1
|
Ali W, Oliver GA, Werz DB, Maiti D. Pd-catalyzed regioselective activation of C(sp 2)-H and C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9904-9953. [PMID: 39212454 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Differentiating between two highly similar C-H bonds in a given molecule remains a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Directing group assisted strategies for the functionalisation of proximal C-H bonds has been known for the last few decades. However, distal C-H bond functionalisation is strenuous and requires distinctly specialised techniques. In this review, we summarise the advancement in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bond activation through various redox manifolds including Pd(0)/Pd(II), Pd(II)/Pd(IV) and Pd(II)/Pd(0). Distal C-H functionalisation, where a Pd-catalyst is directly involved in the C-H activation step, either through assistance of an external directing group or directed by an inherent functionality or functional group incorporated at the site of the Pd-C bond is covered. The purpose of this review is to portray the current state of art in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H functionalisation reactions, their mechanism and application in the late-stage functionalisation of medicinal compounds along with highlighting its limitations, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
| | - Gwyndaf A Oliver
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin HG, Zhao PC, Qian Y, Xiao JD, Chao ZS, Jiang HL. Metal-organic frameworks for organic transformations by photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9378-9418. [PMID: 39163028 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Organic transformation by light-driven catalysis, especially, photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis, denoted as photo(thermal) catalysis, is an efficient, green, and economical route to produce value-added compounds. In recent years, owing to their diverse structure types, tunable pore sizes, and abundant active sites, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based photo(thermal) catalysis has attracted broad interest in organic transformations. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of MOF-based photo(thermal) catalysis for organic transformations. First, the general mechanisms, unique advantages, and strategies to improve the performance of MOFs in photo(thermal) catalysis are discussed. Then, outstanding examples of organic transformations over MOF-based photo(thermal) catalysis are introduced according to the reaction type. In addition, several representative advanced characterization techniques used for revealing the charge reaction kinetics and reaction intermediates of MOF-based organic transformations by photo(thermal) catalysis are presented. Finally, the prospects and challenges in this field are proposed. This review aims to inspire the rational design and development of MOF-based materials with improved performance in organic transformations by photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Guang Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China.
| | - Yunyang Qian
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Juan-Ding Xiao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Sheng Chao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China.
| | - Hai-Long Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tong J, Shu J, Wang Y, Qi Y, Wang Y. A bioactive sprite: Recent advances in the application of vinyl sulfones in drug design and organic synthesis. Life Sci 2024; 352:122904. [PMID: 38986895 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Vinyl sulfones, with their exceptional chemical properties, are known as the "chameleons" of organic synthesis and are widely used in the preparation of various sulfur-containing structures. However, their most alluring feature lies in their biological activity. The vinyl sulfone skeleton is ubiquitous in natural products and drug molecules and boasts a unique molecular structure and drug activity when compared to conventional drug molecules. As a result, vinyl sulfones have been extensively studied, playing a critical role in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry. In this review, we present a comprehensive analysis of the recent applications of vinyl sulfone structures in drug design, biology, and chemical synthesis. Furthermore, we explore the prospects of vinyl sulfones in diverse fields, offering insight into their potential future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Tong
- Hubei province Key Laboratory of Science in Metallurgical Process, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Jiong Shu
- Hubei province Key Laboratory of Science in Metallurgical Process, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Hubei province Key Laboratory of Science in Metallurgical Process, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Yajuan Qi
- Hubei province Key Laboratory of Science in Metallurgical Process, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lauridsen PJ, Kim YJ, Marron DP, Zhu JS, Waymouth RM, Du Bois J. Ligand Oxidation Activates a Ruthenium(II) Precatalyst for C-H Hydroxylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23067-23074. [PMID: 39134028 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
A new class of Ru-sulfonamidate precatalysts for sp3 C-H hydroxylation is described along with a versatile process for assembling unique heteroleptic Ru(II) complexes. The latter has enabled structure-performance studies to identify an optimal precatalyst, 2h, bearing one 4,4'-di-tert-butylbipyridine (dtbpy) and one pyridylsulfonamidate ligand. Single-crystal X-ray analysis confirmed the structure and stereochemistry of this adduct. Catalytic hydroxylation reactions are conveniently performed in an aqueous, biphasic solvent mixture with 1 mol % 2h and ceric ammonium nitrate as the terminal oxidant and deliver oxidized products in yields ranging from 37 to 90%. A comparative mechanistic investigation of 2h against a related homoleptic precatalyst, [Ru(dtbpy)2(MeCN)2](OTf)2, convincingly establishes that the former generates one or more surprisingly long-lived active species under the reaction conditions, thus accounting for the high turnover numbers. Structure-performance, kinetics, mass spectrometric, and electrochemical analyses reveal that ligand oxidation is a prerequisite for catalyst activation. Our findings sharply contrast a large body of prior art showing that ligand oxidation is detrimental to catalyst function. We expect these results to stimulate future innovations in C-H oxidation research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Lauridsen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yeon Jung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel P Marron
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhai H, Wei Z, Jing X, Duan C. A Porphyrin-Faced Zn 8L 6 Cage for Selective Oxidation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds and Sulfides. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14375-14382. [PMID: 39038208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic oxidation of benzyl C-H bonds and sulfides from fuel oils stands as an attractive proposition in the quest for clean energy, yet their simultaneous oxidation with a singular, economically friendly catalyst is not well established. In this work, the combination of a cobalt(II) porphyrin ligand with 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and ZnII yielded a Zn8L6 cage (Co cube). The three-dimensional conjugated structure effectively enhances energy transfer efficiency, enabling the Co cube to show a good ability to activate oxygen under light conditions for photooxidation. Moreover, this catalytic system demonstrates high selectivity for the photocatalytic oxidation of C(sp3)-H bonds and sulfides, employing the Co cube as a single component catalyst, molecular oxygen as the oxidant, and activating oxygen into 1O2 under mild reaction conditions. This provides significant insights for organic synthesis and future design of photocatalysts with complex molecular components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhai
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Zhong Wei
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Xu Jing
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Chunying Duan
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma N, Leng Y, Sui K, Wang P, Jiang S, Wu Y. Synthesis of Sulfone Methylene-Substituted Indolines by Radical Cascade Cyclization of 2-Alkynylaniline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10678-10683. [PMID: 39013075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
A radical cascade cyclization of 2-alkynylaniline derivatives with sulfonyl chlorides was developed to construct C3-sulfone methylene-substituted indolines in yields of 21 to 85% with a broad substrate scope under metal- and base-free conditions. This protocol could simultaneously build three new chemical bonds and employ a solvent-radical relay strategy, providing a rapid and concise approach toward an indoline framework. Scale-up reactions of this method and further transformations to afford useful indolines were also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Yuting Leng
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Kaixia Sui
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Shiliang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Trouvé J, Delahaye V, Tomasini M, Rajeshwaran P, Roisnel T, Poater A, Gramage-Doria R. Repurposing a supramolecular iridium catalyst via secondary Zn⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C weak interactions between the ligand and substrate leads to ortho-selective C(sp 2)-H borylation of benzamides with unusual kinetics. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11794-11806. [PMID: 39092112 PMCID: PMC11290415 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of benzamides typically leads to meta and para selectivities using state-of-the-art iridium-based N,N-chelating bipyridine ligands. However, reaching ortho selectivity patterns requires extensive trial-and-error screening via molecular design at the ligand first coordination sphere. Herein, we demonstrate that triazolylpyridines are excellent ligands for the selective iridium-catalyzed ortho C-H borylation of tertiary benzamides and, importantly, we demonstrate the almost negligible effect of the first coordination sphere in the selectivity, which is so far unprecedented in iridium C-H bond borylations. Remarkably, the activity is dramatically enhanced by exploiting a remote Zn⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C weak interaction between the substrate and a rationally designed molecular-recognition site in the catalyst. Kinetic studies and DFT calculations indicate that the iridium-catalyzed C-H activation step is not rate-determining, this being unique for remotely controlled C-H functionalizations. Consequently, a previously established supramolecular iridium catalyst designed for meta-borylation of pyridines is now compatible with the ortho-borylation of benzamides, a regioselectivity switch that is counter-intuitive regarding precedents in the literature. In addition, we highlight the role of the cyclohexene additive in avoiding the formation of undesired side-products as well as accelerating the HBpin release event that precedes the catalyst regeneration step, which is highly relevant for the design of powerful and selective iridium borylating catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Tomasini
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | | | | | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao X, He H, Miao K, Zhang L, Ni SF, Li M, Guo W. Electrochemical Allylic C(sp 3)-H Isothiocyanation via [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement. Org Lett 2024; 26:4554-4559. [PMID: 38767297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The direct allylic C(sp3)-H functionalization provides a straightforward protocol for the synthesis of valuable molecules. We report herein the first chemo- and site-selective method for allylic C(sp3)-H isothiocyanation of various internal alkenes under mild electrochemical conditions. This method exhibits broad functional group tolerance and excellent selectivity and can be applied for late-stage isothiocyanation of bioactive molecules. Combined experimental and computational studies indicate that the reaction proceeds via an unexpected [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhuang Gao
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Miao
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Linbao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Weisi Guo
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miyakoshi T, Kronenberg D, Tamaki S, Lombardi R, Baudoin O. Studies towards the Enantioselective Synthesis of Cryptowolinol via Pd 0-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Arylation/Parallel Kinetic Resolution. Org Lett 2024; 26:2923-2927. [PMID: 38567800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
We report a model study towards the enantioselective synthesis of the dibenzopyrrocoline alkaloid (-)-cryptowolinol. The key step involves a challenging enantioselective Pd0-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation performed with a chiral NHC ligand, which proceeds via parallel kinetic resolution (PKR). A very efficient PKR process was achieved on a deoxygenated model substrate and was successfully transposed to a potential intermediate en route to (-)-cryptowolinol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Miyakoshi
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Domenic Kronenberg
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sota Tamaki
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Lombardi
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hikida N, Yoshimi Y, Suzuki H. Amide-Directed Rhodium-Catalyzed Chain-Walking Hydrothiolation of Internal Alkenes. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38497767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We developed a rhodium-catalyzed chain-walking hydrothiolation process for internal alkenes, which offers a novel and efficient alternative for C(sp3)-H bond cleavage, while focusing on thiol incorporation. This method exclusively affords N,S-acetals at 36-90% yields. Regioconvergent hydrothiolation significantly improved the effectiveness of this transformation. Preliminary mechanistic investigations revealed that an amide-directing group is essential for regioselective synthesis, underlining its significance in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hikida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yoshimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Suzuki
- Tenure-Track Program for Innovative Research, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sterling AJ, Ciccia NR, Guo Y, Hartwig JF, Head-Gordon M. Mechanistic Insights into the Origins of Selectivity in a Cu-Catalyzed C-H Amidation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6168-6177. [PMID: 38381006 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic transformation of C-H to C-N bonds offers rapid access to fine chemicals and high-performance materials, but achieving high selectivity from undirected aminations of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds remains an outstanding challenge. We report the origins of the reactivity and selectivity of a Cu-catalyzed C-H amidation of simple alkanes. Using a combination of experimental and computational mechanistic studies and energy decomposition techniques, we uncover a switch in mechanism from inner-sphere to outer-sphere coupling between alkyl radicals and the active Cu(II) catalyst with increasing substitution of the alkyl radical. The combination of computational predictions and detailed experimental validation shows that simultaneous minimization of both Cu-C covalency and alkyl radical size increases the rate of reductive elimination and that both strongly electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents on the catalyst accelerate the selectivity-determining C-N bond formation process as a result of a change in mechanism. These findings offer design principles for the development of improved catalyst scaffolds for radical C-H functionalization reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicodemo R Ciccia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yifan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang S, Goswami S, Schulz KHG, Gill K, Yin X, Hwang J, Wiese J, Jaffer I, Gil RR, Garcia-Bosch I. Regioselective Hydroxylation of Unsymmetrical Ketones Using Cu, H 2O 2, and Imine Directing Groups via Formation of an Electrophilic Cupric Hydroperoxide Core. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2622-2636. [PMID: 38324058 PMCID: PMC10877615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the regioselective functionalization of unsymmetrical ketones using imine directing groups, Cu, and H2O2. The C-H hydroxylation of the substrate-ligands derived from 2-substituted benzophenones occurred exclusively at the γ-position of the unsubstituted ring due to the formation of only one imine stereoisomer. Conversely, the imines derived from 4-substituted benzophenones produced E/Z mixtures that upon reacting with Cu and H2O2 led to two γ-C-H hydroxylation products. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, the ratio of the hydroxylation products did not depend on the ratio of the E/Z isomers but on the electrophilicity of the reactive [LCuOOH]1+. A detailed mechanistic analysis suggests a fast isomerization of the imine substrate-ligand binding the CuOOH core before the rate-determining electrophilic aromatic hydroxylation. Varying the benzophenone substituents and/or introducing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the 4-position of pyridine of the directing group allowed for fine-tuning of the electrophilicity of the mononuclear [LCuOOH]1+ to reach remarkable regioselectivities (up to 91:9 favoring the hydroxylation of the electron-rich arene ring). Lastly, we performed the C-H hydroxylation of alkyl aryl ketones, and like in the unsymmetrical benzophenones, the regioselectivity of the transformations (sp3 vs sp2) could be controlled by varying the electronics of the substrate and/or the directing group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sunipa Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Karl H. G. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Karan Gill
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xinyi Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jimin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jasmine Wiese
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Isabel Jaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Roberto R. Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Isaac Garcia-Bosch
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wojtkielewicz A, Baj A, Majewski AD, Wysocka J, Morzycki JW. Synthesis of 25-Hydroxy-provitamin D 3 by Direct Hydroxylation of Protected 7-Dehydrocholesterol. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1648-1656. [PMID: 38241473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
A new synthetic route to 25-hydroxy-provitamin D3 was elaborated. The synthesis consists of direct hydroxylation at C-25 of 7-dehydrocholesterol hetero Diels-Alder adducts. The adducts were prepared by [4 + 2] cycloaddition of azadienophiles to the steroidal diene. The hydroxylation reactions of adducts were carried out with different dioxiranes or with chromyl trifluoroacetate. The byproducts of these reactions were isolated and identified. The strengths and weaknesses of hydroxylation methods with different oxidizing agents were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Baj
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam D Majewski
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu GQ, Wang WD, Xu PF. Photocatalyzed Enantioselective Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1209-1223. [PMID: 38170467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its diverse activation processes including single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient platform for organic synthesis. These processes provide a powerful avenue for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds under mild conditions. Over the past decade, there have been remarkable advances in the enantioselective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond via photocatalysis combined with conventional asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we summarize the advances in asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization involving visible-light photocatalysis and discuss two main pathways in this emerging field: (a) SET-driven carbocation intermediates are followed by stereospecific nucleophile attacks; and (b) photodriven alkyl radical intermediates are further enantioselectively captured by (i) chiral π-SOMOphile reagents, (ii) stereoselective transition-metal complexes, and (iii) another distinct stereoscopic radical species. We aim to summarize key advances in reaction design, catalyst development, and mechanistic understanding, to provide new insights into this rapidly evolving area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kudashev A, Vergura S, Zuccarello M, Bürgi T, Baudoin O. Methylene C(sp 3 )-H Arylation Enables the Stereoselective Synthesis and Structure Revision of Indidene Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316103. [PMID: 37997293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The divergent synthesis of two indane polyketides of the indidene family, namely (±)-indidene A (11 steps, 1.7 %) and (+)-indidene C (13 steps, 1.3 %), is reported. The synthesis of the trans-configured common indane intermediate was enabled by palladium(0)-catalyzed methylene C(sp3 )-H arylation, which was performed in both racemic and enantioselective (e.r. 99 : 1) modes. Further elaboration of this common intermediate by nickel-catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling allowed the rapid installation of the aroyl moiety of (±)-indidene A. In parallel, the biphenyl system of (±)- and (+)-indidene C was constructed by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. These investigations led us to revise the structures of indidenes B and C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kudashev
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Vergura
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Zuccarello
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- University of Geneva, Department of Physical Chemistry, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bhavyesh D, Soliya S, Konakanchi R, Begari E, Ashalu KC, Naveen T. The Recent Advances in Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301056. [PMID: 38149480 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of iron as a core metal in catalysis has become a research topic of interest over the last few decades. The reasons are clear. Iron is the most abundant transition metal on Earth's crust and it is widely distributed across the world. It has been extracted and processed since the dawn of civilization. All these features render iron a noncontaminant, biocompatible, nontoxic, and inexpensive metal and therefore it constitutes the perfect candidate to replace noble metals (rhodium, palladium, platinum, iridium, etc.). Moreover, direct C-H functionalization is one of the most efficient strategies by which to introduce new functional groups into small organic molecules. The majority of organic compounds contain C(sp3 )-H bonds. Given the enormous importance of organic molecules in so many aspects of existence, the utilization and bioactivity of C(sp3 )-H bonds are of the utmost importance. This review sheds light on the substrate scope, selectivity, benefits, and limitations of iron catalysts for direct C(sp3 )-H bond activations. An overview of the use of iron catalysis in C(sp3 )-H activation protocols is summarized herein up to 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desai Bhavyesh
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Sudha Soliya
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Ramaiah Konakanchi
- Department of Chemistry, VNR Vignana Jyoti Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, 500090, India
| | - Eeshwaraiah Begari
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Kashamalla Chinna Ashalu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Kadi, Gujarat, 382715, India
| | - Togati Naveen
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vennelakanti V, Li GL, Kulik HJ. Why Nonheme Iron Halogenases Do Not Fluorinate C-H Bonds: A Computational Investigation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19758-19770. [PMID: 37972340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective halogenation is necessary for a range of fine chemical applications, including the development of therapeutic drugs. While synthetic processes to achieve C-H halogenation require harsh conditions, enzymes such as nonheme iron halogenases carry out some types of C-H halogenation, i.e., chlorination or bromination, with ease, while others, i.e., fluorination, have never been observed in natural or engineered nonheme iron enzymes. Using density functional theory and correlated wave function theory, we investigate the differences in structural and energetic preferences of the smaller fluoride and the larger chloride or bromide intermediates throughout the catalytic cycle. Although we find that the energetics of rate-limiting hydrogen atom transfer are not strongly impacted by fluoride substitution, the higher barriers observed during the radical rebound reaction for fluoride relative to chloride and bromide contribute to the difficulty of C-H fluorination. We also investigate the possibility of isomerization playing a role in differences in reaction selectivity, and our calculations reveal crucial differences in terms of isomer energetics of the key ferryl intermediate between fluoride and chloride/bromide intermediates. While formation of monodentate isomers believed to be involved in selective catalysis is shown for chloride and bromide intermediates, we find that formation of the fluoride monodentate intermediate is not possible in our calculations, which lack additional stabilizing interactions with the greater protein environment. Furthermore, the shorter Fe-F bonds are found to increase isomerization reaction barriers, suggesting that incorporation of residues that form a halogen bond with F and elongate Fe-F bonds could make selective C-H fluorination possible in nonheme iron halogenases. Our work highlights the differences between the fluoride and chloride/bromide intermediates and suggests potential steps toward engineering nonheme iron halogenases to enable selective C-H fluorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyshnavi Vennelakanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Grace L Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu M, Cai J, Huang L, Duan C. Photocatalytic C(sp 3)-H bond functionalization by Cu(I) halide cluster-mediated O 2 activation. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17109-17113. [PMID: 37987084 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02862c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic C-H bond activation is a challenging approach to selectively functionalize C(sp3)-H bonds with dioxygen under mild conditions. Herein, by merging transition metal- and photo-catalysis, photoactive Cu(I)-halide(X) (X = Cl, Br, I) clusters are employed to effectively catalyse the selective monooxygenation and C-C oxidative cross-coupling of C(sp3)-H bonds with unreactive O2 upon light irradiation. This modern protocol promises a photoinduced SET process between Cu(I)-clusters and O2, and possibly forms Cu(II)-O2˙- species for abstracting the H-atom from the C(sp3)-H bond. This process produces alkyl radicals to react with -OOH or nucleophiles for oxidation or cross-coupling products, advancing the Cu(I)-cluster mediated photoredox catalysis toward functional fine chemicals with pursued selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Junkai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu Y, Zhang W, Ma S, Song C, Chang J. Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of N-Fused Quinolines via C(sp 3)-H Activation-Radical Addition-Cyclization Cascade. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38012068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel copper-catalyzed cyclization reaction for the synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinoline, triazolo[1,5-a]quinoline, and pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline derivatives is described. The process is initiated by di-tert-butyl peroxide-mediated C(sp3)-H activation to generate the α-functionalized radical, which supervenes a cascade radical addition/cyclization sequence to access the N-fused quinolines in good yields with broad functional group tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangang Wu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shiyu Ma
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chuanjun Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Feng Y, Zhong Z, Chen S, Liu K, Meng Z. Improved Catalytic Performance toward Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols Originated from New Open-Framework Copper Molybdovanadate with a Unique V/Mo Ratio. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302051. [PMID: 37641954 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A new organic-inorganic hybrid open-framework molybdovanadate with mixed-valences of vanadium (V4+ /V5+ =4/3) and molybdenum (Mo5+ /Mo6+ =8/2) cations has been synthesized. The complex possesses the unique V/Mo ratio (7/10), fascinating 8-C topological network and 1D 4-MR channels (7.793 Å×6.699 Å). Importantly, its catalytic activities for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde (oxidant: H2 O2 , 30 wt %) have been well evaluated. The results indicated that it exhibited improved catalytic activities (conv.: 96.8 %) compared with the catalyst (Cpyr)5 PV2 Mo5 W5 O40 [conv.: 88.51 %, Cpyr=(C16 H32 C5 H4 N)+ )], high recyclability and structural stability. Moreover, the conversions and selectivities (conv.: 82.4-92.5 %; sele.: 91.5-95.7 %) of the substrates containing electron donating groups (-OH, -CH3 , -OCH3 and -Cl) were significantly higher than those of the substrate containing electron withdrawing group (-NO2 ) (conv. 67.4 %; sele.: 80.8 %). This is due to the fact that the -NO2 with a large Hammett substituent constant is not conducive to the generation of transition state products. The studies revealed the complex could act as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst in selective oxidation of benzyl alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Feng
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Shuyang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Kecheng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Zhaohui Meng
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bakanas I, Lusi RF, Wiesler S, Hayward Cooke J, Sarpong R. Strategic application of C-H oxidation in natural product total synthesis. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:783-799. [PMID: 37730908 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of unactivated C-H bonds has emerged as an effective tactic in natural product synthesis and has altered how chemists approach the synthesis of complex molecules. The use of C-H oxidation methods has simplified the process of synthesis planning by expanding the choice of starting materials, limiting functional group interconversion and protecting group manipulations, and enabling late-stage diversification. In this Review, we propose classifications for C-H oxidations on the basis of their strategic purpose: type 1, which installs functionality that is used to establish the carbon skeleton of the target; type 2, which is used to construct a heterocyclic ring; and type 3, which installs peripheral functional groups. The reactions are further divided based on whether they are directed or undirected. For each classification, examples from recent literature are analysed. Finally, we provide two case studies of syntheses from our laboratory that were streamlined by the judicious use of C-H oxidation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bakanas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Lusi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Wiesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jack Hayward Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sinha SK, Ghosh P, Jain S, Maiti S, Al-Thabati SA, Alshehri AA, Mokhtar M, Maiti D. Transition-metal catalyzed C-H activation as a means of synthesizing complex natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7461-7503. [PMID: 37811747 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the advent of C-H activation has led to a rethink among chemists about the synthetic strategies employed for multi-step transformations. Indeed, deploying innovative and masterful tricks against the numerous classical organic transformations has been the need of the hour. Despite this, the immense importance of C-H activation remains unfulfilled unless the methodology can be deployed for large-scale industrial processes and towards the concise, step-economic synthesis of prodigious natural products and pharmaceutical drugs. Lately, the growing potential of C-H activation methodology has indeed driven the pioneers of synthetic organic chemists into finding more efficient methods to accelerate the synthesis of such complex molecular scaffolds. This review aims to draw a general overview of the various C-H activation procedures that have been adopted for synthesizing these vast majority of structurally complicated natural products. Our objective lies in drawing a complete picture and taking the readers through the synthesis of a series of such complex organic compounds by simplified techniques, making it step-economic on a larger scale and thus instigating the readers to trigger the use of such methodology and uncover new, unique patterns for future synthesis of such natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Shubhanshu Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- School of Biosciences, Engineering and Technology, VIT Bhopal University, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh - 466114, India
| | - Shaeel A Al-Thabati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Ali Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mokhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fernandes RA. Deciphering the quest in the divergent total synthesis of natural products. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12205-12230. [PMID: 37746673 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The divergent synthesis of natural products is rapidly developing towards achieving the goal of efficiency and economy in total synthesis. However, presently, the sustainable development of the synthesis of natural products does not permit the linear synthesis of a single target. In this case, divergent total synthesis is based on the identification of an advanced intermediate with structural features that can be mapped in more than two molecules. However, the identification of this intermediate and its scalable synthesis in enantiopure form are challenging. Herein, we present the details of the ingenious efforts by researchers in the last six years toward the divergent synthesis of two to as many as eight natural products initially via a single route, and then diverging from a common intermediate and further branching out toward several natural products. The planning and strategies adopted can serve as guidelines for the future development of efficient divergent routes aimed at achieving higher efficiency toward multiple targets, causing divergent synthesis to become an accepted common practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou X, Huang Q, Guo J, Dai L, Lu Y. Molecular Editing of Pyrroles via a Skeletal Recasting Strategy. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1758-1767. [PMID: 37780359 PMCID: PMC10540293 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic scaffolds are commonly found in numerous biologically active molecules, therapeutic agents, and agrochemicals. To probe chemical space around heterocycles, many powerful molecular editing strategies have been devised. Versatile C-H functionalization strategies allow for peripheral modifications of heterocyclic motifs, often being specific and taking place at multiple sites. The past few years have seen the quick emergence of exciting "single-atom skeletal editing" strategies, through one-atom deletion or addition, enabling ring contraction/expansion and structural diversification, as well as scaffold hopping. The construction of heterocycles via deconstruction of simple heterocycles is unknown. Herein, we disclose a new molecular editing method which we name the skeletal recasting strategy. Specifically, by tapping on the 1,3-dipolar property of azoalkenes, we recast simple pyrroles to fully substituted pyrroles, through a simple phosphoric acid-promoted one-pot reaction consisting of dearomative deconstruction and rearomative reconstruction steps. The reaction allows for easy access to synthetically challenging tetra-substituted pyrroles which are otherwise difficult to synthesize. Furthermore, we construct N-N axial chirality on our pyrrole products, as well as accomplish a facile synthesis of the anticancer drug, Sutent. The potential application of this method to other heterocycles has also been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhou
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Qingqin Huang
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiami Guo
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lei Dai
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yixin Lu
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Raymenants F, Masson TM, Sanjosé-Orduna J, Noël T. Efficient C(sp 3 )-H Carbonylation of Light and Heavy Hydrocarbons with Carbon Monoxide via Hydrogen Atom Transfer Photocatalysis in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308563. [PMID: 37459232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite their abundance in organic molecules, considerable limitations still exist in synthetic methods that target the direct C-H functionalization at sp3 -hybridized carbon atoms. This is even more the case for light alkanes, which bear some of the strongest C-H bonds known in Nature, requiring extreme activation conditions that are not tolerant to most organic molecules. To bypass these issues, synthetic chemists rely on prefunctionalized alkyl halides or organometallic coupling partners. However, new synthetic methods that target regioselectively C-H bonds in a variety of different organic scaffolds would be of great added value, not only for the late-stage functionalization of biologically active molecules but also for the catalytic upgrading of cheap and abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks. Here, we describe a general, mild and scalable protocol which enables the direct C(sp3 )-H carbonylation of saturated hydrocarbons, including natural products and light alkanes, using photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and gaseous carbon monoxide (CO). Flow technology was deemed crucial to enable high gas-liquid mass transfer rates and fast reaction kinetics, needed to outpace deleterious reaction pathways, but also to leverage a scalable and safe process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Sanjosé-Orduna
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Borade SA, Naharwal S, Bhambri H, Mandal SK, Bajaj K, Chitkara D, Sakhuja R. Synthesis of modified bile acids via palladium-catalyzed C(sp 3)-H (hetero)arylation. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6719-6729. [PMID: 37555287 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00916e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
A Pd(II)-catalyzed strategy for the diastereo- and regioselective (hetero)arylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds in bile acids is accomplished with aryl and heteroaryl iodides under solvent-free conditions using the 8-aminoquinoline auxiliary as a directing group. This methodology demonstrated excellent functional group tolerance with respect to aryl/heteroaryl iodides on O-protected N-(quinolin-8-yl)cholyl/deoxycholyl amides to afford β-C(sp3)-H (hetero)arylated products in good-to-excellent yields. Moreover, the 8-aminoquinoline (AQ) auxiliary can easily be removed to obtain modified bile acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Arjun Borade
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Sushma Naharwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Himanshi Bhambri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manuali P. O., Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sanjay K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manuali P. O., Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Kiran Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Salameh N, Valentini F, Baudoin O, Vaccaro L. A General Enantioselective C-H Arylation Using an Immobilized Recoverable Palladium Catalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300609. [PMID: 37486306 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
We herein report a general and efficient enantioselective C-H arylation of aryl bromides based on the use of BozPhos as the bisphosphine ligand and SP-NHC-PdII as recoverable heterogeneous catalyst. By exploiting the "release and catch" mechanism of action of the catalytic system, we used BozPhos as a broadly applicable chiral ligand, furnishing high enantioselectivities across all types of examined substrates containing methyl, cyclopropyl and aryl C-H bonds. For each reaction, the reaction scope was investigated, giving rise to 30 enantioenriched products, obtained with high yields and enantioselectivities, and minimal palladium leaching. The developed catalytic system provides a more sustainable solution compared to homogeneous systems for the synthesis of high added-value chiral products through recycling of the precious metal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihad Salameh
- Laboratory of Green SOC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06124, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Federica Valentini
- Laboratory of Green SOC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06124, Perugia, Italy
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green SOC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06124, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kohr M, Kazmaier U. Synthesis of HC-Toxin via Matteson Homologation and C-H Functionalization. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37441789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic route toward host-specific HC-toxin was developed. The HC-toxin belongs to a group of cyclic, tetrapeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors containing the unusual amino acid Aeo. Key steps in the synthesis of this building block include the Matteson homologation to generate the stereogenic centers in the side chain and a C-H functionalization to connect the side chain to a protected alanine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kohr
- Organic Chemistry I, Saarland University, Campus, Bldg. C4.2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Organic Chemistry I, Saarland University, Campus, Bldg. C4.2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang Q, Zhou P, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Liang T, Jiang J, Zhang Z. Catalyst-controlled regiodivergent C-H bond alkenylation of 2-pyridylthiophenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37366584 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02411c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel and effective RhIII- and PdII-controlled switchable C-H alkenylation of 2-pyridylthiophenes with alkenes is realized. The alkenylation reactions proceeded smoothly in a highly regio- and stereo-selective manner to afford a broad range of C3- and C5-alkenylated products. Depending on the catalyst employed, the reactions involve two typical approaches: C3-alkenylation via chelation-assisted rhodation and C5-alkenylation via electrophilic palladation. This regiodivergent synthetic protocol was successfully applied for the straightforward building of π-conjugated difunctionalized 2-pyridylthiophenes, which may show great potential in organic electronic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Yaokun Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Yeran Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kohr M, Papenkordt N, Jung M, Kazmaier U. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of histone deacetylase inhibitor WF-3161. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4382-4387. [PMID: 37194325 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00641g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of the naturally occurring HDAC inhibitor WF-3161 is described. Key steps include the Matteson homologation to generate the stereogenic centres in the side chain, and Pd-catalysed C-H functionalisation to connect the side chain to the peptide backbone. WF-3161 was found to be highly selective for HDAC1, whereas no activity was observed towards HDAC6. High activity was also found against the cancer cell line HL-60.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kohr
- Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Niklas Papenkordt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Burden TJ, Fernandez KPR, Kagoro M, Eastwood JB, Tanner TFN, Whitwood AC, Clark IP, Towrie M, Krieger J, Lynam JM, Fairlamb IJS. Coumarin C-H Functionalization by Mn(I) Carbonyls: Mechanistic Insight by Ultra-Fast IR Spectroscopic Analysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203038. [PMID: 36625067 PMCID: PMC10947090 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mn(I) C-H functionalization of coumarins provides a versatile and practical method for the rapid assembly of fused polycyclic pyridinium-containing coumarins in a regioselective manner. The synthetic strategy enables application of bench-stable organomanganese reagents in both photochemical- and thermal-promoted reactions. The cyclomanganated intermediates, and global reaction system, provide an ideal testing ground for structural characterization of the active Mn(I) carbonyl-containing species, including transient species observable by ultra-fast time-resolved spectroscopic methods. The thermodynamic reductive elimination product, solely encountered from reaction between alkynes and air-stable organometallic cyclomanganated coumarins, has enabled characterization of a critical seven-membered Mn(I) intermediate, detected by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, enabling the elucidation of the temporal profile of key steps in the reductive elimination pathway. Quantitative data are provided. Manganated polycyclic products are readily decomplexed by AgBF4 , opening-up an efficient route to the formation of π-extended hybrid coumarin-pyridinium compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Burden
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | - Mary Kagoro
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | | | | | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser FacilityResearch Complex at Harwell STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus DidcotOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser FacilityResearch Complex at Harwell STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus DidcotOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | | | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Monsigny L, Doche F, Besset T. Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond activation as a sustainable strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated molecules: an overview. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:448-473. [PMID: 37123090 PMCID: PMC10130906 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the emergence of innovative synthetic tools for the synthesis of fluorinated molecules. Among these approaches, the transition-metal-catalyzed functionalization of various scaffolds with a panel of fluorinated groups (XRF, X = S, Se, O) offered straightforward access to high value-added compounds. This review will highlight the main advances made in the field with the transition-metal-catalyzed functionalization of C(sp2) and C(sp3) centers with SCF3, SeCF3, or OCH2CF3 groups among others, by C-H bond activation. The scope and limitations of these transformations are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Monsigny
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Floriane Doche
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee Z, Lin PC, Yang T. Inverse design of ligands using a deep generative model semi‐supervised by a data‐driven ligand field strength metric. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202300066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
|
35
|
Lubov DP, Shashkov MV, Nefedov AA, Bryliakov KP. A Predictably Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Aliphatic C-H Oxygenation. Org Lett 2023; 25:1359-1363. [PMID: 36825896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Direct oxygenation of nonactivated aliphatic C(sp3)-H groups with peroxycarboxylic acids in the presence of palladium tris(pyridylmethyl)amine complex (0.6 mol %) is reported, providing the corresponding hydroxylated derivatives in up to 94% yields. The oxidation of 3° C-H groups occurs stereospecifically, with the catalyst system demonstrating extremely high sensitivity to electronic effects (adamantane oxidation: 3°:2° up to >300). This suggests potential applications for the 3°-regioselective oxidative functionalization of complex molecules of natural origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry P Lubov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Shashkov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Nefedov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pr. Lavrentieva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin P Bryliakov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang Q, Huang X, Gui Y, He Y, Liao S, Huang G, Liang T, Zhang Z. Unlocking Regiodivergence in Pd II- and Rh III-Mediated Site-Selective C-H Bond Alkynylation of Imidazopyridines. Org Lett 2023; 25:1447-1452. [PMID: 36826371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
An efficient PdII- and RhIII-controlled site-selective C-H bond alkynylation of imidazopyridines using (bromoethynyl)triisopropylsilane is disclosed. The divergent methodology allows straightforward access to a wide range of products alkynylated at the C3 and ortho positions. This strategy is suggestive of a practical platform that can be suitable for late-stage diversification and may assist in the design of more selective and complementary catalytic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xuecong Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yuting Gui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Youyuan He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Siyang Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Guan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Salameh N, Minio F, Rossini G, Marrocchi A, Vaccaro L. Waste-minimized C(sp3)-H activation for the preparation of fused N-heterocycles. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
|
38
|
Hu Z, Li R, Yang X. Pyridine coordination enabled stepwise PT/ET N-H transfer and metal-independent C-C cleavage mechanism for Cu-mediated dehydroacylation of unstrained ketones. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18409-18415. [PMID: 36416298 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03434d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A density functional theory study of copper-mediated dehydroacylation of 4-phenyl-2-butanone to the corresponding olefin reveals a flexible N-H transfer process and a metal-independent C-C cleavage mechanism. When N'-methylpicolinohydrazonamide (MPHA) acts as the activating reagent, N-H cleavage can easily take place via stepwise proton transfer/electron transfer (PT/ET) and the rate-determining step is C-C homolysis with a total free energy barrier of 22.6 kcal mol-1, which is consistent with experimental observation of no kinetic isotope effects (KIE) at β-H. Besides, copper is found to have little influence on C-C cleavage, but is responsible for triggering single electron oxidation of the pre-aromatic intermediate (PAI). When replacing MPHA with picolinohydrazonamide (PHA), the second N-H transfer is 2.7 kcal mol-1 more favorable than C-C cleavage and dominates the pathway to aromatization, which explains there being no C-C cleavage product well. When N'-methylbenzohydrazonamide (MBHA) is adopted, the lack of pyridine coordination significantly reduces the stability of CuII and N-H transfer proceeds via a much more difficult proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathway, thus making N-H cleavage a rate-determining step with a total free energy barrier of up to 28.1 kcal mol-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Rongrong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xinzheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lone pair-π interaction induced regioselective sulfonation of ethers under light irradiation. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
40
|
Merkens K, Sanosa N, Funes-Ardoiz I, Gómez-Suárez A. Accessing α-Amino Ketyl Radicals from β-Amino Alcohols via Chemoselective Hydrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Merkens
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nil Sanosa
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Call A, Cianfanelli M, Besalú-Sala P, Olivo G, Palone A, Vicens L, Ribas X, Luis JM, Bietti M, Costas M. Carboxylic Acid Directed γ-Lactonization of Unactivated Primary C-H Bonds Catalyzed by Mn Complexes: Application to Stereoselective Natural Product Diversification. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19542-19558. [PMID: 36228322 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions that enable selective functionalization of strong aliphatic C-H bonds open new synthetic paths to rapidly increase molecular complexity and expand chemical space. Particularly valuable are reactions where site-selectivity can be directed toward a specific C-H bond by catalyst control. Herein we describe the catalytic site- and stereoselective γ-lactonization of unactivated primary C-H bonds in carboxylic acid substrates. The system relies on a chiral Mn catalyst that activates aqueous hydrogen peroxide to promote intramolecular lactonization under mild conditions, via carboxylate binding to the metal center. The system exhibits high site-selectivity and enables the oxidation of unactivated primary γ-C-H bonds even in the presence of intrinsically weaker and a priori more reactive secondary and tertiary ones at α- and β-carbons. With substrates bearing nonequivalent γ-C-H bonds, the factors governing site-selectivity have been uncovered. Most remarkably, by manipulating the absolute chirality of the catalyst, γ-lactonization at methyl groups in gem-dimethyl structural units of rigid cyclic and bicyclic carboxylic acids can be achieved with unprecedented levels of diastereoselectivity. Such control has been successfully exploited in the late-stage lactonization of natural products such as camphoric, camphanic, ketopinic, and isoketopinic acids. DFT analysis points toward a rebound type mechanism initiated by intramolecular 1,7-HAT from a primary γ-C-H bond of the bound substrate to a highly reactive MnIV-oxyl intermediate, to deliver a carbon radical that rapidly lactonizes through carboxylate transfer. Intramolecular kinetic deuterium isotope effect and 18O labeling experiments provide strong support to this mechanistic picture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Call
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Cianfanelli
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Besalú-Sala
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laia Vicens
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zheng Y, Liu ZW, Li T, Li X, Li SH. KIO 3-Mediated γ-C(sp 3)-H Sulfenylation of Enaminones. Org Lett 2022; 24:7533-7537. [PMID: 36219730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free regioselective γ-C(sp3)-H sulfenylation of enaminones with heterocyclic thiols is reported. This transformation is efficient, mild, scalable, and environmentally friendly and tolerates a large variety of enaminones substrates and heterocyclic thiols. The utility of this strategy is demonstrated in a late-stage modification of bioactive natural products and drug derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Xian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ma S, Wang S, Cao J, Liu F. Rapid and Accurate Estimation of Activation Free Energy in Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Based C-H Activation Reactions: From Empirical Model to Artificial Neural Networks. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34858-34867. [PMID: 36211072 PMCID: PMC9535641 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A well-performing machine learning (ML) model is obtained by using proper descriptors and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms, which can quickly and accurately predict activation free energy in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based sp3 C-H activation. Density functional theory calculations (UωB97X-D) are used to establish the reaction system data sets of methoxyl (CH3O·), trifluoroethoxyl (CF3CH2O·), tert-butoxyl (tBuO·), and cumyloxyl (CumO·) radicals. The simplified Roberts' equation proposed in our recent study works here [R 2 = 0.84, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.85 kcal/mol]. Its performance is comparable with univariate Mulliken-type electronegativity (χ) with the ANN model. The ANN model with bond dissociation free energy, χ, α-unsaturation, and Nolan buried volume (%V buried) successively improves R 2 and MAE to 0.93 and 0.54 kcal/mol, respectively. It reproduces the test sets of trichloroethoxyl (CCl3CH2O·) with R 2 = 0.87 and MAE = 0.89 kcal/mol and accurately predicts the relative experimental barrier of the HAT reactions with CumO· and the site selectivity of CH3O·.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ma
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shipeng Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiawei Cao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fengjiao Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai
University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mondal A, Toyoda R, Costil R, Feringa BL. Chemically Driven Rotatory Molecular Machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206631. [PMID: 35852813 PMCID: PMC9826306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines are at the frontier of biology and chemistry. The ability to control molecular motion and emulating the movement of biological systems are major steps towards the development of responsive and adaptive materials. Amazing progress has been seen for the design of molecular machines including light-induced unidirectional rotation of overcrowded alkenes. However, the feasibility of inducing unidirectional rotation about a single bond as a result of chemical conversion has been a challenging task. In this Review, an overview of approaches towards the design, synthesis, and dynamic properties of different classes of atropisomers which can undergo controlled switching or rotation under the influence of a chemical stimulus is presented. They are categorized as molecular switches, rotors, motors, and autonomous motors according to their type of response. Furthermore, we provide a future perspective and challenges focusing on building sophisticated molecular machines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mondal
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University6-3 Aramaki-Aza-AobaAobaku, Sendai980-8578Japan
| | - Romain Costil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vanable EP, Habgood LG, Patrone JD. Current Progress in the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Natural Products. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196373. [PMID: 36234909 PMCID: PMC9571504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products, with their array of structural complexity, diversity, and biological activity, have inspired generations of chemists and driven the advancement of techniques in their total syntheses. The field of natural product synthesis continuously evolves through the development of methodologies to improve stereoselectivity, yield, scalability, substrate scope, late-stage functionalization, and/or enable novel reactions. One of the more interesting and unique techniques to emerge in the last thirty years is the use of chemoenzymatic reactions in the synthesis of natural products. This review highlights some of the recent examples and progress in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of natural products from 2019–2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Vanable
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Elmhurst University, Elmhurst, IL 60126, USA
| | - Laurel G. Habgood
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA
| | - James D. Patrone
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Direct Regio- and Stereoselective Mono- and Polyoxyfunctionalization of Estrone Derivatives at C(sp3)-H Bonds. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
47
|
Joshi A, Iqbal Z, Kandwal P, De SR. Pd(II)–Catalyzed Non–Directed Benzylic C(sp3)–H Activation: Cascade C(sp3)–S Bond Cleavage to Access Benzaldehydes from Benzylphenyl Sulfides and Sulfoxides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asha Joshi
- NIT Uttarakhand: National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Department of Chemistry Srinagar INDIA
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- NIT Uttarakhand: National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Department of Chemistry Srinagar INDIA
| | - Pankaj Kandwal
- NIT Uttarakhand: National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Department of Chemistry Srinagar INDIA
| | - Saroj Ranjan De
- National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Dept. of Chemistry Srinagar Garhwal 246174 Srinagar INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rao MN, Manne R, Tanski JM, Butcher R, Ghosh P. One pot synthesis of propargylamines by three component amine-aldehyde-acetylene (A3) coupling catalyzed by neutral Ag(I) and Au(I) and cationic Pd(II) and Ni(II) complexes of a pincer N-heterocyclic carbene. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
49
|
Pei C, Empel C, Koenigs RM. Visible-Light-Induced, Single-Metal-Catalyzed, Directed C-H Functionalization: Metal-Substrate-Bound Complexes as Light-Harvesting Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201743. [PMID: 35344253 PMCID: PMC9401074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
C-H functionalization represents one of the most rapidly advancing areas in organic synthesis and is regarded as one of the key concepts to minimize the ecological and economic footprint of organic synthesis. The ubiquity and low reactivity of C-H bonds in organic molecules, however, poses several challenges, and often necessitates harsh reaction conditions to achieve this goal, although it is highly desirable to achieve C-H functionalization reactions under mild conditions. Recently, several reports uncovered a conceptually new approach towards C-H functionalization, where a single transition-metal complex can be used as both the photosensitizer and catalyst to promote C-H bond functionalization in the absence of an exogeneous photosensitizer. In this Minireview, we will provide an overview on recent achievements in C-H functionalization reactions, with an emphasis on the photochemical modulation of the reaction mechanism using such catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pei
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute of Organic ChemistryLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute of Organic ChemistryLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen UniversityInstitute of Organic ChemistryLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gupta N, Baraiya BA, Jha PK, Soni HP. Differentiating the {100} surfaces of Cu2O nanocrystals from {111} and {110} for benzylic Csp3-H bond oxidation: Oxidations of diphenyl methane to benzophenone and cumene to cumene hydroperoxide under mild conditions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|