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Liu X, Zhou Y, Qi X, Li R, Liu P, Dong G. Palladium/Norbornene-Catalyzed Direct Vicinal Di-Carbo-Functionalization of Indoles: Reaction Development and Mechanistic Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310697. [PMID: 37672173 PMCID: PMC10591888 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Methods that can simultaneously install multiple different functional groups to heteroarenes via C-H functionalizations are valuable for complex molecule synthesis, which, however, remain challenging to realize. Here we report the development of vicinal di-carbo-functionalization of indoles in a site- and regioselective manner, enabled by the palladium/norbornene (Pd/NBE) cooperative catalysis. The reaction is initiated by the Pd(II)-mediated C3-metalation and specifically promoted by the C1-substituted NBEs. The mild, scalable, and robust reaction conditions allow for a good substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance. The resulting C2-arylated C3-alkenylated indoles can be converted to diverse synthetically useful scaffolds. The combined experimental and computational mechanistic study reveals the unique role of the C1-substituted NBE in accelerating the turnover-limiting oxidative addition step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Renhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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2
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Ajitha M, Haines BE, Musaev DG. Mechanism and Selectivity of Copper-Catalyzed Bromination of Distal C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Organometallics 2023; 42:2467-2476. [PMID: 37772274 PMCID: PMC10526628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds are the most challenging substrate class for transition metal-catalyzed C-H halogenation. Recently, the Yu group [Liu, T.; Myers, M. C.; Yu, J. Q. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2017, 56 (1), 306-309] has demonstrated that a CuII/phenanthroline catalyst and BrN3, generated in situ from NBS and TMSN3 precursors, can achieve selective C-H bromination distal to a directing group. The current understanding of the mechanism of this reaction has left numerous questions unanswered. Here, we investigated the mechanism of Cu-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bromination with distal site selectivity using density functional theory calculations. We found that this reaction starts with the Br-atom transfer from BrN3 to the Cu center that occurs via a small energy barrier at the singlet-triplet state seam of crossing. In the course of this reaction, the presence of the N-H bond in the substrate is critically important and acts as a directing group for enhancing the stability of the catalyst-substrate interaction and for the recruitment of the substrate to the catalyst. The required C-centered radical substrate formation occurs via direct C-H dehydrogenation by the Cu-coordinated N3 radical, rather than via the previously proposed N-H bond dehydrogenation and then the 1,5-H transfer from the γ-(C-H) bond to the N-radical center pathway. The C-H bond activation by the azide radical is a regioselectivity-controlling step. The following bromination of the C-centered radical by the Cu-coordinated bromine completes the product formation. This reaction step is the rate-limiting step, occurs at the singlet-to-triplet state seam of the crossing point, and is exergonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjaly
J. Ajitha
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific
Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific
Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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3
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Beckers I, Bugaev A, De Vos D. Dual ligand approach increases functional group tolerance in the Pd-catalysed C-H arylation of N-heterocyclic pharmaceuticals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1176-1183. [PMID: 36756333 PMCID: PMC9891385 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04911b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The excellent functional group tolerance of the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions has been decisive for their success in the pharmaceutical industry. Highly diversified (hetero)aromatic scaffolds can be effectively coupled in the final step(s) of a convergent synthetic route. In contrast, electrophilic Pd catalysts for non-directed C-H activation are particularly sensitive to inhibition by coordinating groups in pharmaceutical precursors. While C-H arylation enables the direct conversion of (hetero)aromatics without preinstalled functional or directing groups, its functional group tolerance should be increased to be viable in late-stage cross-couplings. In this work, we report on a dual ligand approach that combines a strongly coordinating phosphine ligand with a chelating 2-hydroxypyridine for the highly robust C-H coupling of bicyclic N-heteroaromatics with aryl bromide scaffolds. The catalyst speciation was studied via in situ XAS measurements, confirming the coordination of both ligands under the reaction conditions. The C-H activation catalyst was shown to be tolerant to a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds, including examples of late-stage functionalization of known drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Beckers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS) KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven 3001 Belgium
| | - Aram Bugaev
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University Sladkova 174/28 344090 Rostov-on-Don Russia
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS) KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven 3001 Belgium
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Kalshetti RG, Rajput R, Motiwala Z, Srinivasa Reddy D, Kulkarni KA, Ramana CV. Postmodification of voxelotor (GBT 440) via [Rh]-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative coupling with olefins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 77:129022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mal S, Malik U, Mahapatra M, Mishra A, Pal D, Paidesetty SK. A review on synthetic strategy, molecular pharmacology of indazole derivatives, and their future perspective. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1469-1504. [PMID: 35971890 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With different nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties, Indazoles earn one of the places among the top investigated molecules in medicinal research. Indazole, an important fused aromatic heterocyclic system containing benzene and pyrazole ring with a chemical formula of C7 H6 N2 , is also called benzopyrazole. Indazoles consist of three tautomeric forms in which 1H-tautomers (indazoles) and 2H-tautomers (isoindazoles) exist in all phases. The tautomerism in indazoles greatly influences synthesis, reactivity, physical and even the biological properties of indazoles. The thermodynamic internal energy calculation of these tautomers points view 1H-indazole as the predominant and stable form over 2H-indazole. The natural source of indazole is limited and exists in alkaloidal nature (i.e., nigellidine, nigeglanine, nigellicine, etc.) found from Nigella plants. Some of the FDA-approved drugs like Axitinib, Entrectinib, Niraparib, Benzydamine, and Granisetron are being used to treat renal cell cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), epithelial ovarian cancer, chronic inflammation, chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and many more uses. Besides all these advantages regarding its biological activity, the main issue about indazoles is the less abundance in plant sources, and their synthetic derivatives also often face problems with low yield. In this review article, we discuss its chemistry, tautomerism along with their effects, different schematics for the synthesis of indazole derivatives, and their different biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvadeep Mal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Udita Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Monalisa Mahapatra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Dilipkumar Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sudhir K Paidesetty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Wu G, Yang Z, Xu X, Hao L, Chen L, Wang Y, Ji Y. Metal-Free Boron-Mediated ortho-C-H Hydroxylation of N-Benzyl-3,4,5-tribromopyrazoles. Org Lett 2022; 24:3570-3575. [PMID: 35512319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel route has been reported for C-H hydroxylation of benzyl compounds directed by a 3,4,5-tribromopyrazole auxiliary via boronation/oxidation using BBr3 and NaBO3·4H2O. The strategy exhibits outstanding site selectivity and affords the corresponding phenols in moderate to excellent yields under metal-free conditions. Besides, this protocol can be achieved in one pot, which is highly promising as a practical method for use in a multistep organic synthetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaorong Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zhaoziyuan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Liqiang Hao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Lu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yafei Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Computational Study of Key Mechanistic Details for a Proposed Copper (I)-Mediated Deconstructive Fluorination of N-Protected Cyclic Amines. Top Catal 2022; 65:418-432. [PMID: 35197715 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using calculations, we show that a proposed Cu(I)-mediated deconstructive fluorination of N-benzoylated cyclic amines with Selectfluor® is feasible and may proceed through: (a) substrate coordination to a Cu(I) salt, (b) iminium ion formation followed by conversion to a hemiaminal, and (c) fluorination involving C-C cleavage of the hemiaminal. The iminium ion formation is calculated to proceed via a F-atom coupled electron transfer (FCET) mechanism to form, formally, a product arising from oxidative addition coupled with electron transfer (OA + ET). The subsequent β-C-C cleavage/fluorination of the hemiaminal intermediate may proceed via either ring-opening or deformylative fluorination pathways. The latter pathway is initiated by opening of the hemiaminal to give an aldehyde, followed by formyl H-atom abstraction by a TEDA2+ radical dication, decarbonylation, and fluorination of the C3-radical center by another equivalent of Selectfluor®. In general, the mechanism for the proposed Cu(I)- mediated deconstructive C-H fluorination of N-benzoylated cyclic amines (LH) by Selectfluor® was calculated to proceed analogously to our previously reported Ag(I)-mediated reaction. In comparison to the Ag(I)-mediated process, in the Cu(I)-mediated reaction the iminium ion formation and hemiaminal fluorination have lower associated energy barriers, whereas the product release and catalyst re-generation steps have higher barriers.
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Jeong S, Joo JM. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Divergent C-H Functionalization of Five-Membered Heteroarenes. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4518-4529. [PMID: 34886664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of common reactants to diverse products is a key objective of organic syntheses. Recent developments in transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization have increased the interest in such conversions. Both the position of functionalization and the type of the substituent can be varied, allowing systematic diversification of common structural cores. Because five-membered heteroarenes (pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole, pyrrole, and thiophene) are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals and organic functional materials, the selective C-H functionalization of these heterocyclic cores facilitates both the optimization of their physicochemical properties and streamlining of their preparation. In addition, the parent forms of these heterocycles are more readily available and inexpensive than any other derivatives of their families. Hence, their nondirected C-H functionalization is highly desirable. Although various regioselective reactions have been developed, many of them target the most reactive site; hence, except for some extensively studied arylation reactions, regiodivergent functionalization of two or more sites has been limited.This Account summarizes our work on the regiodivergent, nondirected C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes with alkenes and alkynes. These unsaturated hydrocarbons are readily available, and all the composing atoms can be incorporated into products with high atom efficiency. Furthermore, the installed alkenyl groups can be transformed to other useful functional groups. To achieve comparable selectivity to that observed in the traditional reactions of these heteroarenes with highly electrophilic reagents and strong bases, a transition metal catalytic system was carefully devised with a more streamlined synthesis. A judicious choice of metals, ligands, acid and base additives, and solvents orchestrates divergent transformations using electronic and steric effects of the heteroarenes. Although C-H cleavage is a rate- and site-selectivity-determining step in most cases, the subsequent steps involving the formation of C-C bonds are often more critical than the other steps. For the C-H cleavage step, modulating the electronic properties of catalysts to make them electrophilic allows preferential alkenylation at the nucleophilic position. In addition, the presence of an internal base that can be exploited for concerted metalation-deprotonation of the acidic C-H bond offers alternative regioselectivity. Furthermore, we developed our own ligand system based on a conformationally rigid pyrazolonaphthyridine scaffold that enables aerobic C-H alkenylation reactions with steric control. We showed that the electronic and steric effects of heteroarenes can be further extended to chemodivergent reactions with norbornene derivatives. Depending on whether the palladacycle is formed, heteroarenes selectively undergo 1:2 annulation with norbornene derivatives and three-component reactions with other azoles through the Pd-norbornene adducts or Catellani and 2:1 annulation reactions through the palladacycle intermediates.Other research groups have also contributed to the development of divergent reactions, in investigations ranging from the pioneering studies in the early days of research on C-H functionalization to recent studies with new ligands. We have also discussed these studies in context. These approaches provide access to many heteroarenes with systematically varied substituents. We believe that new ligand systems and mechanistic insights gained through these studies will enrich fields beyond C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Li R, Dong G. Redox‐Neutral Vicinal Difunctionalization of Five‐Membered Heteroarenes with Dual Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renhe Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
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10
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Li R, Dong G. Redox-Neutral Vicinal Difunctionalization of Five-Membered Heteroarenes with Dual Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26184-26191. [PMID: 34591355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A new reaction mode of palladium/norbornene (Pd/NBE) cooperative catalysis is reported involving the selective coupling of two different carbon-based electrophiles for vicinal double C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes in a site-selective and redox-neutral manner. The key is to use alkynyl bromides as the second electrophile, which allows vicinal difunctionalization of a wide range of heteroarenes including pyrroles, thiophenes and furans at their C4 and C5 positions. One- or two-step tetrafunctionalizations of simple pyrrole and thiophene have also been realized. The C2-substituted NBEs prove most effective in these reactions, and the mechanistic exploration discloses the origin of the high selectivity of this transformation. Synthetic utility of this method has been exemplified in the concise preparations of thiophene-containing organic materials and a protein kinase inhibitor analogue. Preliminary success has also been achieved in a direct annulation event, using a tethered ketone as the second electrophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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11
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Kang E, Jeon JE, Jeong S, Kim HT, Joo JM. Sterically controlled C-H alkenylation of pyrroles and thiophenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11791-11794. [PMID: 34671788 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed C-H alkenylations targeting the least hindered position of N-alkyl pyrroles and 3-substituted thiophenes, as opposed to electronically controlled approaches, are developed. The steric demand and stable bidentate binding mode of the pyrazolonaphthyridine ligand are key to the success of these sterically controlled alkenylations using oxygen as an oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Eun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Siyeon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Toman D, Jorda R, Ajani H, Kryštof V, Cankař P. Synthesis of 4-styrylpyrazoles and evaluation of their inhibitory effects on cyclin-dependent kinases. Med Chem 2021; 18:484-496. [PMID: 34365958 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210806095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cycle-regulating and transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are attractive targets in cancer drug development. Several CDK inhibitors have already been obtained or are close to regulatory approval for clinical applications. OBJECTIVE Phenylazopyrazole CAN508 has been described as the first selective CDK9 inhibitor with an IC50 of 350 nM. Since the azo-moiety is not a suitable functionality for drugs due to pharmacological reasons, the preparation of carbo-analogues of CAN508 with similar biological activities is desirable. The present work is focused on the synthesis of carbo-analogues similar to CAN508 and their CDK inhibition activity. METHODS Herein, the synthesis of 21 novel carbo analogues of CAN508 and their intermediates is reported. Subsequently, target compounds 8a - 8u were evaluated for protein kinase inhibition (CDK2/cyclin E, CDK4/cyclin D, CDK9/cyclin T) and antiproliferative activities in cell lines (K562, MCF-7, MV4-11). Moreover, the binding mode of derivative 8s in the active site of CDK9 was revealed by molecular docking. RESULTS Compounds 8a - 8u were obtained from key intermediate 7, which was prepared by linear synthesis involving Vilsmeier-Haack, Knoevenagel, Hunsdiecker, and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. Styrylpyrazoles 8t and 8u were the most potent CDK9 inhibitors with IC50 values of approximately 1 µM. Molecular modelling suggested binding in the active site of CDK9 and CDK2. The flow cytometric analysis of MV4-11 cells treated with the most active styrylpyrazoles showed a significant G1-arrest. CONCLUSION The prepared styrylpyrazoles showed inhibition activity towards CDKs and can provide a novel chemotype of kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Toman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc. Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jorda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc. Czech Republic
| | - Haresh Ajani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc. Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cankař
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc. Czech Republic
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Beesu M, Mehta G. “Back‐to‐Front” Type Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Indazoles: Nitromethane Mediated, Domino Benzannulation of o‐Chloropyrazolyl Ynones. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mallesh Beesu
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500 046 India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500 046 India
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14
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Kim HT, Kang E, Kim M, Joo JM. Synthesis of Bidentate Nitrogen Ligands by Rh-Catalyzed C–H Annulation and Their Application to Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic C–H Alkenylation. Org Lett 2021; 23:3657-3662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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15
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Shi X, Sosa Carrizo ED, Cordier M, Roger J, Pirio N, Hierso JC, Fleurat-Lessard P, Soulé JF, Doucet H. C-H Bond Arylation of Pyrazoles at the β-Position: General Conditions and Computational Elucidation for a High Regioselectivity. Chemistry 2021; 27:5546-5554. [PMID: 33624911 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Direct arylation of most five-membered ring heterocycles are generally easily accessible and strongly favored at the α-position using classical palladium-catalysis. Conversely, regioselective functionalization of such heterocycles at the concurrent β-position remains currently very challenging. Herein, we report general conditions for regioselective direct arylation at the β-position of pyrazoles, while C-H α-position is free. By using aryl bromides as the aryl source and a judicious choice of solvent, the arylation reaction of variously N-substituted pyrazoles simply proceeds via β-C-H bond functionalization. The β-regioselectivity is promoted by a ligand-free palladium catalyst and a simple base without oxidant or further additive, and tolerates a variety of substituents on the bromoarene. DFT calculations revealed that a protic solvent such as 2-ethoxyethan-1-ol significantly enhances the acidity of the proton at β-position of the pyrazoles and thus favors this direct β-C-H bond arylation. This selective pyrazoles β-C-H bond arylation was successfully applied for the straightforward building of π-extended poly(hetero)aromatic structures via further Pd-catalyzed combined α-C-H intermolecular and intramolecular C-H bond arylation in an overall highly atom-economical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Shi
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - E Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Julien Roger
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Nadine Pirio
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Cyrille Hierso
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de, l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | | | - Henri Doucet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
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16
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Zhao K, Du Y, Peng Q, Yu WH, Wang BQ, Feng C, Xiang SK. Regiodivergent C-H Arylation of Triphenylene Derivatives Controlled by Electronic Effects of Diaryliodonium Salts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2986-2997. [PMID: 33481590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A regiodivergent C-H arylation of triphenylene derivatives with diaryliodonium salts was developed. The regiodivergence was controlled by electronic effects of diaryliodonium salts. When the aryl(mesityl)iodonium salts bearing strong electron-donating groups at the para-position of aryl groups were used, the arylation reactions occurred ortho to amide groups. However, if the aryl(mesityl)iodonium salts bearing electron-withdrawing groups or weak electron-donating groups at the para-position of aryl groups were utilized, the arylation reactions occurred meta to amide groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Yu Du
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Qiong Peng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Wen-Hao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Chun Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Shi-Kai Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
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17
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Luo YL, Du HZ, Guan BT. Alkali-amide-catalyzed divergent sp 2 and sp 3 C–H bonds alkylation of alkylthiophenes with alkenes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00627d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Divergent sp2 and sp3 C–H bonds alkylation of alkylthiophenes was achieved selectively with LDA and KHMDS catalysts, providing not only atom-economical synthesis approaches but also some insights in the different behaviours of the alkali amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Long Luo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Hui-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
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18
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Martínez-Mingo M, Alonso I, Rodríguez N, Gómez Arrayás R, Carretero JC. Mechanistic understanding enables chemoselective sp 3 over sp 2 C–H activation in Pd-catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of amino acids. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02328k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An understanding on the factors controlling C(sp2)–H vs, C(sp3)–H selectivity in Pd-catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of γ-arylated valine derivatives has allowed to reverse the remarkable selectivity of Pd for aryl C(sp2)–H over C(sp3)–H cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inés Alonso
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)
| | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)
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19
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Mandal A, Bera R, Baidya M. Regioselective C-H Alkenylation and Unsymmetrical Bis-olefination of Heteroarene Carboxylic Acids with Ruthenium Catalysis in Water. J Org Chem 2021; 86:62-73. [PMID: 33251801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient weak carboxylate-assisted oxidative cross-dehydrogenative C-H/C-H coupling (CDC) of heteroarenes with readily available olefins has been devised employing water as green solvent under ruthenium(II) catalysis. The reaction is operationally simple, accommodates a large variety of heteroaromatic carboxylic acids as well as olefins, and facilitates a diverse array of high-value olefin-tethered heteroarenes in high yields (up to 87%). The potential of this ortho-C-H bond activation strategy has also been exploited toward tunable synthesis of densely functionalized heteroarenes through challenging unsymmetrical bis-olefination process in a one-pot sequential fashion. Mechanistic investigation demonstrates a reversible ruthenation process and C-H metalation step might not be involved in the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ratnadeep Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
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20
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Bruns DL, Musaev DG, Stahl SS. Can Donor Ligands Make Pd(OAc) 2 a Stronger Oxidant? Access to Elusive Palladium(II) Reduction Potentials and Effects of Ancillary Ligands via Palladium(II)/Hydroquinone Redox Equilibria. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19678-19688. [PMID: 33167610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation reactions represent an important class of methods for selective modification and functionalization of organic molecules. This field has benefitted greatly from the discovery of ancillary ligands that expand the scope, reactivity, and selectivity in these reactions; however, ancillary ligands also commonly poison these reactions. The different influences of ligands in these reactions remain poorly understood. For example, over the 60-year history of this field, the PdII/0 redox potentials for catalytically relevant Pd complexes have never been determined. Here, we report the unexpected discovery of (L)PdII(OAc)2-mediated oxidation of hydroquinones, the microscopic reverse of quinone-mediated oxidation of Pd0 commonly employed in PdII-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Analysis of redox equilibria arising from the reaction of (L)Pd(OAc)2 and hydroquinones (L = bathocuproine, 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one), generating reduced (L)Pd species and benzoquinones, provides the basis for determination of (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potentials. Experimental results are complemented by density functional theory calculations to show how a series of nitrogen-based ligands modulate the (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potential, thereby tuning the ability of PdII to serve as an effective oxidant of organic molecules in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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21
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Qin P, Wang L, O'Connor JM, Baldridge KK, Li Y, Tufekci B, Chen J, Rheingold AL. Transition‐Metal Catalysis of Triene 6π Electrocyclization: The π‐Complexation Strategy Realized. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengjin Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Li‐An Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Joseph M. O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Kim K. Baldridge
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Burak Tufekci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Jiyue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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22
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Qin P, Wang LA, O'Connor JM, Baldridge KK, Li Y, Tufekci B, Chen J, Rheingold AL. Transition-Metal Catalysis of Triene 6π Electrocyclization: The π-Complexation Strategy Realized. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17958-17965. [PMID: 32510720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triene 6π electrocyclization, wherein a conjugated triene undergoes a concerted stereospecific cycloisomerization to a cyclohexadiene, is a reaction of great historical and practical significance. In order to circumvent limitations imposed by the normally harsh reaction conditions, chemists have long sought to develop catalytic variants based upon the activating power of metal-alkene coordination. Herein, we demonstrate the first successful implementation of such a strategy by utilizing [(C5 H5 )Ru(NCMe)3 ]PF6 as a precatalyst for the disrotatory 6π electrocyclization of highly substituted trienes that are resistant to thermal cyclization. Mechanistic and computational studies implicate hexahapto transition-metal coordination as responsible for lowering the energetic barrier to ring closure. This work establishes a foundation for the development of new catalysts for stereoselective electrocyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjin Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Li-An Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Joseph M O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Kim K Baldridge
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Burak Tufekci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jiyue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
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23
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Abstract
The Pd-mediated cross-coupling of (hetero)arenes with alkenes may be an effective method for the formation of a C–C bond from two C–H bonds. Discovered by Fujiwara and co-workers in 1967, this reaction led to a number of reports that we firstly highlighted in 2011 (review with references till June 2010) and for which, we retained the name “dehydrogenative Heck reaction”. The topic, especially the reactions of five-membered heteroarenes, has been the subject of intensive research over the last ten years. The present review is limited to these dehydrogenative Heck reactions published since 2010, underlining the progress of the procedures.
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24
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Maesato T, Shintani R. Synthesis of 7 H-Benzo[ e]naphtho[1,8- bc]silines by Rhodium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Maesato
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryo Shintani
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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25
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Jang JH, Ahn S, Park SE, Kim S, Byon HR, Joo JM. Synthesis of Redox-Active Phenanthrene-Fused Heteroarenes by Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Annulation. Org Lett 2020; 22:1280-1285. [PMID: 32027138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed C-H annulation reactions of halo- and aryl-heteroarenes were developed using readily available o-bromobiaryls and o-dibromoaryls, respectively. A variety of five-membered heteroarenes rapidly provided the corresponding phenanthrene-fused heteroarenes, which led to the identification of phenanthro-pyrazole and thiazole as new, stable -2 V redox couples. The flexible syntheses and tunability of the redox potentials of these azole-fused phenanthrenes over a wide range are expected to facilitate their application as redox-active organic functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyeok Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and Advanced Battery Center at KAIST Institute for NanoCentury , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Eun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and Advanced Battery Center at KAIST Institute for NanoCentury , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryung Byon
- Department of Chemistry at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and Advanced Battery Center at KAIST Institute for NanoCentury , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
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26
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Kang E, Kim HT, Joo JM. Transition-metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization of pyrazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6192-6210. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01265c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization reactions of pyrazoles to form new C–C and C–heteroatom bonds on the pyrazole ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
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27
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Padhi B, Kang G, Kim E, Ha J, Kim HT, Lim J, Joo JM. Pd-Catalyzed C–H Annulation of Five-Membered Heteroaryl Halides with Norbornene Derivatives. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birakishore Padhi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunhee Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Ha
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Basic Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Basic Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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28
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Zhu X, Wang Z, Hou B, Zhang H, Deng C, Ye L. Zinc‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Formal [4+3] Annulation of Isoxazoles with Enynol Ethers by 6π Electrocyclization: Stereoselective Access to 2
H
‐Azepines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ze‐Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Bo‐Shang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hao‐Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chao Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Long‐Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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29
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Zhu XQ, Wang ZS, Hou BS, Zhang HW, Deng C, Ye LW. Zinc-Catalyzed Asymmetric Formal [4+3] Annulation of Isoxazoles with Enynol Ethers by 6π Electrocyclization: Stereoselective Access to 2H-Azepines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1666-1673. [PMID: 31724314 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
6π electrocyclization has attracted interest in organic synthesis because of its high stereospecificity and atom economy in the construction of versatile 5-7-membered cycles. However, examples of asymmetric 6π electrocyclization are quite scarce, and have to rely on the use of chiral organocatalysts, and been limited to pentadienyl-anion- and triene-type 6π electrocyclizations. Described herein is a zinc-catalyzed formal [4+3] annulation of isoxazoles with 3-en-1-ynol ethers via 6π electrocyclization, leading to the site-selective synthesis of functionalized 2H-azepines and 4H-azepines in good to excellent yields with broad substrate scope. Moreover, this strategy has also been used to produce chiral 2H-azepines with high enantioselectivities (up to 97:3 e.r.). This protocol not only is the first asymmetric heptatrienyl-cation-type 6π electrocyclization, but also is the first asymmetric reaction of isoxazoles with alkynes and the first asymmetric catalysis based on ynol ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ze-Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bo-Shang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hao-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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30
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Li R, Zhou Y, Xu X, Dong G. Direct Vicinal Difunctionalization of Thiophenes Enabled by the Palladium/Norbornene Cooperative Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18958-18963. [PMID: 31744291 PMCID: PMC7075341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a direct vicinal difunctionalization of thiophenes via the palladium/norbornene (Pd/NBE) cooperative catalysis. A series of mono- and disubstituted thiophenes can be difunctionalized site-selectively and regioselectively at the C4 and C5 positions in good yields, enabled by an arsine ligand and a unique amide-based NBE. The synthetic utility has been shown in derivatizations of complex bioactive compounds and an open-flask gram-scale preparation. Preliminary results have been obtained in the difunctionalization of furans and a direct C4-selective arylation of 2-substituted thiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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31
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Lee W, Shin C, Park SE, Joo JM. Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Thiazole-Containing Triarylethylenes by Hydroarylation of Alkynes. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12913-12924. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woohyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Eun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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32
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Jaworski JN, Kozack CV, Tereniak SJ, Knapp SMM, Landis CR, Miller JT, Stahl SS. Operando Spectroscopic and Kinetic Characterization of Aerobic Allylic C-H Acetoxylation Catalyzed by Pd(OAc) 2/4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10462-10474. [PMID: 31184479 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Allylic C-H acetoxylations are among the most widely studied palladium(II)-catalyzed C-H oxidation reactions. While the principal reaction steps are well established, key features of the catalytic mechanisms are poorly characterized, including the identity of the turnover-limiting step and the catalyst resting state. Here, we report a mechanistic study of aerobic allylic acetoxylation of allylbenzene with a catalyst system composed of Pd(OAc)2 and 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF). The DAF ligand is unique in its ability to support aerobic catalytic turnover, even in the absence of benzoquinone or other co-catalysts. Herein, we describe operando spectroscopic analysis of the catalytic reaction using X-ray absorption and NMR spectroscopic methods that allow direct observation of the formation and decay of a palladium(I) species during the reaction. Kinetic studies reveal the presence of two distinct kinetic phases: (1) a burst phase, involving rapid formation of the allylic acetoxylation product and formation of the dimeric PdI complex [PdI(DAF)(OAc)]2, followed by (2) a post-burst phase that coincides with evolution of the catalyst resting state from the PdI dimer into a π-allyl-PdII species. The data provide unprecedented insights into the role of ancillary ligands in supporting catalytic turnover with O2 as the stoichiometric oxidant and establish an important foundation for the development of improved catalysts for allylic oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Caitlin V Kozack
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Stephen J Tereniak
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Spring Melody M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Clark R Landis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- David School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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33
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Kim H, Thombal RS, Khanal HD, Lee YR. Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed regioselective distal ortho C–H alkenylation of N-benzyl/furanylmethylpyrazoles directed by N-coordinating heterocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13402-13405. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed C–H functionalization of challenging N-benzylpyrazoles, N-benzylindazoles, N-benzylbenzotriazoles and N-furanylmethylpyrazoles with acrylates, vinylsulfone or vinylphosphonate for ortho-alkenylated heterocycles is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
| | - Raju S. Thombal
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hari Datta Khanal
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
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34
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Nájera C, Beletskaya IP, Yus M. Metal-catalyzed regiodivergent organic reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4515-4618. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00872h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses metal-catalysed regiodivergent additions, allylic substitutions, CH-activation, cross-couplings and intra- or intermolecular cyclisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Nájera
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Alicante
- E-03080 Alicante
- Spain
| | - Irina P. Beletskaya
- Chemistry Department
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 119992 Moscow
- Russia
| | - Miguel Yus
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Alicante
- E-03080 Alicante
- Spain
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35
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Zhou CJ, Gao H, Huang SL, Zhang SS, Wu JQ, Li B, Jiang X, Wang H. Synthesis of Benzofused N-Heterocycles via Rh(III)-Catalyzed Direct Benzannulation with 1,3-Dienes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Jun Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shi-Liang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shang-Shi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bai Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianxing Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Honggen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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36
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Zhang SG, Liang CG, Zhang WH. Recent Advances in Indazole-Containing Derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Perspectives. Molecules 2018; 23:E2783. [PMID: 30373212 PMCID: PMC6278422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Indazole-containing derivatives represent one of the most important heterocycles in drug molecules. Diversely substituted indazole derivatives bear a variety of functional groups and display versatile biological activities; hence, they have gained considerable attention in the field of medicinal chemistry. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in various methods for the synthesis of indazole derivatives. The current developments in the biological activities of indazole-based compounds are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Guang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chao-Gen Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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37
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Kim HT, Lee W, Kim E, Joo JM. C−H Alkenylation of Pyrroles by Electronically Matching Ligand Control. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2418-2422. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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38
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Liu F, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhang S. Novel Conjugated Polymers Prepared by Direct (Hetero) arylation: An Eco-Friendly Tool for Organic Electronics. Molecules 2018; 23:E408. [PMID: 29438329 PMCID: PMC6017795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phthalimide (PhI) moiety has been attracting more attention as an excellent acceptor building block in donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers. In this paper; three D-A conjugated polymers with or without thiocarbonyl moieties are successfully prepared by the direct (hetero)-arylation polymerization (DHAP), which is an atom efficient and facile synthetic strategy to obtain polymer materials. Compared with the traditional carbon-carbon coupling reactions, this method possesses more advantages, including: fewer synthetic steps, avoidance of the preparation of the organometallic reagents, higher atom economy and fewer toxic byproducts, better compatibility with chemically sensitive functional groups and so on. All three of these designed PhI-based polymers exhibited favourable optoelectronic and thermal performance. The optical, thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of the synthesized polymers were systematically investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results of these three polymers indicated that thionation of the carbonyl was a highly effective methods to improve the properties of PhI-based polymers; and provided impetus for the development of thionated PhI derivatives for organic electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yangqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Hang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
- Nanjing Kuo Hua Electronics Technology Pte. Ltd., Innovation Building B816, Xinmofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China.
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39
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Kim H, Hwang YJ, Han I, Joo JM. Regioselective C–H alkenylation of imidazoles and its application to the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted benzimidazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6879-6882. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02405g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed C5-selective alkenylation of imidazoles has been developed and applied to the synthesis of alkenyl imidazoles and multi-substituted benzimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyuk Han
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
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