1
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Lin Z, Liu B, Lu M, Wang Y, Ren X, Liu Z, Luo C, Shi W, Zou X, Song X, Tang F, Huang H, Huang W. Controlled Reversible N-Terminal Modification of Peptides and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23752-23763. [PMID: 39143892 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
A reversible modification strategy enables a switchable cage/decage process of proteins with an array of applications for protein function research. However, general N-terminal selective reversible modification strategies which present site selectivity are specifically limited. Herein, we report a general reversible modification strategy compatible with 20 canonical amino acids at the N-terminal site by the palladium-catalyzed cinnamylation of native peptides and proteins under biologically relevant conditions. This approach broadens the substrate adaptability of N-terminal modification of proteins and shows a potential impact on the more challenging protein substrates such as antibodies. In the presence of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, palladium-catalyzed deconjugation released native peptides and proteins efficiently. Harnessing the reversible nature of this protocol, practical applications were demonstrated by precise function modulation of antibodies and traceless enrichment of the protein-of-interest for proteomics analysis. This novel on/off strategy working on the N-terminus will provide new opportunities in chemical biology and medicinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengru Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuelian Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhaoxi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caili Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangman Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Nong K, Zhao YL, Yi S, Zhang X, Wei S, Yao ZJ. 3-Acyl-4-Pyranone as a Lysine Residue-Selective Bioconjugation Reagent for Peptide and Protein Modification. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:286-299. [PMID: 38451202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Chemoselective protein modification plays extremely important roles in various biological, medical, and pharmaceutical investigations. Mimicking the mechanism of the chemoselective reaction between natural azaphilones and primary amines, this work successfully simplified the azaphilone scaffold into much simpler 3-acyl-4-pyranones. Examinations confirmed that these slim-size mimics perfectly kept the unique reactivity for selective conjugation with the primary amines including lysine residues of peptides and proteins. The newly developed pyranone tool presents remarkably increased aqueous solubility and compatible second-order rate constant by comparison with the original azaphilone. Additional advantages also include the ease of biorthogonal combinative use with a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne Click reaction, which was conveniently applied to decorate lysozyme with neutral-, positive- and negative-charged functionalities in parallel. Moderate-degree modification of lysozyme with positively charged quaternary ammoniums was revealed to increase the enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yi-Lu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shandong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Siyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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3
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Wan C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xing Y, Yang D, Luo Q, Liu J, Ye Y, Liu Z, Yin F, Wang R, Li Z. Traceless Peptide and Protein Modification via Rational Tuning of Pyridiniums. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2624-2633. [PMID: 38239111 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a versatile reaction platform for tracelessly cleavable cysteine-selective peptide/protein modification. This platform offers highly tunable and predictable conjugation and cleavage by rationally estimating the electron effect on the nucleophilic halopyridiniums. Cleavable peptide stapling, antibody conjugation, enzyme masking/de-masking, and proteome labeling were achieved based on this facile pyridinium-thiol-exchange protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun Xing
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Dongyan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Qinhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yuxin Ye
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Feng Yin
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
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4
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Sydenham JD, Seki H, Krajcovicova S, Zeng L, Schober T, Deingruber T, Spring DR. Site-selective peptide functionalisation mediated via vinyl-triazine linchpins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:706-709. [PMID: 38108130 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05213c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein we introduce 3-vinyl-1,2,4-triazines derivatives as dual-reactive linkers that exhibit selectivity towards cysteine and specific strained alkynes, enabling conjugate addition and inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions. This approach facilitates site-selective bioconjugation of biologically relevant peptides, followed by rapid and highly selective reactions with bicyclononyne (BCN) reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Sydenham
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sona Krajcovicova
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Tr. 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Linwei Zeng
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Tim Schober
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Tomas Deingruber
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - David R Spring
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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6
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Teng S, Zhang Z, Li B, Li L, Tan MCL, Jia Z, Loh TP. Thiol-Specific Silicon-Containing Conjugating Reagent: β-Silyl Alkynyl Carbonyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311906. [PMID: 37721855 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific modification of thiol-containing biomolecules has been recognized as a versatile and powerful strategy for probing our biological systems and discovering novel therapeutics. The addition of lipophilic silicon moiety opens up new avenues for multi-disciplinary research with broad applications in both the medicinal and material sciences. However, adhering to the strict biocompatibility requirements, and achieving the introduction of labile silicon handle and high chemo-selectivity have been formidable. In this paper, we report silicon-based conjugating reagents including β-trialkylsilyl and silyl ether-tethered alkynones that selectively react with thiols under physiological conditions. The pH-neutral, metal-free and additive-free reaction yields stable products with broad substrate compatibility and full retention of silicon handles in most cases. Besides simple aliphatic and aromatic thiols, this approach is applicable in the labeling of thiols present in proteins, sugars and payloads, thereby expanding the toolbox of thiol conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Teng
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhenguo Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Bohan Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Lanyang Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Melinda Chor Li Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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7
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O WY, Cui JF, Yu Q, Kung KKY, Chung SF, Leung YC, Wong MK. Isoindolium-Based Allenes: Reactivity Studies and Applications in Fluorescence Temperature Sensing and Cysteine Bioconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218038. [PMID: 36670048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of a series of electron-deficient isoindolium-based allenes with sulfhydryl compounds has been studied, leading to the formation of isoindolium-based vinyl sulfides. The vinyl sulfides generated could be readily converted into the corresponding indanones and amines upon heating at 30-70 °C with good yields up to 61 %. The thermal cleavage reaction of vinyl sulfides was further studied for developing temperature-sensitive systems. Notably, a novel FRET-based fluorescent temperature sensor was designed and synthesized for temperature sensing at 50 °C, giving a 6.5-fold blue fluorescence enhancement. Moreover, chemoselective bioconjugation of cysteine-containing peptides with the isoindolium-based allenes for the construction of multifunctional peptide bioconjugates was investigated. Thermal cleavage of isoindoliums on the modified peptides at 35-70 °C gave indanone bioconjugates with up to >99 % conversion. These results indicated the biocompatibility of this novel temperature-sensitive reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa-Yi O
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jian-Fang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Karen Ka-Yan Kung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Sai-Fung Chung
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Kin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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8
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Maity S, Bingham C, Sheng W, Ehyaei N, Chakraborty D, Tahmasebi-Nick S, Kimmel TE, Vasileiou C, Geiger JH, Borhan B. Light controlled reversible Michael addition of cysteine: a new tool for dynamic site-specific labeling of proteins. Analyst 2023; 148:1085-1092. [PMID: 36722993 PMCID: PMC9992065 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-based Michael addition is a widely employed strategy for covalent conjugation of proteins, peptides, and drugs. The covalent reaction is irreversible in most cases, leading to a lack of control over the process. Utilizing spectroscopic analyses along with X-ray crystallographic studies, we demonstrate Michael addition of an engineered cysteine residue in human Cellular Retinol Binding Protein II (hCRBPII) with a coumarin analog that creates a non-fluorescent complex. UV-illumination reverses the conjugation, yielding a fluorescent species, presumably through a retro-Michael process. This series of events can be repeated between a bound and non-bound form of the cysteine reversibly, resulting in the ON-OFF control of fluorescence. The details of the mechanism of photoswitching was illuminated by recapitulation of the process in light irradiated single crystals, confirming the mechanism at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Courtney Bingham
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Wei Sheng
- Roche Tissue Diagnostics, 1910 E Innovation Park Dr, Oro Valley, AZ, 85755, USA
| | - Nona Ehyaei
- Lycia Therapeutics, 400 East Jamie Court, S San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Debarshi Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | | - Thomas E Kimmel
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Chrysoula Vasileiou
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - James H Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Babak Borhan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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9
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Wu CS, Cheng L. Recent Advances towards the Reversible Chemical Modification of Proteins. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200468. [PMID: 36201252 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are intriguing biomacromolecules for all living systems, not only as essential building blocks of organisms, but also as participants in almost every aspect of cellular activity such as metabolism and gene transcription/expression. Developing chemical biology tools that are capable of labeling/modifying proteins is a powerful method for decoding their detailed structures and functions. However, most current approaches heavily rely on the installation of permanent tags or genetic engineering of unnatural amino acids. There has been slow development in reversible chemical labeling using small organic probes and bioorthogonal transformations to construct site-selectively modified proteins and conditionally restore their activities or structures. This review summarizes recent advances in the field of chemical regulation of proteins with reversible transformations towards distinct motifs, including amino acid residues, amide backbones and native post-translational lysine. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Shuo Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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10
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Abstract
Cysteine bioconjugation serves as a powerful tool in biological research and has been widely used for chemical modification of proteins, constructing antibody-drug conjugates, and enabling cell imaging studies. Cysteine conjugation reactions with fast kinetics and exquisite selectivity have been under heavy pursuit as they would allow clean protein modification with just stoichiometric amounts of reagents, which minimizes side reactions, simplifies purification and broadens functional group tolerance. In this concept, we summarize the recent advances in fast cysteine bioconjugation, and discuss the mechanism and chemical principles that underlie the high efficiencies of the newly developed cysteine reactive reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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11
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A. Gomes RF, Ravasco JMJM, Andrade KHS, Coelho JAS, Moreira R, Oliveira R, Nogueira F, Afonso CAM. Tandem Thio-Michael Addition/Remote Lactone Activation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural-Derived δ-Lactone-Fused Cyclopentenones. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102204. [PMID: 35040553 PMCID: PMC9401029 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The creation of structurally diverse chemical entities from fairly simple biorefinery products remains a challenge. In this work 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was identified as a key synthon for preparing highly complex cyclopentenones (CP) via tandem 1,4-addition/elimination/remote lactone activation to external O- and N-nucleophiles in δ-lactone-fused-CPs hotspots. This scaffold was also reactive enough to be incorporated into model cysteine-peptides in low concentrations, paving the way to a potential translation generating complexity in the synthesis of small peptides. The new enones also exhibited activity against intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 =1.32 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael F. A. Gomes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | - Joao M. J. M. Ravasco
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | - Késsia H. S. Andrade
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | - Jaime A. S. Coelho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular SciencesFaculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaCampo Grande1749-016LisboaPortugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Global Health and Tropical MedicineGHTMInstituto de Higiene e Medicina TropicalIHMTUniversidade NOVA de LisboaUNLRua da Junqueira, 101349-008LisboaPortugal
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International HealthCharité – Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinAugustenburger Platz 1 (Campus Adress: Südring 2–3)13353BerlinGermany
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical MedicineGHTMInstituto de Higiene e Medicina TropicalIHMTUniversidade NOVA de LisboaUNLRua da Junqueira, 101349-008LisboaPortugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade de LisboaAv. Prof. Gama Pinto1649-003LisboaPortugal
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12
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Kung KKY, Xu CF, O WY, Yu Q, Chung SF, Tam SY, Leung YC, Wong MK. Functionalized quinolizinium-based fluorescent reagents for modification of cysteine-containing peptides and proteins. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6248-6254. [PMID: 35424586 PMCID: PMC8981741 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08329e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of quinolizinium-based fluorescent reagents were prepared by visible light-mediated gold-catalyzed cis-difunctionalization between quinolinium diazonium salts and electron-deficient alkyne-linked phenylethynyl trimethylsilanes. The electron-deficient alkynyl group of the quinolizinium-based fluorescent reagents underwent nucleophilic addition reaction with the sulfhydryl group on cysteine-containing peptides and proteins. The quinolizinium-based fluorescent reagents were found to function as highly selective reagents for the modification of cysteine-containing peptides and proteins with good to excellent conversions (up to 99%). Moreover, the modified BCArg mutants bearing cationic quinolizinium compounds 1b, 1d, 1e and 1h exhibit comparable activity in enzymatic and cytotoxicity assays to the unmodified one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ka-Yan Kung
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Cai-Fung Xu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Wa-Yi O
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Qiong Yu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Sai-Fung Chung
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Suet-Ying Tam
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- Henry Cheng Research Laboratory for Drug Development, Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
| | - Man-Kin Wong
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong China
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13
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Tang KC, Maddox SM, Backus KM, Raj M. Tunable heteroaromatic azoline thioethers (HATs) for cysteine profiling. Chem Sci 2022; 13:763-774. [PMID: 35173941 PMCID: PMC8768877 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a new series of hydrolytically stable chemotype heteroaromatic azoline thioethers (HATs) to achieve highly selective, rapid, and efficient covalent labeling of cysteine under physiological conditions. Although the resulting cysteine-azoline conjugate is stable, we highlight traceless decoupling of the conjugate to afford unmodified starting components in response to reducing conditions. We demonstrated that HAT probes reverse the reactivity of nucleophilic cysteine to electrophilic dehydroalanine (Dha) under mild basic conditions. We demonstrated the umpolung capability of HAT probes for the modification of cysteine on peptides and proteins with various nucleophiles. We demonstrated that HAT probes increase the mass sensitivity of the modified peptides and proteins by 100 fold as compared to the classical methods. Finally, we extended the application of HAT probes for specific modification of cysteines in a complex cell lysate mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei C Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Sean M Maddox
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Keriann M Backus
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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14
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Wang C, Zhao Y, Zhao J. Recent Advances in Chemical Protein Modification via Cysteine. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202203008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Arcile G, Ouazzani J, Betzer JF. Efficient Piancatelli rearrangement on a large scale using the Zippertex technology under subcritical water conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of furyl carbinols, which were directly obtained from a bio-sourced raw material, were efficiently transformed into cyclopentenone derivatives in good yields and on a large scale using the Zippertex technology under subcritical water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Arcile
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jamal Ouazzani
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Betzer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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16
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Trifonov L, Rothstein A, Korshin EE, Viskind O, Afri M, Leitus G, Palczewski K, Gruzman A. Straightforward Access to Terminally Disubstituted Electron‐Deficient Alkylidene Cyclopent‐2‐en‐4‐ones through Olefination with α‐Carbonyl and α‐Cyano Secondary Alkyl Sulfones. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Trifonov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Ayelet Rothstein
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Edward E. Korshin
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Olga Viskind
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Michal Afri
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Gregory Leitus
- Department of Chemical Research Support the Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology and Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and Chemistry and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
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17
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Maruyama K, Ishiyama T, Seki Y, Sakai K, Togo T, Oisaki K, Kanai M. Protein Modification at Tyrosine with Iminoxyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19844-19855. [PMID: 34787412 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are a biological mechanism for reversibly controlling protein function. Synthetic protein modifications (SPMs) at specific canonical amino acids can mimic PTMs. However, reversible SPMs at hydrophobic amino acid residues in proteins are especially limited. Here, we report a tyrosine (Tyr)-selective SPM utilizing persistent iminoxyl radicals, which are readily generated from sterically hindered oximes via single-electron oxidation. The reactivity of iminoxyl radicals with Tyr was dependent on the steric and electronic demands of oximes; isopropyl methyl piperidinium oxime 1f formed stable adducts, whereas the reaction of tert-butyl methyl piperidinium oxime 1o was reversible. The difference in reversibility between 1f and 1o, differentiated only by one methyl group, is due to the stability of iminoxyl radicals, which is partly dictated by the bond dissociation energy of oxime O-H groups. The Tyr-selective modifications with 1f and 1o proceeded under physiologically relevant, mild conditions. Specifically, the stable Tyr-modification with 1f introduced functional small molecules, including an azobenzene photoswitch, to proteins. Moreover, masking critical Tyr residues by SPM with 1o, and subsequent deconjugation triggered by the treatment with a thiol, enabled on-demand control of protein functions. We applied this reversible Tyr modification with 1o to alter an enzymatic activity and the binding affinity of a monoclonal antibody with an antigen upon modification/deconjugation. The on-demand ON/OFF switch of protein functions through Tyr-selective and reversible covalent-bond formation will provide unique opportunities in biological research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Maruyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yohei Seki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sakai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takaya Togo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Oisaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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18
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Zhao Z, Shimon D, Metanis N. Chemoselective Copper-Mediated Modification of Selenocysteines in Peptides and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12817-12824. [PMID: 34346673 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly valuable bioconjugated molecules must be synthesized through efficient, chemoselective chemical modifications of peptides and proteins. Herein, we report the chemoselective modification of peptides and proteins via a reaction between selenocysteine residues and aryl/alkyl radicals. In situ radical generation from hydrazine substrates and copper ions proceeds rapidly in an aqueous buffer at near neutral pH (5-8), providing a variety of Se-modified linear and cyclic peptides and proteins conjugated to aryl and alkyl molecules, and to affinity label tag (biotin). This chemistry opens a new avenue for chemical protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daphna Shimon
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Norman Metanis
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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19
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Seki H, Walsh SJ, Bargh JD, Parker JS, Carroll J, Spring DR. Rapid and robust cysteine bioconjugation with vinylheteroarenes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9060-9068. [PMID: 34276935 PMCID: PMC8261766 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02722k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for residue-selective and stable modification of canonical amino acids enable the installation of distinct functionality which can aid in the interrogation of biological processes or the generation of new therapeutic modalities. Herein, we report an extensive investigation of reactivity and stability profiles for a series of vinylheteroarene motifs. Studies on small molecule and protein substrates identified an optimum vinylheteroarene scaffold for selective cysteine modification. Utilisation of this lead linker to modify a number of protein substrates with various functionalities, including the synthesis of a homogeneous, stable and biologically active antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) was then achieved. The reagent was also efficient in labelling proteome-wide cysteines in cell lysates. The efficiency and selectivity of these reagents as well as the stability of the products makes them suitable for the generation of biotherapeutics or studies in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Seki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - Jonathan D Bargh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Jeremy S Parker
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
| | - Jason Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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20
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Liu Y, Lv S, Peng L, Xie C, Gao L, Sun H, Lin L, Ding K, Li Z. Development and application of novel electrophilic warheads in target identification and drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114636. [PMID: 34062128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic amino acids play important roles in maintenance of protein structure and function, covalent modification of such amino acid residues by therapeutic agents is an efficient way to treat human diseases. Most of current clinical drugs are structurally limited to α,β-unsaturated amide as an electrophilic warhead. To alleviate this issue, many novel electrophiles have been developed in recent years that can covalently bind to different amino acid residues and provides a unique way to interrogate proteins, including "undruggable" targets. With an activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) approach, the activity and functionality of a protein and its binding sites can be assessed. This facilitates an understanding of protein function, and contributes to the discovery of new druggable targets and lead compounds. Meanwhile, many novel inhibitors bearing new reactive warhead were developed and displayed remarkable pharmaceutical properties. In this perspective, we have reviewed the recent remarkable progress of novel electrophiles and their applications in target identification and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shumin Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijie Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chengliang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ligen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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De Geyter E, Antonatou E, Kalaitzakis D, Smolen S, Iyer A, Tack L, Ongenae E, Vassilikogiannakis G, Madder A. 5-Hydroxy-pyrrolone based building blocks as maleimide alternatives for protein bioconjugation and single-site multi-functionalization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5246-5252. [PMID: 34163760 PMCID: PMC8179572 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05881e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent dramatic expansion in potential uses of protein conjugates has fueled the development of a wide range of protein modification methods; however, the desirable single-site multi-functionalization of proteins has remained a particularly intransigent challenge. Herein, we present the application of 5-hydroxy-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ones (5HP2Os) as advantageous alternatives to widely used maleimides for the chemo- and site-selective labeling of cysteine residues within proteins. A variety of 5HP2O building blocks have been synthesized using a one-pot photooxidation reaction starting from simple and readily accessible furans and using visible light and oxygen. These novel reagents display excellent cysteine selectivity and also yield thiol conjugates with superior stability. 5HP2O building blocks offer a unique opportunity to introduce multiple new functionalities into a protein at a single site and in a single step, thus, significantly enhancing the resultant conjugate's properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout De Geyter
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group OBCR, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Eirini Antonatou
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group OBCR, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Dimitris Kalaitzakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete Vasilika Vouton 71003 Iraklion Crete Greece
| | - Sabina Smolen
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group OBCR, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Abhishek Iyer
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group OBCR, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Laure Tack
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group OBCR, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Emiel Ongenae
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group OBCR, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group OBCR, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
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22
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Li J, Deng JJ, Yin Z, Hu QL, Ge Y, Song Z, Zhang Y, Chan ASC, Li H, Xiong XF. Cleavable and tunable cysteine-specific arylation modification with aryl thioethers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5209-5215. [PMID: 34168774 PMCID: PMC8179606 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06576e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine represents an attractive target for peptide/protein modification due to the intrinsic high nucleophilicity of the thiol group and low natural abundance. Herein, a cleavable and tunable covalent modification approach for cysteine containing peptides/proteins with our newly designed aryl thioethers via a S N Ar approach was developed. Highly efficient and selective bioconjugation reactions can be carried out under mild and biocompatible conditions. A series of aryl groups bearing different bioconjugation handles, affinity or fluorescent tags are well tolerated. By adjusting the skeleton and steric hindrance of aryl thioethers slightly, the modified products showed a tunable profile for the regeneration of the native peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Yin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Qi-Long Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yang Ge
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Song
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Albert S C Chan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Huilin Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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23
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Wu LH, Zhou S, Luo QF, Tian JS, Loh TP. Dichloroacetophenone Derivatives: A Class of Bioconjugation Reagents for Disulfide Bridging. Org Lett 2020; 22:8193-8197. [PMID: 33052688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A mild and biocompatible method for the construction of disulfide bridging in peptides using dichloroacetophenone derivatives is developed. This method is highly selective (chemo, diastereo, regio, etc.) and atom economic and works under biocompatible reaction conditions (metal-free, water, pH 7, rt, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Hai Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shuguang Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, China
| | - Qun-Feng Luo
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Tian
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, China.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, China.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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24
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Recent advances of thiol-selective bioconjugation reactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 58:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Selective Covalent Targeting of Anti-apoptotic BFL-1 by a Sulfonium-Tethered Peptide. Chembiochem 2020; 22:340-344. [PMID: 32790056 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family proteins are proven targets for human cancers. Targeting the BH3-binding pockets of these anti-apoptotic proteins could reactivate apoptosis in BCL-2-depedent cancers. BFL-1 is a BCL-2 family protein overexpressed in various chemoresistant cancers. A unique cysteine at the binding interface of the BH3 and BFL-1 was previously proven to be an intriguing targeting site to irreversibly inhibit BFL-1 functions with stabilized cyclic peptide bearing a covalent warhead. Recently, we developed a sulfonium-tethered peptide cyclization strategy to construct peptide ligands that could selectively and efficiently react with the cysteine(s) of target proteins near the interacting interface. Using this method, we constructed a BFL-1 peptide inhibitor, B4-MC, that could selectively conjugate with BFL-1 both in vitro and in cell. B4-MC showed good cellular uptake, colocalized with BFL-1 on mitochondria, and showed obvious growth inhibition of BFL-1 over-expressed cancer cell lines.
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26
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A quantitative thiol reactivity profiling platform to analyze redox and electrophile reactive cysteine proteomes. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:2891-2919. [PMID: 32690958 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is unique among all protein-coding amino acids, owing to its intrinsically high nucleophilicity. The cysteinyl thiol group can be covalently modified by a broad range of redox mechanisms or by various electrophiles derived from exogenous or endogenous sources. Measuring the response of protein cysteines to redox perturbation or electrophiles is critical for understanding the underlying mechanisms involved. Activity-based protein profiling based on thiol-reactive probes has been the method of choice for such analyses. We therefore adapted this approach and developed a new chemoproteomic platform, termed 'QTRP' (quantitative thiol reactivity profiling), that relies on the ability of a commercially available thiol-reactive probe IPM (2-iodo-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)acetamide) to covalently label, enrich and quantify the reactive cysteinome in cells and tissues. Here, we provide a detailed and updated workflow of QTRP that includes procedures for (i) labeling of the reactive cysteinome from cell or tissue samples (e.g., control versus treatment) with IPM, (ii) processing the protein samples into tryptic peptides and tagging the probe-modified peptides with isotopically labeled azido-biotin reagents containing a photo-cleavable linker via click chemistry reaction, (iii) capturing biotin-conjugated peptides with streptavidin beads, (iv) identifying and quantifying the photo-released peptides by mass spectrometry (MS)-based shotgun proteomics and (v) interpreting MS data by a streamlined informatic pipeline using a proteomics software, pFind 3, and an automatic post-processing algorithm. We also exemplified here how to use QTRP for mining H2O2-sensitive cysteines and for determining the intrinsic reactivity of cysteines in a complex proteome. We anticipate that this protocol should find broad applications in redox biology, chemical biology and the pharmaceutical industry. The protocol for sample preparation takes 3 d, whereas MS measurements and data analyses require 75 min and <30 min, respectively, per sample.
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Chen Y, Yang W, Wu J, Sun W, Loh TP, Jiang Y. 2H-Azirines as Potential Bifunctional Chemical Linkers of Cysteine Residues in Bioconjugate Technology. Org Lett 2020; 22:2038-2043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wangbin Sun
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Yaojia Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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Deng JR, Chung SF, Leung ASL, Yip WM, Yang B, Choi MC, Cui JF, Kung KKY, Zhang Z, Lo KW, Leung YC, Wong MK. Chemoselective and photocleavable cysteine modification of peptides and proteins using isoxazoliniums. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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29
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Wang D, Yu M, Liu N, Lian C, Hou Z, Wang R, Zhao R, Li W, Jiang Y, Shi X, Li S, Yin F, Li Z. A sulfonium tethered peptide ligand rapidly and selectively modifies protein cysteine in vicinity. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4966-4972. [PMID: 31183045 PMCID: PMC6530539 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00034h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts have been invested to develop site-specific protein modification methodologies in the past two decades. In most cases, a reactive moiety was installed onto ligands with the sole purpose of reacting with specific residues in proteins. Herein, we report a unique peptide macrocyclization method via the bis-alkylation between methionine and cysteine to generate cyclic peptides with significantly enhanced stability and cellular uptake. Notably, when the cyclized peptide ligand selectively recognizes its protein target with a proximate cysteine, a rapid nucleophilic substitution could occur between the protein Cys and the sulfonium center on the peptide to form a conjugate. The conjugation reaction is rapid, facile and selective, triggered solely by proximity. The high target specificity is further proved in cell lysate and hints at its further application in activity based protein profiling. This method enhances the peptide's biophysical properties and generates a selective ligand-directed reactive site for protein modification and fulfills multiple purposes by one modification. This proof-of-concept study reveals its potential for further broad biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Mengying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Chenshan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Zhanfeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon , Hong Kong .
| | - Rongtong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Wenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Shuiming Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China .
| | - Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics , School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen , 518055 , China . ;
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31
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Zheng Q, Pang Z, Liu J, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Yin Z, Lou Z. Photoaffinity palladium reagents for capture of protein–protein interactions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6369-6373. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward strategy using palladium-mediated reagents to reliably incorporate different photoaffinity groups into peptides/proteins for crosslinking of interacting partners is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Zheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Zhengyuan Pang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Center of Basic Molecular Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yang Sun
- Center of Basic Molecular Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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Bi X, Yin J, Rao C, Balamkundu S, Banerjee B, Zhang D, Zhang D, Dedon PC, Liu CF. Thiazolidin-5-imine Formation as a Catalyst-Free Bioorthogonal Reaction for Protein and Live Cell Labeling. Org Lett 2018; 20:7790-7793. [PMID: 30517009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A previously undescribed reaction involving the formation of a thiazolidin-5-imine linkage was developed for bioconjugation. Being highly specific and operating in aqueous media, this simple condensation reaction is used to chemoselectively label peptides, proteins, and living cells under physiological conditions without the need to use toxic catalysts or reducing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Bi
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551 , Singapore
| | - Juan Yin
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders , Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - Chang Rao
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551 , Singapore
| | - Seetharamsing Balamkundu
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology , 1 Create Way , Singapore 138602 , Singapore
| | - Biplab Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551 , Singapore
| | - Dingpeng Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551 , Singapore
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering , Jiangsu University of Technology , Changzhou 213001 , China
| | - Peter C Dedon
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology , 1 Create Way , Singapore 138602 , Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551 , Singapore
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