization of nitriles as the nitrogen source: practical and economical construction of 4-aminopyrimidine and β-enaminonitrile skeletons. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly practical and economical method for the synthesis of 4-aminopyrimidines and β-enaminonitriles from mixed organonitriles is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Yinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Shiqun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Jiang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Deguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ganiek MA, Ivanova MV, Martin B, Knochel P. Mild Homologation of Esters through Continuous Flow Chloroacetate Claisen Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17249-17253. [PMID: 30290045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The selective chloromethylenation of functionalized esters using chloroacetic acid (CA) and LiHMDS (HMDS=hexamethyldisilazide) in a continuous-flow setup is reported. This Claisen homologation is for the first time extended to bis-chloromethylenation using dichloroacetic acid (DCA), thus giving access to under-explored α,α'-bis-chloroketones. The use of flow conditions enables efficient generation and reaction of the unstable chloroacetate dianion intermediates, leading to unprecedented mild and scalable reaction conditions at an economical reagent stoichiometry (-10 °C, <1 min, 1.0-2.4 equiv dianion). The clean reaction profiles allow subsequent use of the unpurified crude products, which is demonstrated in the synthesis of various heterocycles of broad interest. Furthermore, we report a novel, catalyst-free substitution of the obtained monochloro ketone products with (hetero)aryl zinc enolates to give valuable 1,4-diketones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Ganiek
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Maria V Ivanova
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Development, Fabrikstrasse, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ganiek MA, Ivanova MV, Martin B, Knochel P. Milde Chlorhomologisierung von Estern durch Chloracetat‐Claisen‐Reaktion unter kontinuierlichen Durchflussbedingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A. Ganiek
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Maria V. Ivanova
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma AG Chemical Development Fabrikstraße 4002 Basel Schweiz
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
In 1998, the first successful quantum control experiment with application to a molecular framework was conducted with a shaped laser pulse, optimizing the branching ratio between different organometallic reaction channels. This work induced a vast activity in quantum control during the next 10 years, and different optimization aims were achieved in the gas phase, liquid phase, and even in biologically relevant molecules like light-harvesting complexes. Accompanying and preceding this development were important advances in theoretical quantum control simulations. They predicted several control scenarios and explained how and why quantum control experiments work. After many successful proofs of concept in molecular science, the big challenge is to expand its huge conceptual potential of directly being able to steer nuclear and/or electronic motion to more applied implementations. In this Account, based on several recent advances, we give a personal evaluation of where the field of molecular quantum control is at the moment and especially where we think promising applications can be in the near future. One of these paths leads to synthetic chemistry. The synthesis of novel pharmaceutical compounds or natural products often involves many synthetic steps, each one devouring resources and lowering the product yield. Shaped laser pulses can possibly act as photonic reagents and shorten the synthetic route toward the desired product. Chemical synthesis usually takes place in solution, and by including explicit solvent molecules in our quantum control simulations, we were able to identify their highly inhomogeneous influence on chemical reactions and how this affects potential quantum control. More important, we demonstrated for a synthetically relevant example that these complications can be overcome in theory, and laser pulses can be optimized to initiate the desired carbon-carbon bond formation. Putting this into context with the recently emerging concept of flow chemistry, which brings several practical advantages to the application of laser pulses, we want to encourage experimental groups to exploit this concept. Another path was opened by several additions to the commonly used laser pulse optimization algorithm (optimal control theory, OCT), several of which were developed in our group. The OCT algorithm as such is a purely mathematical optimization procedure, with no direct relation to experimental requirements. This means that usually the electric fields obtained out of OCT optimizations do not resemble laser pulses that can be achieved experimentally. However, the previously mentioned additions are aimed at closing the gap toward the experiment. In a recent quantum control study of our group, these algorithmic developments came to fruition. We were able to suggest a shaped laser pulse which can induce a long-living wave packet in the excited state of uracil. This might pave the way for novel experiments dedicated to investigating the formation of biological photodamage in DNA and RNA. The pulse we suggest is surprisingly simple because of the extended OCT algorithm and fulfills all criteria to be experimentally accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keefer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Williams JD, Kerr WJ, Leach SG, Lindsay DM. A Practical and General Amidation Method from Isocyanates Enabled by Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12126-12130. [PMID: 30019806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The addition of carbon nucleophiles to isocyanates represents a conceptually flexible and efficient approach to the preparation of amides. This general synthetic strategy has, however, been relatively underutilized owing to narrow substrate tolerance and the requirement for less favourable reaction conditions. Herein, we disclose a high-yielding, mass-efficient, and scalable method with appreciable functional group tolerance for the formation of amides by reaction of Grignard reagents with isocyanates. Through the application of flow chemistry and the use of substoichiometric amounts of CuBr2 , this process has been developed to encompass a broad range of substrates, including reactants found to be incompatible with previously published procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Williams
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.,GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David M Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Williams JD, Kerr WJ, Leach SG, Lindsay DM. A Practical and General Amidation Method from Isocyanates Enabled by Flow Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Williams
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
- GlaxoSmithKline; Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Stuart G. Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline; Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Weidmann N, Ketels M, Knochel P. Natriierung von Aromaten und Heteroaromaten im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Weidmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Marthe Ketels
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
McWilliams JC, Allian AD, Opalka SM, May SA, Journet M, Braden TM. The Evolving State of Continuous Processing in Pharmaceutical API Manufacturing: A Survey of Pharmaceutical Companies and Contract Manufacturing Organizations. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ayman D. Allian
- Department of Pivotal Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Opalka
- Chemical Process Development, Biogen Idec, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Scott A. May
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michel Journet
- API Chemistry, GSK, 709 Swedeland Road, UW2810, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Timothy M. Braden
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Weidmann N, Ketels M, Knochel P. Sodiation of Arenes and Heteroarenes in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10748-10751. [PMID: 29873427 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first sodiations of (hetero)arenes in continuous flow using NaDA (sodium diisopropylamide) in Me2 EtN are reported. This flow procedure enables sodiation of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes that decompose under batch-sodiation conditions. The resulting sodiated (hetero)arenes react instantly with various electrophiles, such as ketones, aldehydes, isocyanates, alkyl bromides, and disulfides, affording polyfunctionalized (hetero)arenes in high yields. Scale-up is possible without further optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Weidmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Marthe Ketels
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim H, Yin Z, Sakurai H, Yoshida JI. Sequential double C–H functionalization of 2,5-norbornadiene in flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00131f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An integrated one-flow synthesis of 2-bromo-2,5-norbornadienes bearing a functional group at the 3-position was achieved in 3 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Zuoyufan Yin
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Osaka 565-0871
- Japan
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Osaka 565-0871
- Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|