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Del Grosso E, Franco E, Prins LJ, Ricci F. Dissipative DNA nanotechnology. Nat Chem 2022; 14:600-613. [PMID: 35668213 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool to precisely design and control molecular circuits, machines and nanostructures. A major goal in this field is to build devices with life-like properties, such as directional motion, transport, communication and adaptation. Here we provide an overview of the nascent field of dissipative DNA nanotechnology, which aims at developing life-like systems by combining programmable nucleic-acid reactions with energy-dissipating processes. We first delineate the notions, terminology and characteristic features of dissipative DNA-based systems and then we survey DNA-based circuits, devices and materials whose functions are controlled by chemical fuels. We emphasize how energy consumption enables these systems to perform work and cyclical tasks, in contrast with DNA devices that operate without dissipative processes. The ability to take advantage of chemical fuel molecules brings dissipative DNA systems closer to the active molecular devices that exist in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Del Grosso
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Franco
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Leonard J Prins
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Cao J, Zhang D, Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Wu S. Controlling Properties and Functions of Polymer Gels Using Photochemical Reactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100703. [PMID: 35038195 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive polymer gels have attracted increasing interest owing to their potential applications in healable materials, drug release systems, and extracellular matrices. Because polymer gels provide suitable environments for photochemical reactions, their properties and functions can be controlled with light with a high spatiotemporal resolution. Herein, the design of photoresponsive polymer gels based on different types of photochemical reactions is introduced. The mechanism and applications of irreversible photoreactions, such as photoinduced free-radical polymerization, photoinduced click reactions, and photolysis, as well as reversible photoreactions such as photoinduced reversible cycloadditions, reversible photosubstitution of metal complexes, and photoinduced metathesis are reviewed. The remaining challenges of photoresponsive polymer gels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingning Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qijin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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3
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Lu S, Shen J, Fan C, Li Q, Yang X. DNA Assembly-Based Stimuli-Responsive Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100328. [PMID: 34258165 PMCID: PMC8261508 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive designs with exogenous stimuli enable remote and reversible control of DNA nanostructures, which break many limitations of static nanostructures and inspired development of dynamic DNA nanotechnology. Moreover, the introduction of various types of organic molecules, polymers, chemical bonds, and chemical reactions with stimuli-responsive properties development has greatly expand the application scope of dynamic DNA nanotechnology. Here, DNA assembly-based stimuli-responsive systems are reviewed, with the focus on response units and mechanisms that depend on different exogenous stimuli (DNA strand, pH, light, temperature, electricity, metal ions, etc.), and their applications in fields of nanofabrication (DNA architectures, hybrid architectures, nanomachines, and constitutional dynamic networks) and biomedical research (biosensing, bioimaging, therapeutics, and theranostics) are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for DNA assembly-based stimuli-responsive systems are overviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesInstitute of Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Jianlei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesInstitute of Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesInstitute of Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Institute of Molecular MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and NanomedicineDepartment of UrologyRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesInstitute of Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Xiurong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesInstitute of Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
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Neira HD, Jeeawoody S, Herr AE. Reversible Functionalization of Clickable Polyacrylamide Gels with Protein and Graft Copolymers. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2005010. [PMID: 33708029 PMCID: PMC7942169 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202005010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modular strategies to fabricate gels with tailorable chemical functionalities are relevant to applications spanning from biomedicine to analytical chemistry. Here, the properties of clickable poly(acrylamide-co-propargyl acrylate) (pAPA) hydrogels are modified via sequential in-gel copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. Under optimized conditions, each in-gel CuAAC reaction proceeds with rate constants of ~0.003 s-1, ensuring uniform modifications for gels < 200 μm thick. Using the modular functionalization approach and a cleavable disulfide linker, pAPA gels were modified with benzophenone and acrylate groups. Benzophenone groups allow gel functionalization with unmodified proteins using photoactivation. Acrylate groups enabled copolymer grafting onto the gels. To release the functionalized unit, pAPA gels were treated with disulfide reducing agents, which triggered ~50 % release of immobilized protein and grafted copolymers. The molecular mass of grafted copolymers (~6.2 kDa) was estimated by monitoring the release process, expanding the tools available to characterize copolymers grafted onto hydrogels. Investigation of the efficiency of in-gel CuAAC reactions revealed limitations of the sequential modification approach, as well as guidelines to convert a pAPA gel with a single functional group into a gel with three distinct functionalities. Taken together, we see this modular framework to engineer multifunctional hydrogels as benefiting applications of hydrogels in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector D Neira
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Shaheen Jeeawoody
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Amy E Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
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Jin CE, Koo B, Lee HJ, Park IJ, Kim SH, Shin Y. Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate-Based Helix-Shaped Microchannels as Enhancers of Biomolecule Isolation from Liquid Biopsies. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11994-12001. [PMID: 32867489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of ultrasensitive diagnosis of biomolecules from liquid specimens are limited by problems during sample preparation steps, including enrichment and isolation of biomolecules. Here we report a novel platform combining bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3) and helix-shaped microchannels (BSH) to change the sample preparation paradigm. This BSH system is composed of BS3 for pathogen enrichment and nucleic acid isolation by electrostatic and covalent interaction, and helix-shaped microchannels to minimize sample loss and remove bubbles in large liquid specimens without pH change. The system detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis following enrichment and isolation of 10 mL of liquefied sputum from 11 patients with tuberculosis. Moreover, the system identified KRAS mutations following cell-free DNA isolation of blood plasma from 10 patients with colorectal cancer. This system allows ultrasensitive diagnosis in various disease applications with large volumes of liquid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Eun Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonhan Koo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Joo Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ja Park
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Shin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Huang G, Lin G, Zhu Y, Duan W, Jin D. Emerging technologies for profiling extracellular vesicle heterogeneity. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2423-2437. [PMID: 32537618 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles secreted by most cell types and exist in virtually all bodily fluids. They carry on a wealth of proteomic and genetic information including proteins, lipids, miRNAs, mRNA, non-coding RNA and other molecules from parental cells. Increasing evidence shows that within populations of EVs, their biogenesis, physical characteristics (e.g. size, density, morphology) and cargos (e.g. protein, lipid content, nucleic acids) may vary substantially, which accordingly change their biological properties. To fully exploit the potential of EVs, it requires qualified methods to profile EV heterogeneity. In this review, we survey recent approaches for EV isolation with innovative discoveries in heterogeneity. The main challenges in EV heterogeneity research are identified, and the roles of single cell EV profiling and single EV imaging are highlighted. We further discuss promising opportunities for resolving the underlying complexity of EV heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Huang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
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Li C, Zhang B, Dong Y, Li Y, Wang P, Yu Y, Cheng L, Cao L. A tetraphenylethene-based Pd 2L 4 metallacage with aggregation-induced emission and stimuli-responsive behavior. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:8051-8055. [PMID: 32530004 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00469c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A tetraphenylethene-based Pd2L4 metallacage was self-assembled from four TPE-pyridine ligands with two Pd2+ ions. This metallacage with D4 symmetry exhibited a classical aggregation-induced emission property in different solvents and reversible stimuli-responsive behaviour with chloride ions and silver ions, successively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China.
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Liu Y, Liu L, Zhu E, Yue M, Gao C, Wu X, Che G, Liu H. Gel Formed by Self-Assembly of a Urea-Modified Monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene Derivative Displays Multi-Stimuli Responsiveness and Absorption of Rhodamine B. Chempluschem 2020; 83:1109-1118. [PMID: 31950715 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A new monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene-based derivative containing a urea group was designed, synthesized and thoroughly characterized. It proved to be a non-gelator in a single solvent even when heated or sonicated. However, it could self-assemble in a CHCl3 (CH2 Cl2 )/n-hexane mixture to form a thermo-responsive supramolecular organogel. SEM, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and SAXS revealed that in the organogel system, the gelators self-assembled into supramolecular networks with a J-type aggregation mode under the joint effect of π-π stacking, intermolecular hydrogen-bonding, and van der Waals forces. Interestingly, the gel phase was shown to undergo reversible gel-sol transformation induced by Fe3+ -Vitamin C (Vc), trifluoroacetic acid-triethylamine (TFA-TEA) and picric acid (PA)-NaOH. In particular, in the presence of picric acid, the experimental results proposed that charge transfer occurred from the electron-donor gelator to the electron-acceptor picric acid due to the possibility of complex formation. Furthermore, the formed organogel could behave as the matrix for encapsulating cationic fluorescent dye from wastewater, and the adsorption efficiency was directly proportional to the concentration of the gelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmentally Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University) Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, P. R. China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmentally Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University) Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, P. R. China
| | - Enwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmentally Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University) Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, P. R. China
| | - Mingwei Yue
- College of Chemistry, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Gao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, P. R. China
| | - Guangbo Che
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmentally Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University) Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, P. R. China
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Shen L, Ding HM, Ma YQ. Computational Design of a Functionalized Substrate for Capturing Nanoparticles with Specific Size and Shape. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9829-9835. [PMID: 30056705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficient capture of nanoscopic particulates plays a key role in many scientific fields like filtration and fabrication of nanocomposites as well as biosensors. In this work, we design two types of nanosubstrates to capture the nanoparticle with specific property by using Brownian dynamics simulations. It is found that the substrate coated with copolymers (composed of nonspecific block and specific block) can be used to capture the nanoparticle with different sizes but its capture efficiency of nanoparticles with different shapes is very low. To overcome such problem, the other substrate containing shaped holes is also designed. By conducting a serial of control simulations, we find that the nonspecific polymers at the bottom and on the rim of the hole have great impact on the sensitive capture. The present study may provide some physical insights into the experimental design of nanodevices in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Hong-Ming Ding
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ma
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
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Bakker MH, van Rooij E, Dankers PYW. Controlled Release of RNAi Molecules by Tunable Supramolecular Hydrogel Carriers. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3501-3508. [PMID: 29858562 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Local, sustained release and presentation of RNAi therapeutics can be achieved with hydrogel delivery systems. Here we show the development of a supramolecular hydrogel into a local RNAi delivery system. By careful material design, two simple but effective strategies are introduced to obtain controlled release of two classes of RNAi therapeutics, that is, microRNA and antimiR. It was shown that the release of microRNA could be regulated using cholesterol-modification for interaction with the supramolecular hydrogel. Non-modified antimiR release could be controlled via supramolecular introduction of positively charged additive molecules into the supramolecular hydrogel. In this way, either the cholesterol-modification on the drug or the charge introduction into the hydrogel provides handles for controlled RNAi therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten H Bakker
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Rooij
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW, and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Y W Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Lu C, Zhang M, Tang D, Yan X, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Song B, Wang H, Li X, Yin S, Sepehrpour H, Stang PJ. Fluorescent Metallacage-Core Supramolecular Polymer Gel Formed by Orthogonal Metal Coordination and Host-Guest Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7674-7680. [PMID: 29856215 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the preparation of a multifunctional metallacage-core supramolecular gel by orthogonal metal coordination and host-guest interactions. A tetragonal prismatic cage with four appended 21-crown-7 (21C7) moieties in its pillar parts was first prepared via the metal-coordination-driven self-assembly of cis-Pt(PEt3)2(OTf)2, tetraphenylethene (TPE)-based sodium benzoate ligands and linear dipyridyl ligands. Further addition of a bisammonium linker to the cage delivered a supramolecular polymer network via the host-guest interactions between the 21C7 moieties and ammonium salts, which formed a supramolecular gel at relatively higher concentrations. Due to the incorporation of a TPE derivative as the fluorophore, the gel shows emission properties. Multiple stimuli responsiveness and good self-healing properties were also observed because of the dynamic metal coordination and host-guest interactions used to stabilize the whole network structure. Moreover, the storage and loss moduli of the gel are 10-fold those of the gel without the metallacage cores, indicating that the rigid metallacage plays a significant role in enhancing the stiffness of the gel. The studies described herein not only enrich the functionalization of fluorescent metallacages via elegant ligand design but also provide a way to prepare stimuli-responsive and self-healing supramolecular gels as robust and smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Lu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 310036 , P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Danting Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 310036 , P. R. China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - ZeYuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Zhixuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , 4202 East Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , 4202 East Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , 4202 East Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Shouchun Yin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 310036 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Hajar Sepehrpour
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Peter J Stang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
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