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Li G, Lavagnino MN, Ali SZ, Hu S, Radosevich AT. Tandem C/N-Difunctionalization of Nitroarenes: Reductive Amination and Annulation by a Ring Expansion/Contraction Sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:41-46. [PMID: 36562776 PMCID: PMC9839621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic method for the reductive transformation of nitroarenes into ortho-aminated and -annulated products is reported. The method operates via the exhaustive deoxygenation of nitroarenes by an organophosphorus catalyst and a mild terminal reductant to access aryl nitrenes, which after ring expansion, are trapped by amine nucleophiles to give dearomatized 2-amino-3H-azepines. Treatment of these ring-expanded intermediates with acyl electrophiles triggers 6π electrocyclization to extrude the nitrogen atom and restore aromaticity of the phenyl ring, which delivers via C-H functionalization 2-aminoanilide and benzimidazole products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Marissa N. Lavagnino
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Siraj Z. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Shicheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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2
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Braddock AA, Lee GE, Theodorakis EA, Romero EA. Interrogating Redox and Lewis Base Activations of Aminoboranes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Braddock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Grace E. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
| | - Erik A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0309, United States
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3
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Zhu H, Driver TG. Recent Advances to Mediate Reductive Processes of Nitroarenes Using Single-Electron Transfer, Organomagnesium, or Organozinc Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022; 54:3142-3161. [PMID: 39076505 PMCID: PMC11286232 DOI: 10.1055/a-1792-6579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of reductive reactions of nitroarenes using organomagnesium-, organozinc-, and single electron transfer reagents is discussed within this review. The review is divided into the following sections: IntroductionOrganomagnesium-mediated reductive reactionsOrganozinc- and zinc-mediated reductive reactionsIodine-catalyzed redox cyclizationsTitanium(III)-mediated reductive cyclizationsSulfur-mediated reductive reactionsAlkoxide-mediated reductive reactions4,4'-Bipyridine-mediated reductive reactionsVisible light-driven reductive amination reactionsElectrochemical reductive reactionsConclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60607
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 60607
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4
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Jiang HM, Qin JH, Sun Q, Zhang D, Jiang JP, Ouyang XH, Song RJ, Li JH. Copper-promoted cross-coupling of nitroarenes with 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines using a peroxide-driven radical reductive strategy. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct radical-mediated reductive coupling of nitroarenes with 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines to build the C(sp3)–N bond using 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines as internal reducing agents and alkyl sources is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jing-Hao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ren-Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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Li G, Nykaza TV, Cooper JC, Ramirez A, Luzung MR, Radosevich AT. An Improved P III/P V═O-Catalyzed Reductive C-N Coupling of Nitroaromatics and Boronic Acids by Mechanistic Differentiation of Rate- and Product-Determining Steps. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6786-6799. [PMID: 32178514 PMCID: PMC7146866 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Experimental,
spectroscopic, and computational studies are reported
that provide an evidence-based mechanistic description of an intermolecular
reductive C–N coupling of nitroarenes and arylboronic acids
catalyzed by a redox-active main-group catalyst (1,2,2,3,4,4-hexamethylphosphetane P-oxide, i.e., 1·[O]). The central observations
include the following: (1) catalytic reduction of 1·[O]
to PIII phosphetane 1 is kinetically fast
under conditions of catalysis; (2) phosphetane 1 represents
the catalytic resting state as observed by 31P NMR spectroscopy;
(3) there are no long-lived nitroarene partial-reduction intermediates
observable by 15N NMR spectroscopy; (4) the reaction is
sensitive to solvent dielectric, performing best in moderately polar
solvents (viz. cyclopentylmethyl ether); and (5) the reaction is largely
insensitive with respect to common hydrosilane reductants. On the
basis of the foregoing studies, new modified catalytic conditions
are described that expand the reaction scope and provide for mild
temperatures (T ≥ 60 °C), low catalyst
loadings (≥2 mol%), and innocuous terminal reductants (polymethylhydrosiloxane).
DFT calculations define a two-stage deoxygenation sequence for the
reductive C–N coupling. The initial deoxygenation involves
a rate-determining step that consists of a (3+1) cheletropic addition
between the nitroarene substrate and phosphetane 1; energy
decomposition techniques highlight the biphilic character of the phosphetane
in this step. Although kinetically invisible, the second deoxygenation
stage is implicated as the critical C–N product-forming event,
in which a postulated oxazaphosphirane intermediate is diverted from
arylnitrene dissociation toward heterolytic ring opening with the
arylboronic acid; the resulting dipolar intermediate evolves by antiperiplanar
1,2-migration of the organoboron residue to nitrogen, resulting in
displacement of 1·[O] and formation of the target
C–N coupling product upon in situ hydrolysis.
The method thus described constitutes a mechanistically well-defined
and operationally robust main-group complement to the current workhorse
transition-metal-based methods for catalytic intermolecular C–N
coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Trevor V Nykaza
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julian C Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael R Luzung
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Rauser M, Eckert R, Gerbershagen M, Niggemann M. Catalyst‐Free Reductive Coupling of Aromatic and Aliphatic Nitro Compounds with Organohalides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6713-6717. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Rauser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Germany
| | - Raphael Eckert
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Germany
| | - Max Gerbershagen
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Germany
| | - Meike Niggemann
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Germany
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7
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Rauser M, Eckert R, Gerbershagen M, Niggemann M. Catalyst‐Free Reductive Coupling of Aromatic and Aliphatic Nitro Compounds with Organohalides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Rauser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Germany
| | - Raphael Eckert
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Germany
| | - Max Gerbershagen
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Germany
| | - Meike Niggemann
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52072 Aachen Germany
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