1
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Jiang Y, Li S, Fan Y, Tang Z. Best Practices for Experiments and Reports in Photocatalytic Methane Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404658. [PMID: 38573117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Efficiently converting methane into valuable chemicals via photocatalysis under mild condition represents a sustainable route to energy storage and value-added manufacture. Despite continued interest in this area, the achievements have been overshadowed by the absence of standardized protocols for conducting photocatalytic methane oxidation experiments as well as evaluating the corresponding performance. In this review, we present a structured solution aimed at addressing these challenges. Firstly, we introduce the norms underlying reactor design and outline various configurations in the gas-solid and gas-solid-liquid reaction systems. This discussion helps choosing the suitable reactors for methane conversion experiments. Subsequently, we offer a comprehensive step-by-step protocol applicable to diverse methane-conversion reactions. Emphasizing meticulous verification and accurate quantification of the products, this protocol highlights the significance of mitigating contamination sources and selecting appropriate detection methods. Lastly, we propose the standardized performance metrics crucial for evaluating photocatalytic methane conversion. By defining these metrics, the community could obtain the consensus of assessing the performance across different studies. Moving forward, the future of photocatalytic methane conversion necessitates further refinement of stringent experimental standards and evaluation criteria. Moreover, development of scalable reactor is essential to facilitate the transition from laboratory proof-of-concept to potentially industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Siyang Li
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Gunawan D, Zhang J, Li Q, Toe CY, Scott J, Antonietti M, Guo J, Amal R. Materials Advances in Photocatalytic Solar Hydrogen Production: Integrating Systems and Economics for a Sustainable Future. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404618. [PMID: 38853427 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic solar hydrogen generation, encompassing both overall water splitting and organic reforming, presents a promising avenue for green hydrogen production. This technology holds the potential for reduced capital costs in comparison to competing methods like photovoltaic-electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, owing to its simplicity and fewer auxiliary components. However, the current solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of photocatalytic solar hydrogen production has predominantly remained low at ≈1-2% or lower, mainly due to curtailed access to the entire solar spectrum, thus impeding practical application of photocatalytic solar hydrogen production. This review offers an integrated, multidisciplinary perspective on photocatalytic solar hydrogen production. Specifically, the review presents the existing approaches in photocatalyst and system designs aimed at significantly boosting the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, while also considering factors of cost and scalability of each approach. In-depth discussions extending beyond the efficacy of material and system design strategies are particularly vital to identify potential hurdles in translating photocatalysis research to large-scale applications. Ultimately, this review aims to provide understanding and perspective of feasible pathways for commercializing photocatalytic solar hydrogen production technology, considering both engineering and economic standpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Gunawan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Qiyuan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cui Ying Toe
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jason Scott
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14475, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rose Amal
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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3
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Feng S, Su R. Synthetic Chemistry in Flow: From Photolysis & Homogeneous Photocatalysis to Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400064. [PMID: 38608169 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic synthesis of value-added chemicals has gained increasing attention in recent years owing to its versatility in driving many important reactions under ambient conditions. Selective hydrogenation, oxidation, coupling, and halogenation with a high conversion of the reactants have been realized using designed photocatalysts in batch reactors with small volumes at a laboratory scale; however, scaling-up remains a critical challenge due to inefficient utilization of incident light and active sites of the photocatalysts, resulting in poor catalytic performance that hinders its practical applications. Flow systems are considered one of the solutions for practical applications of light-driven reactions and have experienced great success in photolytic and homogeneous photocatalysis, yet their applications in heterogeneous photocatalysis are still under development. In this perspective, we have summarized recent progress in photolytic and photocatalytic synthetic chemistry performed in flow systems from the view of reactor design with a special focus on heterogeneous photocatalysis. The advantages and limitations of different flow systems, as well as some practical considerations of design strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Feng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
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4
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Wagner F, Sagmeister P, Jusner CE, Tampone TG, Manee V, Buono FG, Williams JD, Kappe CO. A Slug Flow Platform with Multiple Process Analytics Facilitates Flexible Reaction Optimization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308034. [PMID: 38273711 PMCID: PMC10987115 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Flow processing offers many opportunities to optimize reactions in a rapid and automated manner, yet often requires relatively large quantities of input materials. To combat this, the use of a flexible slug flow reactor, equipped with two analytical instruments, for low-volume optimization experiments are reported. A Buchwald-Hartwig amination toward the drug olanzapine, with 6 independent optimizable variables, is optimized using three different automated approaches: self-optimization, design of experiments, and kinetic modeling. These approaches are complementary and provide differing information on the reaction: pareto optimal operating points, response surface models, and mechanistic models, respectively. The results are achieved using <10% of the material that would be required for standard flow operation. Finally, a chemometric model is built utilizing automated data handling and three subsequent validation experiments demonstrate good agreement between the slug flow reactor and a standard (larger scale) flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wagner
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Clemens E. Jusner
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Thomas G. Tampone
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldCT06877USA
| | - Vidhyadhar Manee
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldCT06877USA
| | - Frederic G. Buono
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldCT06877USA
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
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5
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Chai Z. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Strategies for C(sp 3 )-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316444. [PMID: 38225893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Activation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds is extremely attractive but remains a great challenge. Heterogeneous photocatalysis offers a promising and sustainable approach for C(sp3 )-H activation and has been fast developing in the past decade. This Minireview focuses on mechanism and strategies for heterogeneous photocatalytic C(sp3 )-H activation. After introducing mechanistic insights, heterogeneous photocatalytic strategies for C(sp3 )-H activation including precise design of active sites, regulation of reactive radical species, improving charge separation and reactor innovations are discussed. In addition, recent advances in C(sp3 )-H activation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines and amides by heterogeneous photocatalysis are summarized. Lastly, challenges and opportunities are outlined to encourage more efforts for the development of this exciting and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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6
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Xie X, Li J, Li W, Li Y, Guo K, Zhu Y, Chen K. Silver-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Remote Fluorination via a Zwitterion-Promoted 1,4-Heteroaryl Migration. Org Lett 2024; 26:2228-2232. [PMID: 38457330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
A silver-catalyzed decarboxylative remote fluorination via a zwitterion-promoted 1,4-heteroaryl migration has been developed. A variety of heteroaryl-tethered benzyl fluorides have been readily synthesized with good regioselectivity under mild conditions. The zwitterion of the substrate is suggested to accelerate the 1,4-heteroaryl migration, which determines the regioselectivity of this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weinan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Yingguang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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7
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Wang A, Yin YY, Rukhsana, Wang LQ, Jin JH, Shen YM. Visible-Light-Mediated Three-Component Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions to Synthesize 1,4-Diol Monoethers. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13871-13882. [PMID: 37683099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach for 1,2-difunctionalization of aromatic olefins and the synthesis of functionalized 1,4-diols monoethers has been established via a photoinduced three-component reaction of an α-alkoxycarboxylic acid, an aromatic olefin, and an aldehyde. The reaction proceeds by photoinduced oxidative decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid followed by the addition of the α-alkoxyalkyl radical to the olefin, one-electron reduction of the addition radical, and the nucleophilic attack of the resulting carbanion to the aldehyde. Besides the convenient one-pot protocol of the three-component reaction, this method offers several other advantages, including good functional group tolerance for the three substrates, gentle reaction conditions, and ease of scaling up. The reaction mechanism has been investigated through free radical trapping experiment and isotope labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Yun Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute, Shengzhou 312400, P.R. China
| | - Rukhsana
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Le-Quan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Miao Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute, Shengzhou 312400, P.R. China
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8
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Lee CY, Lee SE, Lim HN. A Strategic Synthesis of Fluoroethers via Ring-Opening Fluorinative Beckmann Fragmentation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6534-6538. [PMID: 37616502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
An SN1-type fluorination method for monofluoroethers is developed. The key to this reaction is fluorinative C-C bond cleavage that is driven by oxygen-assisted Beckmann fragmentation. To enable this transformation, cyclic α-aryloxyoximes derived from 3-coumaranone and 1-indanones were investigated as substrates, using N,N-diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) as a dual-role reagent of an oxime activator and fluoride donor. This method features the synthesis of an underdeveloped chemical motif with simple and mild operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Nam Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
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9
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Sivo A, Ruta V, Granata V, Savateev O, Bajada MA, Vilé G. Nanostructured Carbon Nitride for Continuous-Flow Trifluoromethylation of (Hetero)arenes. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:5284-5292. [PMID: 37034497 PMCID: PMC10074389 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficient catalytic methods for the trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arenes are of particular importance in organic and pharmaceutical manufacturing. However, many existing protocols rely on toxic reagents and expensive or sterically hindered homogeneous catalysts. One promising alternative to conduct this transformation involves the use of carbon nitride, a non-toxic photocatalyst prepared from inexpensive precursors. Nonetheless, there is still little understanding regarding the interplay between physicochemical features of this photocatalyst and the corresponding effects on the reaction rate. In this work, we elucidate the role of carbon nitride nanostructuring on the catalytic performance, understanding the effect of surface area and band gap tuning via metal insertion. Our findings provide new insights into the structure-function relationships of the catalyst, which we exploit to design a continuous-flow process that maximizes catalyst-light interaction, facilitates catalyst reusability, and enables intensified reaction scale-up. This is particularly significant given that photocatalyzed batch protocols often face challenges during industrial exploitation. Finally, we extrapolate the rapid and simplified continuous-flow method to the synthesis of a variety of functionalized heteroaromatics, which have numerous applications in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sivo
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruta
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vittoria Granata
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Oleksandr Savateev
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, DE-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark A. Bajada
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
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10
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Flow photochemistry — from microreactors to large-scale processing. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2023.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Zhao Y, Gao J, Yang Z, Li L, Cui J, Zhang P, Hu C, Diao C, Choi W. Efficient Exciton Dissociation in Ionically Interacted Methyl Viologen and Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Superior H 2O 2 Photoproduction. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Gao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Caozheng Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 117603 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wonyong Choi
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 58330 Naju, Korea
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12
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Bertoli G, Martínez ÁM, Goebel JF, Belmonte D, Sivendran N, Gooßen LJ. C-H Fluoromethoxylation of Arenes by Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215920. [PMID: 36385731 PMCID: PMC10107189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active N-(fluoromethoxy)benzotriazoles were made accessible from fluoroacetic acid and hydroxybenzotriazoles via electrodecarboxylative coupling. After alkylation, they become effective monofluoromethoxylation reagents, enabling the photocatalytic C-H functionalization of arenes. Thus, irradiation of 1-(OCH2 F)-3-Me-6-(CF3 )benzotriazolium triflate with blue LED light in the presence of [Ru(bpy)3 (PF6 )2 ] promotes the synthesis of diversely functionalized aryl monofluoromethyl ethers. This method allows the late-stage functionalization of biologically relevant structures without relying on ecologically problematic halofluorocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bertoli
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ángel Manu Martínez
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jonas F Goebel
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Debora Belmonte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nardana Sivendran
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Wang M, Yan S, Zhang Y, Gu S. Fischer indole synthesis in DMSO/AcOH/H 2O under continuous flow conditions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221150384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A new continuous flow synthetic method for preparing indole and its derivatives are successfully developed to overcome the disadvantages of traditional batch methods, such as low conversion rates, long reaction times, and amplification effects. The method represents a sustainable and efficient preparation of indole and its derivatives without the need for additional catalysts. By investigating the effects of the reaction temperature, the solvent, the equivalence ratio, and the residence time, high conversion rates and excellent yields were simultaneously achieved within 20 min under optimized conditions. For the template reaction, DMSO/H2O/AcOH = 2:1:1 is used as the solvent, the reaction temperature is 110 °C, and the ratio of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride to cyclopentanone is 1:1.05. Indole and a wide array of its derivatives are synthesized to verify the universality of the method, and most of the reactions exhibit satisfactory conversion rates and high yields are obtained. This new continuous flow method is more suitable for industrial scale-up relative to traditional batch methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shenghu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shunlin Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P.R. China
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14
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Hsu WH, Reischauer S, Seeberger PH, Pieber B, Cambié D. Heterogeneous metallaphotoredox catalysis in a continuous-flow packed-bed reactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1123-1130. [PMID: 36105732 PMCID: PMC9443413 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox catalysis is a powerful and versatile synthetic platform that enables cross-couplings under mild conditions without the need for noble metals. Its growing adoption in drug discovery has translated into an increased interest in sustainable and scalable reaction conditions. Here, we report a continuous-flow approach to metallaphotoredox catalysis using a heterogeneous catalyst that combines the function of a photo- and a nickel catalyst in a single material. The catalyst is embedded in a packed-bed reactor to combine reaction and (catalyst) separation in one step. The use of a packed bed simplifies the translation of optimized batch reaction conditions to continuous flow, as the only components present in the reaction mixture are the substrate and a base. The metallaphotoredox cross-coupling of sulfinates with aryl halides was used as a model system. The catalyst was shown to be stable, with a very low decrease of the yield (≈1% per day) during a continuous experiment over seven days, and to be effective for C–O arylations when carboxylic acids are used as nucleophile instead of sulfinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Hsu
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Reischauer
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dario Cambié
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Biomolecular Systems Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Gerken VC, Carreira EM. Carbon Nitride Photoredox Catalysis Enables the Generation of the Dioxolanyl Radical for Conjugate Addition Reactions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria C. Gerken
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Jiang Y, Zhao W, Li S, Wang S, Fan Y, Wang F, Qiu X, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Long C, Tang Z. Elevating Photooxidation of Methane to Formaldehyde via TiO 2 Crystal Phase Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15977-15987. [PMID: 35969152 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic conversion of methane to value-added products under mild conditions, which represents a long sought-after goal for industrial sustainable production, remains extremely challenging to afford high production and selectivity using cheap catalysts. Herein, we present the crystal phase engineering of commercially available anatase TiO2 via simple thermal annealing to optimize the structure-property correlation. A biphase catalyst with anatase (90%) and rutile (10%) TiO2 with the optimal phase interface concentration exhibits exceptional performance in the oxidation of methane to formaldehyde under the reaction conditions of water solvent, oxygen atmosphere, and full-spectrum light irradiation. An unprecedented production of 24.27 mmol gcat-1 with an excellent selectivity of 97.4% toward formaldehyde is acquired at room temperature after a 3 h reaction. Both experimental results and theoretical calculations disclose that the crystal phase engineering of TiO2 lengthens the lifetime of photogenerated carriers and favors the formation of intermediate methanol species, thus maximizing the efficiency and selectivity in the aerobic oxidation of methane to formaldehyde. More importantly, the feasibility of the scale-up production of formaldehyde is demonstrated by inventing a "pause-flow" reactor. This work opens the avenue toward industrial methane transformation in a sustainable and economical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenshi Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Siyang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shikun Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Analytical and Testing Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Qiu
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chang Long
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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17
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Zhang Y, Qian J, Wang M, Huang Y, Hu P. Visible-Light-Induced Decarboxylative Fluorination of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Iron. Org Lett 2022; 24:5972-5976. [PMID: 35950813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and inexpensive protocol for the direct decarboxylative fluorination of aliphatic carboxylic acids catalyzed with iron salts under visible light is presented. This new method allows the facile fluorination of a diverse array of carboxylic acids even on gram scale using a Schlenk flask without loss of efficiency. Mechanistic studies suggest that the photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer process enables the generation of the key step to generate the carboxyl radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiahui Qian
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yahao Huang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Madani A, Anghileri L, Heydenreich M, Möller HM, Pieber B. Benzylic Fluorination Induced by a Charge-Transfer Complex with a Solvent-Dependent Selectivity Switch. Org Lett 2022; 24:5376-5380. [PMID: 35848228 PMCID: PMC9344467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We present a divergent strategy for the fluorination
of phenylacetic
acid derivatives that is induced by a charge-transfer complex between
Selectfluor and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. A comprehensive investigation
of the conditions revealed a critical role of the solvent on the reaction
outcome. In the presence of water, decarboxylative fluorination through
a single-electron oxidation is dominant. Non-aqueous conditions result
in the clean formation of α-fluoro-α-arylcarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiera Madani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucia Anghileri
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Heydenreich
- Institute of Chemistry/Analytical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heiko M Möller
- Institute of Chemistry/Analytical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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19
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Zong J, Yue J. Continuous Solid Particle Flow in Microreactors for Efficient Chemical Conversion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Borodkin GI, Shubin VG. Electrophilic Fluorination of Heterocyclic Compounds with NF Reagents in Unconventional Media. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Zong J, Yue J. Gas–Liquid Slug Flow Studies in Microreactors: Effect of Nanoparticle Addition on Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.788241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles (e.g., metals and oxides) have been considered as a promising working fluid in microreactors for achieving significant process intensification. Existing examples include their uses in microflow as catalysts for enhancing the reaction efficiency, or as additives to mix with the base fluid (i.e., to form the so-called nanofluids) for heat/mass transfer intensification. Thus, hydrodynamic characterization of such suspension flow in microreactors is of high importance for a rational design and operation of the system. In this work, experiments have been conducted to investigate the flow pattern and pressure drop characteristics under slug flow between N2 gas and colloidal suspensions in the presence of TiO2 or Al2O3 nanoparticles through polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary microreactors. The base fluid consisted of water or its mixture with ethylene glycol. The slug flow pattern with nanoparticle addition was characterized by the presence of a lubricating liquid film around N2 bubbles, in contrast to the absence of liquid film in the case of N2-water slug flow. This shows that the addition of nanoparticles has changed the wall wetting property to be more hydrophilic. Furthermore, the measured pressure drop under N2-nanoparticle suspension slug flow is well described by the model of Kreutzer et al. (AIChE J 51(9):2428–2440, 2005) at the mixture Reynolds numbers ca. above 100 and is better predicted by the model of Warnier et al. (Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 8(1):33–45, 2010) at lower Reynolds numbers given a better consideration of the effect of film thickness and bubble velocity under such conditions in the latter model. Therefore, the employed nanoparticle suspension can be considered as a stable and pseudo single phase with proper fluid properties (e.g., viscosity and density) when it comes to the pressure drop estimation.
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23
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Peng Z, Wang G, Moghtaderi B, Doroodchi E. A review of microreactors based on slurry Taylor (segmented) flow. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Wen Z, Wan T, Vijeta A, Casadevall C, Buglioni L, Reisner E, Noël T. Photocatalytic C-H Azolation of Arenes Using Heterogeneous Carbon Nitride in Batch and Flow. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5265-5270. [PMID: 34529334 PMCID: PMC9298336 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of aryl C(sp2 )-H bonds is a useful strategy for the late-stage modification of biologically active molecules, especially for the regioselective introduction of azole heterocycles to prepare medicinally-relevant compounds. Herein, we describe a practical photocatalytic transformation using a mesoporous carbon nitride (mpg-CNx ) photocatalyst, which enables the efficient azolation of various arenes through direct oxidation. The method exhibits a broad substrate scope and is amenable to the late-stage functionalization of several pharmaceuticals. Due to the heterogeneous nature and high photocatalytic stability of mpg-CNx , the catalyst can be easily recovered and reused leading to greener and more sustainable routes, using either batch or flow processing, to prepare these important compounds of interest in pharmaceutical and agrochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Wen
- Flow Chemistry GroupVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ting Wan
- Flow Chemistry GroupVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Arjun Vijeta
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUnited Kingdom
| | - Carla Casadevall
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Buglioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUnited Kingdom
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry GroupVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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25
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Lancel M, Gomez C, Port M, Amara Z. Performances of Homogeneous and Heterogenized Methylene Blue on Silica Under Red Light in Batch and Continuous Flow Photochemical Reactors. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.752364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue was efficiently immobilized on silica micro- and nanoparticles by electrostatic interactions and the performances of the heterogenized photocatalysts were compared against the homogeneous conditions using the photooxidation of citronellol as a model reaction under red light, in a batch and a continuous flow photochemical reactor. In batch, the heterogeneous photocatalyst outperforms the homogeneous one, presumably due to kinetic and stability effects. The two catalytic systems are also compared in a flow reactor displaying improved mass transfer properties. We demonstrate that this results in a dramatic enhancement in photocatalyst stability, reactivity and productivity. This study highlights the importance of photocatalyst stability under homogeneous versus heterogenized conditions and in batch versus flow photochemistry.
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26
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27
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Lee JW, Jang YS, Park JM, Park CP. Synthesis of
gem
‐Dichlorocyclopropanes Using Liquid–Liquid Slug Flow. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Lee
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Yea Seul Jang
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Pil Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
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28
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Zhao Y, Zhang P, Yang Z, Li L, Gao J, Chen S, Xie T, Diao C, Xi S, Xiao B, Hu C, Choi W. Mechanistic analysis of multiple processes controlling solar-driven H 2O 2 synthesis using engineered polymeric carbon nitride. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3701. [PMID: 34140505 PMCID: PMC8211848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar-driven hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production presents unique merits of sustainability and environmental friendliness. Herein, efficient solar-driven H2O2 production through dioxygen reduction is achieved by employing polymeric carbon nitride framework with sodium cyanaminate moiety, affording a H2O2 production rate of 18.7 μmol h -1 mg-1 and an apparent quantum yield of 27.6% at 380 nm. The overall photocatalytic transformation process is systematically analyzed, and some previously unknown structural features and interactions are substantiated via experimental and theoretical methods. The structural features of cyanamino group and pyridinic nitrogen-coordinated soidum in the framework promote photon absorption, alter the energy landscape of the framework and improve charge separation efficiency, enhance surface adsorption of dioxygen, and create selective 2e- oxygen reduction reaction surface-active sites. Particularly, an electronic coupling interaction between O2 and surface, which boosts the population and prolongs the lifetime of the active shallow-trapped electrons, is experimentally substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Gao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Tengfeng Xie
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Caozheng Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beibei Xiao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wonyong Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea.
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29
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Zeng Z, Feceu A, Sivendran N, Gooßen LJ. Decarboxylation‐Initiated Intermolecular Carbon‐Heteroatom Bond Formation. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Zeng
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Abigail Feceu
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Nardana Sivendran
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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30
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Zou Y, Xiao K, Qin Q, Shi JW, Heil T, Markushyna Y, Jiang L, Antonietti M, Savateev A. Enhanced Organic Photocatalysis in Confined Flow through a Carbon Nitride Nanotube Membrane with Conversions in the Millisecond Regime. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6551-6561. [PMID: 33822587 PMCID: PMC8155341 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired nanoconfined catalysis has developed to become an important tool for improving the performance of a wide range of chemical reactions. However, photocatalysis in a nanoconfined environment remains largely unexplored. Here, we report the application of a free-standing and flow-through carbon nitride nanotube (CNN) membrane with pore diameters of 40 nm for confined photocatalytic reactions where reactants are in contact with the catalyst for <65 ms, as calculated from the flow. Due to the well-defined tubular structure of the membrane, we are able to assess quantitatively the photocatalytic performance in each of the parallelized single carbon nitride nanotubes, which act as spatially isolated nanoreactors. In oxidation of benzylamine, the confined reaction shows an improved performance when compared to the corresponding bulk reaction, reaching a turnover frequency of (9.63 ± 1.87) × 105 s-1. Such high rates are otherwise only known for special enzymes and are clearly attributed to the confinement of the studied reactions within the one-dimensional nanochannels of the CNN membrane. Namely, a concave surface maintains the internal electric field induced by the polar surface of the carbon nitride inside the nanotube, which is essential for polarization of reagent molecules and extension of the lifetime of the photogenerated charge carriers. The enhanced flow rate upon confinement provides crucial insight on catalysis in such an environment from a physical chemistry perspective. This confinement strategy is envisioned not only to realize highly efficient reactions but also to gain a fundamental understanding of complex chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zou
- State
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center
of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School
of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qing Qin
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jian-Wen Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center
of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School
of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tobias Heil
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical
Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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31
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Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Peng M, Yan L, Tang Z, Wu Q. Continuous Gas–Liquid–Solid Slug Flow for Sustainable Heterogeneously Catalyzed PET-RAFT Polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Peng
- Analytical Instrumentation
Center, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Science and Technology Development, China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Beijing, 100010, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Kleoff M, Schwan J, Christmann M, Heretsch P. A Modular, Argon-Driven Flow Platform for Natural Product Synthesis and Late-Stage Transformations. Org Lett 2021; 23:2370-2374. [PMID: 33689372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A modular flow platform for natural product synthesis was designed. To access different reaction setups with a maximum of flexibility, interchangeable 3D-printed components serve as backbone. By switching from liquid- to gas-driven flow, reagent and solvent waste is minimized, which translates into an advantageous sustainability profile. To enable inert conditions, "Schlenk-in-flow" techniques for the safe handling of oxygen- and moisture sensitive reagents were developed. Adopting these techniques, reproducible transformations in natural product synthesis were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Kleoff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schwan
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Abstract
Visible light photocatalysis has become a powerful tool in organic synthesis that uses photons as traceless, sustainable reagents. Most of the activities in the field focus on the development of new reactions via common photoredox cycles, but recently a number of exciting new concepts and strategies entered less charted territories. We survey approaches that enable the use of longer wavelengths and show that the wavelength and intensity of photons are import parameters that enable tuning of the reactivity of a photocatalyst to control or change the selectivity of chemical reactions. In addition, we discuss recent efforts to substitute strong reductants, such as elemental lithium and sodium, by light and technological advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimalle 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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34
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Shi J, Yuan T, Zheng M, Wang X. Metal-Free Heterogeneous Semiconductor for Visible-Light Photocatalytic Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116. China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116. China
| | - Meifang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116. China
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35
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Varenikov A, Shapiro E, Gandelman M. Decarboxylative Halogenation of Organic Compounds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:412-484. [PMID: 33200917 PMCID: PMC7884003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylative halogenation, or halodecarboxylation, represents one of the fundamental key methods for the synthesis of ubiquitous organic halides. The method is based on conversion of carboxylic acids to the corresponding organic halides via selective cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond between the skeleton of the molecule and the carboxylic group and the liberation of carbon dioxide. In this review, we discuss and analyze major approaches for the conversion of alkanoic, alkenoic, acetylenic, and (hetero)aromatic acids to the corresponding alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl halides. These methods include the preparation of families of valuable organic iodides, bromides, chlorides, and fluorides. The historic and modern methods for halodecarboxylation reactions are broadly discussed, including analysis of their advantages and drawbacks. We critically address the features, reaction selectivity, substrate scopes, and limitations of the approaches. In the available cases, mechanistic details of the reactions are presented, and the generality and uniqueness of the different mechanistic pathways are highlighted. The challenges, opportunities, and future directions in the field of decarboxylative halogenation are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Varenikov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Evgeny Shapiro
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Mark Gandelman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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36
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Guidi M, Moon S, Anghileri L, Cambié D, Seeberger PH, Gilmore K. Combining radial and continuous flow synthesis to optimize and scale-up the production of medicines. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, standardized process optimization and development on a radial synthesizer can be directly converted to a dedicated continuous flow process for scale-up, shown for three APIs via single- and multistep syntheses and continuous crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Sooyeon Moon
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Lucia Anghileri
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Dario Cambié
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- University of Connecticut
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37
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Mori H, Nishiyama Y, Fujii A, Saito A, Torikai H, Hanasaka T, Koishi H. Biphasic nucleophilic aromatic substitution using a microreactor under droplet formation conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biphasic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 4-fluoronitrobenzene proceeded efficiently using a packed bed reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Mori
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | | | - Akira Fujii
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | - Akane Saito
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | - Hitoshi Torikai
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Koishi
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
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38
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Sun AC, Steyer DJ, Allen AR, Payne EM, Kennedy RT, Stephenson CRJ. A droplet microfluidic platform for high-throughput photochemical reaction discovery. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6202. [PMID: 33273454 PMCID: PMC7712835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow technology is critical towards enhancing the application of photochemical reactions for industrial process development. However, there are significant time and resource constraints associated with translating discovery scale vial-based batch reactions to continuous flow scale-up conditions. Herein we report the development of a droplet microfluidic platform, which enables high-throughput reaction discovery in flow to generate pharmaceutically relevant compound libraries. This platform allows for enhanced material efficiency, as reactions can be performed on picomole scale. Furthermore, high-throughput data collection via on-line ESI mass spectrometry facilitates the rapid analysis of individual, nanoliter-sized reaction droplets at acquisition rates of 0.3 samples/s. We envision this high-throughput screening platform to expand upon the robust capabilities and impact of photochemical reactions in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Steyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anthony R Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emory M Payne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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39
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Mazzanti S, Savateev A. Emerging Concepts in Carbon Nitride Organic Photocatalysis. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2499-2517. [PMID: 33215877 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides encompass a class of transition-metal-free materials possessing numerous advantages such as low cost (few Euros per gram), high chemical stability, broad tunability of redox potentials and optical bandgap, recyclability, and a high absorption coefficient (>105 cm-1 ), which make them highly attractive for application in photoredox catalysis. In this Review, we classify carbon nitrides based on their unique properties, structure, and redox potentials. We summarize recently emerging concepts in heterogeneous carbon nitride photocatalysis, with an emphasis on the synthesis of organic compounds: 1) Illumination-Driven Electron Accumulation in Semiconductors and Exploitation (IDEASE); 2) singlet-triplet intersystem crossing in carbon nitride excited states and related energy transfer; 3) architectures of flow photoreactors; and 4) dual metal/carbon nitride photocatalysis. The objective of this Review is to provide a detailed overview regarding innovative research in carbon nitride photocatalysis focusing on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzanti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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40
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Zheng L, Tao K, Guo W. Recent Developments in Photo‐Catalyzed/Promoted Synthesis of Indoles and Their Functionalization: Reactions and Mechanisms. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Kailiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
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41
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Filippini G, Longobardo F, Forster L, Criado A, Di Carmine G, Nasi L, D'Agostino C, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P, Prato M. Light-driven, heterogeneous organocatalysts for C-C bond formation toward valuable perfluoroalkylated intermediates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eabc9923. [PMID: 33177092 PMCID: PMC7673726 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc9923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The favorable exploitation of carbon nitride (CN) materials in photocatalysis for organic synthesis requires the appropriate fine-tuning of the CN structure. Here, we present a deep investigation of the structure/activity relationship of CN in the photocatalytic perfluoroalkylation of organic compounds. Four types of CN bearing subtle structural differences were studied via conventional characterization techniques and innovative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, correlating the different structures with the fundamental mechanistic nexus and especially highlighting the importance of the halogen bond strength between the reagent and the catalyst surface. The optimum catalyst exhibited an excellent performance, with a very wide reaction scope, and could prominently trigger the model reaction using natural sunlight. The work lays a platform for establishing a new approach in the development of heterogeneous photocatalysts for organic synthesis related to medical, agricultural, and material chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Longobardo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luke Forster
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alejandro Criado
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lucia Nasi
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- ICCOM-CNR Trieste Associate Unit, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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42
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Antoniv M, Chang S, Al‐Jabri N, Zhu SS. Surfactant‐free synthesis of poly (styrene‐
co
‐acrylamide) monodisperse nanoparticles using hybrid flow‐to‐batch chemistry. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Antoniv
- Aramco Services Company: Aramco Research Center–Boston Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Sehoon Chang
- Aramco Services Company: Aramco Research Center–Boston Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | - S. Sherry Zhu
- Aramco Services Company: Aramco Research Center–Boston Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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43
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In situ reorganization of Bi3O4Br nanosheet on the Bi24O31Br10 ribbon structure for superior visible-light photocatalytic capability. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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45
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Thomson CG, Lee AL, Vilela F. Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1495-1549. [PMID: 32647551 PMCID: PMC7323633 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces their long-term viability, especially at an industrial scale. Heterogeneous photocatalysts (HPCats) are an attractive alternative, as the requirement for the separation and purification is largely removed, but typically at the cost of efficiency. Flow chemical reactors can, to a large extent, mitigate the loss in efficiency through reactor designs that enhance mass transport and irradiation. Herein, we review some important developments of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials and their application in flow reactors for sustainable organic synthesis. Further, the application of continuous flow heterogeneous photocatalysis in environmental remediation is briefly discussed to present some interesting reactor designs that could be implemented to enhance organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
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46
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Berger M, Herszman JD, Kurimoto Y, de Kruijff GHM, Schüll A, Ruf S, Waldvogel SR. Metal-free electrochemical fluorodecarboxylation of aryloxyacetic acids to fluoromethyl aryl ethers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6053-6057. [PMID: 34094098 PMCID: PMC8159297 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical decarboxylation of aryloxyacetic acids followed by fluorination provides easy access to fluoromethyl aryl ethers. This electrochemical fluorodecarboxylation offers a sustainable approach with electric current as traceless oxidant. Using Et3N·5HF as fluoride source and as supporting electrolyte, this simple electrosynthesis affords various fluoromethoxyarenes in yields up to 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
| | - John D Herszman
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University 700-8530 Okayama Japan
| | - Goswinus H M de Kruijff
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
| | - Aaron Schüll
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany http://www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C.; Dipartimento di Chimica; Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gisbertz
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
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49
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Mazzanti S, Kurpil B, Pieber B, Antonietti M, Savateev A. Dichloromethylation of enones by carbon nitride photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1387. [PMID: 32170119 PMCID: PMC7070069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Small organic radicals are ubiquitous intermediates in photocatalysis and are used in organic synthesis to install functional groups and to tune electronic properties and pharmacokinetic parameters of the final molecule. Development of new methods to generate small organic radicals with added functionality can further extend the utility of photocatalysis for synthetic needs. Herein, we present a method to generate dichloromethyl radicals from chloroform using a heterogeneous potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI) photocatalyst under visible light irradiation for C1-extension of the enone backbone. The method is applied on 15 enones, with γ,γ-dichloroketones yields of 18–89%. Due to negative zeta-potential (−40 mV) and small particle size (100 nm) K-PHI suspension is used in quasi-homogeneous flow-photoreactor increasing the productivity by 19 times compared to the batch approach. The resulting γ,γ-dichloroketones, are used as bifunctional building blocks to access value-added organic compounds such as substituted furans and pyrroles. Long-lived carbon nitride radicals have been used in several photocatalytic reactions. Herein, long-lived potassium poly(heptazine imide) radicals enable synthesis of γ,γ-dichloroketones from enones by addition of CHCl2 moiety, generated from chloroform, to the C=C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzanti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bogdan Kurpil
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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50
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Yang C, Li R, Zhang KAI, Lin W, Landfester K, Wang X. Heterogeneous photoredox flow chemistry for the scalable organosynthesis of fine chemicals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1239. [PMID: 32144271 PMCID: PMC7060272 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale photochemical synthesis of high value chemicals under mild conditions is an ideal method of green chemical production. However, a scalable photocatalytic process has been barely reported due to the costly preparation, low stability of photosensitizers and critical reaction conditions required for classical photocatalysts. Here, we report the merging of flow chemistry with heterogeneous photoredox catalysis for the facile production of high value compounds in a continuous flow reactor with visible light at room temperature in air. In the flow reactor system, polymeric carbon nitrides, which are cheap, sustainable and stable heterogeneous photocatalysts, are immobilized onto glass beads and fibers, demonstrating a highly flexible construction possibility for devices of the photocatalytic materials. As an example of the production of high value chemicals, important chemical structures such as cyclobutanes, which are basic building blocks for many pharmaceutical compounds, like magnosalin, are synthesized in flow with high catalytic efficiency and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Run Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai A I Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China.
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