1
|
Wu Y, Hu J, Du Y, Lu G, Li Y, Feng Y, Chen L, Tu Y, Xiang M, Gui Y, Shu T, Yu L. Mechanistic Insights into the Halophilic Xylosidase Xylo-1 and Its Role in Xylose Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15375-15387. [PMID: 37773011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The Xylo-1 xylosidase, which belongs to the GH43 family, exhibits a high salt tolerance. The present study demonstrated that the catalytic activity of Xylo-1 increased by 195% in the presence of 5 M NaCl. Additionally, the half-life of Xylo-1 increased 25.9-fold in the presence of 1 M NaCl. Through comprehensive analysis including circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidated that the presence of Na+ ions increased the contact frequency between the surface acidic amino acids and the surrounding water molecules. This resulted in the stabilization of the surrounding hydration layer of Xylo-1. Additionally, Na+ ions also stabilized the substrate-binding conformation and the fluctuation of water molecules within the active site, which enhanced the catalytic activity of Xylo-1 by increasing the nucleophilic attack by the water molecules. Ultimately, the optimal reaction conditions for the production of xylose by synergistic catalysis with Xylo-1 and xylanase were determined. The results demonstrated that the conversion yield of the method was high for various sources of xylan, indicating the method could have potential industrial applications. This study explored the structure-activity relationship of catalysis in Xylo-1 under high-salt conditions, provides novel insights into the mechanism of halophilic enzymes, and serves as a reference for the industrial application of Xylo-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiayue Hu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yikai Du
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Gen Lu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingnan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yujia Feng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liting Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuhao Tu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengxiong Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yifan Gui
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tong Shu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Slim AH, Shi WH, Safi Samghabadi F, Faraone A, Marciel AB, Poling-Skutvik R, Conrad JC. Electrostatic Repulsion Slows Relaxations of Polyelectrolytes in Semidilute Solutions. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:854-860. [PMID: 35758769 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the structure and dynamics of unentangled semidilute solutions of sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS) using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and neutron spin-echo (NSE) spectroscopy. The effects of electrostatic interactions and chain structure are examined as a function of ionic strength and polymer concentration, respectively. The SANS profiles exhibit a characteristic structural peak, signature of polyelectrolyte solutions, that can be fit with a combination of a semiflexible chain with excluded volume interactions form factor and a polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) structure factor. We confirm that electrostatic interactions vary with ionic strength across solutions with similar geometries. The segmental relaxations from NSE deviate from theoretical predictions from Zimm and exhibit two scaling behaviors, with the crossover between the two regimes taking place around the characteristic structural peak. The chain dynamics are suppressed across the length scale of the correlation blob, and inversely related to the structure factor. These observations suggest that the highly correlated nature of polyelectrolytes presents an additional energy barrier that leads to de Gennes narrowing behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Slim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Winnie H Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Farshad Safi Samghabadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Antonio Faraone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Amanda B Marciel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ryan Poling-Skutvik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Jacinta C Conrad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Soboleva OA, Gurkov TD, Stanimirova RD, Protsenko PV, Tsarkova LA. Volatile Aroma Surfactants: The Evaluation of the Adsorption-Evaporation Behavior under Dynamic and Equilibrium Conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2793-2803. [PMID: 35201780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent heterogeneous systems containing volatile amphiphiles are relevant to the fields ranging from drug delivery to atmospheric science. Research presented here discloses the individual interfacial activity and adsorption-evaporation behavior of amphiphilic aroma molecules at the liquid-vapor interface. The surface tension of solutions of nonmicellar volatile surfactants linalool and benzyl acetate, fragrances as such, was compared with that of the conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) under equilibrium as well as under no instantaneous equilibrium, including a fast-adsorbing regime. In open systems, the increase in the surface tension on a time scale of ∼10 min is evaluated using a phenomenological model. The derived characteristic mass transfer constant is shown to be specific to both the desorption mechanism and the chemistry of the volatile amphiphile. Fast-adsorbing behavior disclosed here, as well as the synergetic effect in the mixtures with conventional micellar surfactants, justifies the advantages of volatile amphiphiles as cosurfactants in dynamic interfacial processes. The demonstrated approach to derive specific material parameters of fragrance molecules can be used for an application-targeted selection of volatile cosurfactants, e.g., in emulsification and foaming, inkjet printing, microfluidics, spraying, and coating technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oxana A Soboleva
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Theodor D Gurkov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering (DCPE), Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy at the University of Sofia, James Bourchier Avenue 1, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Rumyana D Stanimirova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering (DCPE), Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy at the University of Sofia, James Bourchier Avenue 1, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Pavel V Protsenko
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa A Tsarkova
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- German Textile Research Center Nord West (DTNW), Adlerstr. 1, Krefeld 47798, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kudla R, Gutmann JS, Tsarkova LA. Tensiometry as a Simple Analytical Method for Quantification of Solubility and Release of Aroma Molecules in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2021; 26:7655. [PMID: 34946742 PMCID: PMC8707197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic tensiometry is shown to be a high-potential analytical tool in assessing physico-chemical characteristics of fragrance molecules, such as solubility limit, volatility as well as much rarely assessed interfacial activity of these amphiphilic molecules. Surface tension of aqueous solutions of selected essential oils has been measured as a function of time and fragrance concentration using maximum bubble pressure method. The effect of the temperature and saline solution on the rate of dissolution in water was assessed. Dynamic surface tension turned to be sensitive to the composition of fragrances, as demonstrated on examples of natural and synthetic mixtures. Furthermore, presented work reveals the possibility of maximum bubble pressure tensiometry method to quantify the amount of fragrance compositions in flavored salts, including the artificially aged carrier samples. Suggested here analytical approach can be used for the detection of the purity of essential oils, for the optimization of compositions and of the manufacturing processes of fragrances-containing products, as well as for the assessment of the release/evaporation of fragrances from carrier systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kudla
- Germain Textile Research Center North-West (DTNW), 47798 Krefeld, Germany; (R.K.); (J.S.G.)
| | - Jochen S. Gutmann
- Germain Textile Research Center North-West (DTNW), 47798 Krefeld, Germany; (R.K.); (J.S.G.)
- Physical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Larisa A. Tsarkova
- Germain Textile Research Center North-West (DTNW), 47798 Krefeld, Germany; (R.K.); (J.S.G.)
- Physical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sultana S, Rub MA, Rahman M, Rana S, Rahman MM, Hoque MA, Alghamdi YG, Asiri AM. Effect of composition of mono/di-hydroxy organic compounds and temperature on the aggregation behavior and physico-chemical properties of polyvinyl alcohol + TTAB mixture. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.1960171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Malik Abdul Rub
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marzia Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahed Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Anamul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yousef G. Alghamdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miyazawa T, Itaya M, Burdeos GC, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. A Critical Review of the Use of Surfactant-Coated Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine and Food Nanotechnology. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3937-3999. [PMID: 34140768 PMCID: PMC8203100 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s298606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactants, whose existence has been recognized as early as 2800 BC, have had a long history with the development of human civilization. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the latter half of the 20th century, breakthroughs in nanomedicine and food nanotechnology using nanoparticles have been remarkable, and new applications have been developed. The technology of surfactant-coated nanoparticles, which provides new functions to nanoparticles for use in the fields of nanomedicine and food nanotechnology, is attracting a lot of attention in the fields of basic research and industry. This review systematically describes these "surfactant-coated nanoparticles" through various sections in order: 1) surfactants, 2) surfactant-coated nanoparticles, application of surfactant-coated nanoparticles to 3) nanomedicine, and 4) food nanotechnology. Furthermore, current progress and problems of the technology using surfactant-coated nanoparticles through recent research reports have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mayuko Itaya
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Gregor C Burdeos
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun CC, Zhou MY, Yuan JJ, Yan Y, Song YZ, Fang LF, AbdAllah H, Shalaby MS, Shaban AM, Zhu BK. Regulating the aggregation of anionic nanoparticles for size-tunable nanochannels. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
8
|
Bali M, Masalci O. Interactions of cationic surfactants with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): Effects of counter ions and temperature. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
9
|
Soboleva OA, Protsenko PV, Korolev VV, Viktorova J, Yakushenko A, Kudla R, Gutmann JS, Tsarkova LA. Aroma Molecules as Dynamic Volatile Surfactants: Functionality beyond the Scent. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40988-40995. [PMID: 31591876 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of nonequilibrium processes at dynamic interfaces is indispensable for advancing design and fabrication of solid-state and soft materials. The research presented here unveils specific interfacial behavior of aroma molecules and justifies their usage as multifunctional volatile surfactants. As nonconventional volatile amphiphiles, we study commercially available poorly water-soluble compounds from the classes of synthetic and essential flavor oils. Their disclosed distinctive feature is a high dynamic interfacial activity, so that they decrease the surface tension of aqueous solutions on a time scale of milliseconds. Another potentially useful property of such amphiphiles is their volatility, so that they notably evaporate from interfaces on a time scale of seconds. This behavior allows for control of wetting and spreading processes. A revealed synergetic interfacial behavior of mixtures of conventional and volatile surfactants is attributed to a decrease of the activation barrier as a result of high statistical availability of new sites at the surface upon evaporation of the volatile component. Our results offer promising advantages in manufacturing technologies which involve newly creating interfaces, such as spraying, coating technologies, ink-jet printing, microfluidics, laundry, and stabilization of emulsions in cosmetic and food industry, as well as in geosciences for controlling aerosol formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oxana A Soboleva
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Moscow State University , 1-3 Leninskiye Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Pavel V Protsenko
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Moscow State University , 1-3 Leninskiye Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Vadim V Korolev
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Moscow State University , 1-3 Leninskiye Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Jekaterina Viktorova
- Is it fresh GmbH, Technologiezentrum am Europaplatz , Dennewartstraße 25 , 52068 Aachen , Germany
| | - Alexey Yakushenko
- Is it fresh GmbH, Technologiezentrum am Europaplatz , Dennewartstraße 25 , 52068 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ruth Kudla
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH (DTNW) , Adlerstraße 1 , 47798 Krefeld , Germany
| | - Jochen S Gutmann
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH (DTNW) , Adlerstraße 1 , 47798 Krefeld , Germany
- Department of Chemistry & CENIDE , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 5 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Larisa A Tsarkova
- Chair of Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Moscow State University , 1-3 Leninskiye Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH (DTNW) , Adlerstraße 1 , 47798 Krefeld , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lopez CG, Richtering W. Viscosity of Semidilute and Concentrated Nonentangled Flexible Polyelectrolytes in Salt-Free Solution. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5626-5634. [PMID: 31124680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report viscosity data of nonentangled sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) in salt-free aqueous solution as a function of polymer concentration ( c) and degree of polymerization ( N). Different empirical equations are examined and found not to describe the semidilute solution viscosity over a wide concentration range and/or to yield values of [η] that do not match dilute solution measurements. Deviations from the scaling prediction of ηsp ∝ c1/2 (Fuoss' law) are observed at high concentrations. Specifically, we find ηsp ≈ N1.26 c1/2 e1.4 c in the semidilute regime, which agrees with the scaling prediction only for c ≲ 0.02 M. The viscosity data presented in this study and in earlier reports show a high degree of consistency. A comparison with diffusion measurements for NaPSS in salt-free solution by Oostwal and co-workers suggests that the disagreement between the scaling theory and experiments does not arise solely from the concentration dependence of the monomeric friction coefficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lopatina LI, Tsarkova LA. pH-triggered aggregation behavior of hybrid chitosan assemblies with controlled density distribution of gold nanoparticles. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
12
|
J. Thiele M, Davari MD, König M, Hofmann I, Junker NO, Mirzaei Garakani T, Vojcic L, Fitter J, Schwaneberg U. Enzyme–Polyelectrolyte Complexes Boost the Catalytic Performance of Enzymes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Thiele
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Melanie König
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabell Hofmann
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Niklas O. Junker
- I. Physikalisches Institut (IA), AG Biophysik, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstrasse 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Ljubica Vojcic
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Codexis, Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Jörg Fitter
- I. Physikalisches Institut (IA), AG Biophysik, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstrasse 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-5): Molecular Biophysics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|