1
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Csókás D, Coles M, Toh ZH, Young RD. Evidence for a kinetic FLP reaction pathway in the activation of benzyl chlorides by alkali metal-phosphine pairs. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:14582-14586. [PMID: 39162088 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Kinetic frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) allow facile cleavage of a number of E-H bonds (E = H, Si, C, B) where both the Lewis base and Lewis acid are involved in the bond activation transition state. More recently, kinetic FLP systems have been extended to the cleavage of C-X (X = F, Cl, Br) bonds. We report on the role of sodium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate in the benzylation of triarylphosphines, where the sodium cation and phosphine support a kinetic FLP type transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Csókás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Max Coles
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, 68 Cooper Road, Australia 4067.
| | - Zhi Hao Toh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Rowan D Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, 68 Cooper Road, Australia 4067.
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2
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Krämer F. Aluminum in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405207. [PMID: 38826040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This review article describes the development of the use of aluminum compounds in the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) over the last 14 years. It also discusses the synthesis, reactivity and catalytic applications of intermolecular, intramolecular and so-called hidden FLPs with phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon Lewis bases. The intrinsically higher acidity of aluminum compounds compared to their boron analogs opens up different reaction pathways. The results are presented in a more or less chronological order. It is shown that Al FLPs react with a variety of polar and non-polar substrates and form both stable adducts and reversibly activate bonds. Consequently, some catalytic applications of the title compounds were presented such as dimerization of alkynes, hydrogenation of tert-butyl ethylene and imines, C-F bond activation, reduction of CO2, dehydrogenation of amine borane and transfer of ammonia. In addition, various Al FLPs were used as initiators in polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krämer
- C1 Green Chemicals AG, Am Studio 2a, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Spivey JA, Collum DB. Potassium Hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS): Solvent-Dependent Solution Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17827-17837. [PMID: 38901126 PMCID: PMC11373885 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Solution structures of potassium hexamethyldisilazide [KHMDS] and labeled [15N]KHMDS were examined using a number of analytical methods including 29Si NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory computations. A combination of 15N-29Si couplings, 29Si chemical shifts, and the method of continuous variations reveals dimers, monomers, and ion pairs. Weakly coordinating monofunctional ligands such as toluene, N,N-dimethylethylamine, and Et3N afford exclusively dimers. 1,3-Dioxolane, THF, dimethoxyethane, hexamethylphosphoramide, and diglyme provide dimers at low ligand concentrations and monomers at high ligand concentrations. N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylethylenediamine and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine provide exclusively dimers at all ligand concentrations at ambient temperatures and significant monomer at -80 °C. Studies of 12-crown-4 ran into technical problems. Equimolar 15-crown-5 forms a dimer, whereas excess 15-crown-5 affords a putative ion pair. Whereas equimolar 18-crown-6 also affords a dimer, an excess provides a monomer rather than a solvent-separated ion pair. [2.2.2]cryptand affords what is believed to be a contact-ion-paired cryptate. Solvation was probed using largely density functional theory (DFT) computations. Thermally corrected energies are consistent with lower aggregates and higher solvates at low temperatures, but the magnitudes of the computed temperature dependencies were substantially larger than the experimentally derived data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Spivey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - David B Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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4
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Knüpfer C, Klerner L, Mai J, Langer J, Harder S. s-Block metal complexes of superbulky ( tBu 3Si) 2N -: a new weakly coordinating anion? Chem Sci 2024; 15:4386-4395. [PMID: 38516089 PMCID: PMC10952107 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterically hindered amide anions have found widespread application as deprotonation agents or as ligands to stabilize metals in unusual coordination geometries or oxidation states. The use of bulky amides has also been advantageous in catalyst design. Herein we present s-block metal chemistry with one of the bulkiest known amide ligands: (tBu3Si)2N- (abbreviated: tBuN-). The parent amine (tBuNH), introduced earlier by Wiberg, is extremely resistant to deprotonation (even with nBuLi/KOtBu superbases) but can be deprotonated slowly with a blue Cs+/e- electride formed by addition of Cs0 to THF. (tBuN)Cs crystallized as a separated ion-pair, even without cocrystallized solvent. As salt-metathesis reactions with (tBuN)Cs are sluggish and incomplete, it has only limited use as an amide transfer reagent. However, ball-milling with LiI led to quantitative formation of (tBuN)Li and CsI. Structural characterization shows that (tBuN)Li is a monomeric contact ion-pair with a relatively short N-Li bond, an unusual T-shaped coordination geometry around N and extremely short Li⋯Me anagostic interactions. Crystal structures are compared with Li and Cs complexes of less bulky amide ligands (iPr3Si)2N- (iPrN-) and (Me3Si)2N- (MeN-). DFT calculations show trends in the geometries and electron distributions of amide ligands of increasing steric bulk (MeN- < iPrN- < tBuN-) and confirm that tBuN- is a rare example of a halogen-free weakly coordinating anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Knüpfer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Lukas Klerner
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jonathan Mai
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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5
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Lye K, Young RD. A review of frustrated Lewis pair enabled monoselective C-F bond activation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2712-2724. [PMID: 38404400 PMCID: PMC10882520 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) bond activation chemistry has greatly developed over the last two decades since the seminal report of metal-free reversible hydrogen activation. Recently, FLP systems have been utilized to allow monoselective C-F bond activation (at equivalent sites) in polyfluoroalkanes. The problem of 'over-defluorination' in the functionalization of polyfluoroalkanes (where multiple fluoro-positions are uncontrollably functionalized) has been a long-standing chemical problem in fluorocarbon chemistry for over 80 years. FLP mediated monoselective C-F bond activation is complementary to other solutions developed to address 'over-defluorination' and offers several advantages and unique opportunities. This perspective highlights some of these advantages and opportunities and places the development of FLP mediated C-F bond activation into the context of the wider effort to overcome 'over-defluorination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Lye
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Rowan D Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Australia
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6
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Yeganeh-Salman A, Yeung J, Miao L, Stephan DW. Coordination chemistry and FLP reactivity of 1,1- and 1,2-bis-boranes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1178-1189. [PMID: 38108120 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03660j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Coordination chemistry and frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry have been most commonly studied using monodentate Lewis acids. In this paper, we examine the corresponding reactions employing the 1,1- and 1,2-bis-boranes, PhCH2CH(B(C6F5)2)21 and Me3SiCH(B(C6F5)2)CH2B(C6F5)22, respectively. Coordination of isocyanide to these species results in the formation of the products RCH(B(C6F5)2CNtBu)CH2(B(C6F5)2CNtBu) (R = Ph 3, Me3Si 4). The rearrangement of 1 to give the 1,2-bis-borane adduct 3 was probed and attributed to a donor-induced retrohydroboration and subsequent hydroboration. The analogous reaction of 1 is evident in efforts to use the Gutman-Beckett method to assess its Lewis acidity. However, in combination with tBu3P, bis-boranes 1 and 2 form FLPs and react with H2 to give [tBu3PH][PhCH2CH(B(C6F5)2)2(μ-H)] 5a and [tBu3PH][Me3SiCH(B(C6F5)2)CH2(B(C6F5)2)(μ-H)] 6, respectively. Reactions of 1 and 2 with various donors and PhCCH were shown to give deprotonation and addition products, depending on the nature of the base. However, in the case of 1, products resulting from retrohydroboration, and subsequent hydroboration are evident. Several of these alkyne products are crystallographically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Yeganeh-Salman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Jason Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Linkun Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, ON, M5S3H6, Canada.
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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7
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Kim H, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Al-Zuhaika N, Stephan DW. Phosphino-Phosphination Reactions: Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity of Phosphino-Phosphonium Cations with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312587. [PMID: 37682527 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The phosphino-phosphonium cations of the form [R3 PPR'2 ]+ are labile and provide access to the constituent Lewis acidic and Lewis basic fragments. This permits frustrated Lewis pair-type addition reactions to alkynes, affording unprecedented phosphino-phosphination reactions and giving cations of the form [cis-R3 PCHC(R'')PR'2 ]+ . This reactivity is further adapted to prepare several examples of a rare class of dissymmetric cis-olefin-linked bidentate phosphines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehwang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nahil Al-Zuhaika
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Tortajada A, Hevia E. Alkali-metal bases in catalytic hydrogen isotope exchange processes. Catal Sci Technol 2023; 13:4919-4925. [PMID: 38013748 PMCID: PMC10465149 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy00825h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of compounds labelled with deuterium or tritium has become an essential tool in a range of research fields. Hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) offers direct access to said compounds, introducing these isotopes in a late stage. Even though the field has rapidly advanced with the use of transition metal catalysis, alkali-metal bases, used as catalysts or under stoichiometric conditions, have also emerged as a viable alternative. In this minireview we describe the latest advances in the use of alkali-metal bases in HIE processes, showcasing their synthetic potential as well as current challenges in the field. It is divided in different sections based on the isotope source used, emphasizing their benefits, disadvantages and limitations. The influence on the choice of alkali-metal in these processes as well as their possible mechanistic pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Tortajada
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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9
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Davison N, Waddell PG, Lu E. Reduction of K + or Li + in the Heterobimetallic Electride K +[LiN(SiMe 3) 2]e . J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17007-17012. [PMID: 37478322 PMCID: PMC10416298 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Given their very negative redox potential (e.g., Li+ → Li(0), -3.04 V; K+ → K(0), -2.93 V), chemical reduction of Group-1 metal cations is one of the biggest challenges in inorganic chemistry: they are widely accepted as irreducible in the synthetic chemistry regime. Their reduction usually requires harsh electrochemical conditions. Herein we suggest a new strategy: via a heterobimetallic electride intermediate and using the nonbinding "free" electron as reductant. Based on our previously reported K+[LiN(SiMe3)2]e- heterobimetallic electride, we demonstrate the reducibility of both K+ and Li+ cations. Moreover, we find that external Lewis base ligands, namely tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6Tren) or 2,2,2-cryptand, can exert a level of reducing selectivity by preferably binding to Li+ (Me6Tren) or K+ (2,2,2-cryptand), hence pushing the electron to the other cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Davison
- Chemistry−School of Natural
and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, U.K.
| | - Paul G. Waddell
- Chemistry−School of Natural
and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, U.K.
| | - Erli Lu
- Chemistry−School of Natural
and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, U.K.
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10
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Liang Y, Luo J, Diskin-Posner Y, Milstein D. Designing New Magnesium Pincer Complexes for Catalytic Hydrogenation of Imines and N-Heteroarenes: H 2 and N-H Activation by Metal-Ligand Cooperation as Key Steps. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9164-9175. [PMID: 37068165 PMCID: PMC10141328 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of main-group metals as alternatives to transition metals in homogeneous catalysis has become a hot research area in recent years. However, their application in catalytic hydrogenation is less common due to the difficulty in heterolytic cleavage of the H-H bond. Employing aromatization/de-aromatization metal-ligand cooperation (MLC) highly enhances the H2 activation process, offering an efficient approach for the hydrogenation of unsaturated molecules catalyzed by main-group metals. Herein, we report a series of new magnesium pincer complexes prepared using PNNH-type pincer ligands. The complexes were characterized by NMR and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Reversible activation of H2 and N-H bonds by MLC employing these pincer complexes was developed. Using the new magnesium complexes, homogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation of aldimines and ketimines was achieved, affording secondary amines in excellent yields. Control experiments and DFT studies reveal that a pathway involving MLC is favorable for the hydrogenation reactions. Moreover, the efficient catalysis was extended to the selective hydrogenation of quinolines and other N-heteroarenes, presenting the first example of hydrogenation of N-heteroarenes homogeneously catalyzed by early main-group metal complexes. This study provides a new strategy for hydrogenation of C═N bonds catalyzed by magnesium compounds and enriches the research of main-group metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Liang
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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11
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Du HZ, Fan JZ, Wang ZZ, Strotman NA, Yang H, Guan BT. Cesium Amide-Catalyzed Selective Deuteration of Benzylic C-H Bonds with D 2 and Application for Tritiation of Pharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214461. [PMID: 36289047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) represents one of the most attractive labeling methods to synthesize deuterium- and tritium-labeled compounds. Catalytic HIE methods that enable site-selective C-H bond activation and exchange labeling with gaseous isotopes D2 and T2 are of vital importance, in particular for high-specific-activity tritiation of pharmaceuticals. As part of our interest in exploring s-block metals for catalytic transformations, we found CsN(SiMe3 )2 to be an efficient catalyst for selective HIE of benzylic C-H bonds with D2 gas. The reaction proceeds through a kinetic deprotonative equilibrium that establishes an exchange pathway between C-H bonds and D2 gas. By virtue of multiple C-H bonds activation and high activity (isotope enrichment up to 99 %), the simple cesium amide catalyst provided a very powerful and practically convenient labeling protocol for synthesis of highly deuterated compounds and high-specific-activity tritiation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jun-Zhen Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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12
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Radical-like reactivity for dihydrogen activation by coinage metal-aluminyl complexes: computational evidence inspired by experimental main group chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:889-896. [PMID: 36755722 PMCID: PMC9890964 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The computational study of an unprecedented reactivity of coinage metal-aluminyl complexes with dihydrogen is reported. In close resemblance to group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes, the complexes are predicted to activate H2 under mild conditions. Two different reaction pathways are found disclosing a common driving force, i.e., the nucleophilic behavior of the electron-sharing M-Al (M = Cu, Ag, Au) bond, which enables a cooperative and diradical-like mechanism. This mode of chemical reactivity emerges as a new paradigm for dihydrogen activation and calls for experimental feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy .,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy .,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
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13
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Qu ZW, Zhu H, Streubel R, Grimme S. Organo-Group 2 Metal-Mediated Nucleophilic Alkylation of Benzene: Crucial Role of Strong Cation−π Interaction. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstreet 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstreet 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstreet 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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14
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Qu ZW, Zhu H, Grimme S. Calcium Hydride Cation Dimer Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Unactivated 1-Alkenes and H 2 Isotope Exchange: Competitive Ca-H-Ca Bridges and Terminal Ca-H Bonds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202602. [PMID: 36214655 PMCID: PMC10100058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that the double Ca-H-Ca bridged calcium hydride cation dimer complex [LCaH2 CaL]2+ (macrocyclic ligand L=NNNN-tetradentate Me4 TACD) exhibited remarkable activity in catalyzing the hydrogenation of unactivated 1-alkenes as well as the H2 isotope exchange under mild conditions, tentatively via the terminal Ca-H bond of cation monomer LCaH+ . In this DFT mechanistic work, a novel substrate-dependent catalytic mechanism is disclosed involving cooperative Ca-H-Ca bridges for H2 isotope exchange, competitive Ca-H-Ca bridges and terminal Ca-H bonds for anti-Markovnikov addition of unactivated 1-alkenes, and terminal Ca-H bonds for Markovnikov addition of conjugation-activated styrene. THF-coordination plays a key role in favoring the anti-Markovnikov addition while strong cation-π interactions direct the Markovnikov addition to terminal Ca-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Zhu H, Qu Z, Grimme S. Origin of the Ligand Ring-Size Effect on the Catalytic Activity of Cationic Calcium Hydride Dimers in the Hydrogenation of Unactivated 1-Alkenes. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200240. [PMID: 36524742 PMCID: PMC9756592 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that the double Ca-H-Ca-bridged calcium hydride cation dimer [LCaH2 CaL]2+ when stabilized by a larger macrocyclic N,N',N'',N''',N''''-pentadentate ligand showed evidently higher activity than when stabilized by a smaller N,N',N'',N'''-tetradentate ligand in the catalytic hydrogenation of unactivated 1-alkenes. In this DFT-mechanistic work, the origin of the observed ring-size effect is examined in detail using 1-hexene, CH2 =CH2 and H2 as substrates. It is shown that, at room temperature, both the N,N',N'',N''',N''''-stabilized dimer and the monomer are not coordinated by THF in solution, while the corresponding N,N',N'',N'''-stabilized structures are coordinated by one THF molecule mimicking the fifth N-coordination. Catalytic 1-alkene hydrogenation may occur via anti-Markovnikov addition over the terminal Ca-H bonds of transient monomers, followed by faster Ca-C bond hydrogenolysis. The higher catalytic activity of the larger N,N',N'',N''',N''''-stabilized dimer is due to not only easier formation of but also due to the higher reactivity of the catalytic monomeric species. In contrast, despite unfavorable THF-coordination in solution, the smaller N,N',N'',N'''-stabilized dimer shows a 3.2 kcal mol-1 lower barrier via a dinuclear cooperative Ca-H-Ca bridge for H2 isotope exchange than the large N,N',N'',N''',N''''-stabilized dimer, mainly due to less steric hindrance. The observed ring-size effect can be understood mainly by a subtle interplay of solvent, steric and cooperative effects that can be resolved in detail by state-of-the-art quantum chemistry calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
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16
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Mandal D, Chen T, Qu Z, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Reactions of Diethylazo-Dicarboxylate with Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201701. [PMID: 35670767 PMCID: PMC9796924 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of PAr3 /B(C6 F5 )3 (Ar=o-Tol, Mes, Ph) FLPs with diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) afford the corresponding FLP addition products 1-3 in which P-N and B-O linkages are formed. In contrast, the reaction of BPh3 , PPh3 and DEAD gave product 4 where P-N and N-B linkages were confirmed. In all cases, other binding modes were computed to be both higher in energy and readily distinguishable by 31 P and 11 B NMR parameters. These data illustrate the influence of steric demands and electronic structures on the nature of the products of FLP reactions with DEAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendu Mandal
- Institute of Drug Discovery TechnologyNingbo University315211ZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery TechnologyNingbo University315211ZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryClausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstrasse 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryClausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstrasse 453115BonnGermany
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Institute of Drug Discovery TechnologyNingbo University315211ZhejiangP. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto80 St. George StM5S3H6TorontoONCanada
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17
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Cai Y, Liu W, Yu Y, Liu L, Pei Q, Wu H, He T, Guo J, Wu A, Chen P. Transition Metal-Free Hydrogenolysis of Anilines to Arenes Mediated by Lithium Hydride. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17441-17448. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Cai
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ligao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qijun Pei
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Han Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Teng He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Anan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Reactivity and Stability of a Ring-Expanded N-Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Boryl Imidinate. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10090135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have evolved from a revolutionary concept to widely applied catalysts. We recently reported the ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbene supported copper(I) boryliminomethanide, (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin and noted it reacted with heterocumulenes in a fashion reminiscent of FLPs. We thus set out to explore its reactivity with a range of other substrates known to react with FLPs. This was undertaken by a series of synthetic studies using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray crystallography. (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin was investigated for its reactivity towards water, hydrogen, and phenylacetylene. Its solution stability was also explored. Upon heating, (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin decomposed to (6-Dipp)CuCN, which was characterised by SC-XRD and NMR spectroscopy, and pinBtBu. Although no reaction was observed with hydrogen, (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin reacted with water to form (6-Dipp)CuC(=N(H)tBu)B(OH)pin, which was structurally characterised. In contrast to its FLP-reminiscent heterolytic cleavage reactivity towards water, (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin acted as a Brønsted base towards phenyl acetylene generating (6-Dipp)CuCCPh, which was characterised by SC-XRD, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, and HC(=NtBu)Bpin
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19
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Chang F, Fedorov A. Carbon‐Supported Potassium Hydride for Efficient Low‐Temperature Desulfurization. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201574. [PMID: 35642547 PMCID: PMC9543908 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The industrial removal of organosulfur impurities from fossil fuels relies on transition‐metal‐based catalysts in harsh conditions (ca. 400 °C, up to 100 bar H2), yet desulfurization (DS) of refractory alkyl dibenzothiophenes (DBTs) remains challenging. Here, we report that carbon‐supported potassium hydride (KH/C) enables efficient DS of DBTs in mild conditions, viz. >97 % conversion of DBTs is achieved at 165 °C in 3–6 h while the yields of respective biphenyls are 84–95 % by using only 15 % excess of KH per a C−S bond. In addition, KH/C allows to lower the concentration of 4,6‐Me2DBT in the mesitylene solution from 1000 ppm to <3 ppm (165 °C, 20 h) and provides deoxygenation, denitrogenation and catalytic aromatic hydrogenation reactions. DS of various sulfur heterocycles by using KH/C, a transition‐metal‐free material based on earth abundant elements, is viable at low temperature and has prospects for the further development towards decentralized removal of organosulfur species from fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chang
- Laboratory of Energy Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Laboratory of Energy Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering ETH Zürich 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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20
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Qu ZW, Zhu H, Streubel R, Grimme S. C‐H Deprotonation and C=C Hydrogenation of N‐heterocyclic Olefin with Calcium Hydride Complexes: Cooperative Ca‐H‐Ca Bridge versus Terminal Ca‐H bond. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wang Qu
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Beringstr. 4 D-53115 Bonn GERMANY
| | - Hui Zhu
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemsitry Bonn GERMANY
| | - Rainer Streubel
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Institut für Anorganische Chemie Bonn GERMANY
| | - Stefan Grimme
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Bonn GERMANY
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21
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Ziółkowska A, Szynkiewicz N, Ponikiewski Ł. Activation of the C[double bond, length as m-dash]P bond in phosphanylphosphaalkenes (C[double bond, length as m-dash]P-P bond system) in the reaction with nucleophilic reagents: MeLi, nBuLi and tBuLi. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10989-10996. [PMID: 35425069 PMCID: PMC8988267 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09215d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three reactions of phosphanylphosphaalkene (1) with nucleophiles were performed to activate the diphosphorus monomer. We observed similar results in the reactions with MeLi and nBuLi, in which the P-P bond is cleavaged and triphosphorus systems [P(Me)2-CH(biph)-CH(biph)-P-(PtBu2)]- (1a'') and [P(nBu)2-CH(biph)-CH(biph)-P-(PtBu2)]- (1b''), respectively, are formed depending on the nucleophilic reagent (biph = biphenyl). In the case of tBuLi, the P-P bond remains intact; on the phosphorus atom, only one -tBu group is substituted, and as a result, [(biph)(H)C-P(tBu)-PtBu2]- (1c) is generated as a stable carbanion. We additionally investigated the effect of substitution in the phenyl ring in the course of these reactions by involving two other phosphanylphosphaalkenes (3 and 4). All initial reactions were conducted in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ziółkowska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Technology Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12 80-233 Gdansk Poland
| | - Natalia Szynkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Technology Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12 80-233 Gdansk Poland
| | - Łukasz Ponikiewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Technology Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12 80-233 Gdansk Poland
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22
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Abhyankar P, MacMillan SN, Lacy DC. Activation of H2 with Dinuclear Manganese(I)-Phosphido Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preshit Abhyankar
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David C. Lacy
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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23
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Stephan DW. Diverse Uses of the Reaction of Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) with Hydrogen. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20002-20014. [PMID: 34786935 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The articulation of the notion of "frustrated Lewis pairs" (FLPs) emerged from the discovery that H2 can be reversibly activated by combinations of sterically encumbered main group Lewis acids and bases. This has prompted numerous studies focused on various perturbations of the Lewis acid/base combinations and the applications to organic reductions. This Perspective focuses on the new directions and developments that are emerging from this FLP chemistry involving hydrogen. Three areas are discussed including new applications and approaches to FLP reductions, the reductions of small molecules, and the advances in heterogeneous FLP systems. These foci serve to illustrate that despite having its roots in main group chemistry, this simple concept of FLPs is being applied across the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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24
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Reactions of a Dilithiomethane with CO and N
2
O: An Avenue to an Anionic Ketene and a Hexafunctionalized Benzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Xu M, Wang T, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Reactions of a Dilithiomethane with CO and N 2 O: An Avenue to an Anionic Ketene and a Hexafunctionalized Benzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25281-25285. [PMID: 34559447 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of value-added products from simple C1 feedstocks is an attractive alternative avenue to traditional fossil fuels. Hexa-substituted benzene derivatives are highly useful molecules but are often challenging to prepare. Herein, we report that the lithium complex [(Ph2 P(S))2 CLi2 (THF)]2 1 reacts with CO lead to C-C bond formation and migration of a Ph2 P(S)-fragment affording 2. Subsequent reaction with N2 O results in oxidative cleavage of a P-C bond affording [Ph2 P(S)OLi(THF)2 ]2 4 and the anionic ketene-derivative Ph2 P(S)CCOLi(THF)2 5. Heating 5 prompts cyclotrimerization giving the hexa-substituted benzene derivative [Ph2 P(S)CCOLi(THF)2 ]3 6 regioselectively. This transition metal-free protocol to a hexa-substituted benzene is viable on a gram scale and permits the incorporation of 13 C labels. The mechanisms of these reactions are detailed via extensive DFT computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.,School of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
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26
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Wang T, Xu M, Jupp AR, Qu Z, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Steric Influence on Reactions of Benzyl Potassium Species with CO. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3640-3644. [PMID: 34592053 PMCID: PMC9292647 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of benzyl potassium species with CO are shown to proceed via transient carbene-like intermediates that can undergo either dimerization or further CO propagation. In a sterically unhindered case, formal dimerization of the carbene is the dominant reaction pathway, as evidenced by the isolation of ((Ph3 SiO)(PhCH2 )C)2 2 and PhCH2 C(O)CH(OH)CH2 Ph 3. Reactions with increasingly sterically encumbered reagents show competitive reaction pathways involving intermolecular dimerization leading to species analogous to 2 and 3 and those containing newly-formed five-membered rings tBu2 C6 H2 (C(OSiR3 )C(OSiR3 )CH2 ) (R=Me 6, Ph 7). Even further encumbered reagents proceed to either dimerize or react with additional CO to give a ketene-like intermediates, thus affording a 7-membered tropolone derivative 14 or the dione (3,5-tBu2 C6 H3 )3 C6 H2 CH2 C(O))2 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto80 St. George St.TorontoOntarioM5S3H6Canada
- School of ChemistryFaculty of ChemicalEnvironmental and Biological Science and TechnologyDalian University of Technology (P. R. China)
| | - Maotong Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto80 St. George St.TorontoOntarioM5S3H6Canada
| | - Andrew R. Jupp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto80 St. George St.TorontoOntarioM5S3H6Canada
| | - Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto80 St. George St.TorontoOntarioM5S3H6Canada
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27
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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28
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Qu Z, Zhu H, Grimme S. LiAlH
4
‐catalyzed Imine Hydrogenation with Dihydrogen: New DFT Mechanistic Insights. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry University of Bonn Beringstr. 4 53115 Bonn Germany
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29
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Xu M, Kooij B, Wang T, Lin JH, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Facile Synthesis of Cyanide and Isocyanides from CO. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16965-16969. [PMID: 34004079 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of K[N(SiMe3 )2 ] with 13 CO proceeds in C6 D6 or THF affording K13 CN and O(SiMe3 )2 under mild conditions as confirmed by crystallographic characterization of K(18-crown-6)CN. Similarly reaction of the alkali metal amides, M[N(SiR3 )R'] (M=Li, K; R=Ph, Me; R'=alkyl, aryl) provides the corresponding 13 C labeled isocyanide RN13 C and MOSiR3 , generally in high yields. In some instances, the use of the sterically bulky Ph3 Si-substituent is required to preclude 1,2-silyl migration affording the silylcarbamoyl salt M[Me3 SiC(O)NR']. These reactions have been used to obtain 19 examples of 13 C labelled isocyanides, and several examples of gram scale reactions are reported. The mechanism of the reactions is probed via reliable DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Bastiaan Kooij
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.,School of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jack H Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
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30
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Tinnermann H, Sung S, Csókás D, Toh ZH, Fraser C, Young RD. Alkali Metal Adducts of an Iron(0) Complex and Their Synergistic FLP-Type Activation of Aliphatic C-X Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10700-10708. [PMID: 34251818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the formation and full characterization of weak adducts between Li+ and Na+ cations and a neutral iron(0) complex, [Fe(CO)3(PMe3)2] (1), supported by weakly coordinating [BArF20] anions, [1·M][BArF20] (M = Li, Na). The adducts are found to synergistically activate aliphatic C-X bonds (X = F, Cl, Br, I, OMs, OTf), leading to the formation of iron(II) organyl compounds of the type [FeR(CO)3(PMe3)2][BArF20], of which several were isolated and fully characterized. Stoichiometric reactions with the resulting iron(II) organyl compounds show that this system can be utilized for homocoupling and cross-coupling reactions and the formation of new C-E bonds (E = C, H, O, N, S). Further, we utilize [1·M][BArF20] as a catalyst in a simple hydrodehalogenation reaction under mild conditions to showcase its potential use in catalytic reactions. Finally, the mechanism of activation is probed using DFT and kinetic experiments that reveal that the alkali metal and iron(0) center cooperate to cleave C-X via a mechanism closely related to intramolecular FLP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Tinnermann
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Simon Sung
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhi Hao Toh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Craig Fraser
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Rowan D Young
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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31
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Xu M, Kooij B, Wang T, Lin JH, Qu Z, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Facile Synthesis of Cyanide and Isocyanides from CO. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Bastiaan Kooij
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
- School of Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Environmental and Biological Science and Technology Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 China
| | - Jack H. Lin
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
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32
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Tan X, Wang H. Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysis: It Takes Two to Make a Thing Go Right. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University Songhu Road 2005 Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University Songhu Road 2005 Shanghai 200438 China
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33
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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkali-Metal Mediation: Diversity of Applications in Main-Group Organometallic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9247-9262. [PMID: 33017511 PMCID: PMC8247348 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organolithium compounds have been at the forefront of synthetic chemistry for over a century, as they mediate the synthesis of myriads of compounds that are utilised worldwide in academic and industrial settings. For that reason, lithium has always been the most important alkali metal in organometallic chemistry. Today, that importance is being seriously challenged by sodium and potassium, as the alkali-metal mediation of organic reactions in general has started branching off in several new directions. Recent examples covering main-group homogeneous catalysis, stoichiometric organic synthesis, low-valent main-group metal chemistry, polymerization, and green chemistry are showcased in this Review. Since alkali-metal compounds are often not the end products of these applications, their roles are rarely given top billing. Thus, this Review has been written to alert the community to this rising unifying phenomenon of "alkali-metal mediation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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34
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Woltornist RA, Collum DB. Aggregation and Solvation of Sodium Hexamethyldisilazide: Across the Solvent Spectrum. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2406-2422. [PMID: 33471993 PMCID: PMC8011853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report solution structures of sodium hexamethyldisilazide (NaHMDS) solvated by >30 standard solvents (ligands). These include: toluene, benzene, and styrene; triethylamine and related trialkylamines; pyrrolidine as a representative dialkylamine; dialkylethers including THF, tert-butylmethyl ether, and diethyl ether; dipolar ligands such as DMF, HMPA, DMSO, and DMPU; a bifunctional dipolar ligand nonamethylimidodiphosphoramide (NIPA); polyamines N,N,N',N'-tetramethylenediamine (TMEDA), N,N,N',N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA), N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine (TMCDA), and 2,2'-bipyridine; polyethers 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, and diglyme; 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane ([2.2.2] cryptand); and tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine (TDA-1). Combinations of 1H, 13C, 15N, and 29Si NMR spectroscopies, the method of continuous variations, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory (DFT) computations reveal ligand-modulated aggregation to give mixtures of dimers, monomers, triple ions, and ion pairs. 15N-29Si coupling constants distinguish dimers and monomers. Solvation numbers are determined by a combination of solvent titrations, observed free and bound solvent in the slow exchange limit, and DFT computations. The relative abilities of solvents to compete in binary mixtures often match that predicted by conventional wisdom but with some exceptions and evidence of both competitive and cooperative (mixed) solvation. Crystal structures of a NaHMDS cryptate ion pair and a 15-crown-5-solvated monomer are included. Results are compared with those for lithium hexamethyldisilazide, lithium diisopropylamide, and sodium diisopropylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Woltornist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - David B Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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35
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Xu M, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Lithium Dicyclohexylamide in Transition-Metal-Free Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:634-638. [PMID: 33399459 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lithium dicyclohexylamide (Cy2NLi) reacts with syn-gas or CO to generate transient intermediates with carbene character, which are capable of reacting further with CO or H2, effecting sequential C-C and C-H bond formations from CO or H2, thus providing a transition-metal-free avenue to the fundamental reactions of the Fischer-Tropsch process. Further experimental and computational data indicate that reactions with CO and H2 are thermodynamically accessible, with a kinetic bias toward CO homologation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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36
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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkalimetall‐Mediatoren: Vielfältige Anwendungen in der metallorganischen Chemie der Hauptgruppenelemente. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
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37
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Aman M, Dostál L, Mikysek T, Růžičková Z, Mebs S, Beckmann J, Jambor R. Study of Donor–Acceptor Bonds on the
N
‐Coordinated Sn/Pb(II) Atoms in
peri
‐Substituted Naphthalenes: Evidence of Pb→B Interaction. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Aman
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry University of Pardubice 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry University of Pardubice 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Mikysek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Pardubice 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry University of Pardubice 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry University of Pardubice 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
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38
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Martin J, Eyselein J, Grams S, Harder S. Hydrogen Isotope Exchange with Superbulky Alkaline Earth Metal Amide Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Samuel Grams
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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39
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Ruiz C, Raya-Barón Á, Ortuño MA, Fernández I. Accelerating role of deaggregation agents in lithium-catalysed hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7932-7937. [PMID: 32490461 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A combined computational and experimental approach demonstrates the accelerating role of deaggregation agents, especially HMPA, in the Li-catalysed hydrosilylation of acetophenone in THF solution under very mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research centre CIAIMBITAL, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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40
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Zhang XY, Du HZ, Zhai DD, Guan BT. Combined KH/alkaline-earth metal amide catalysts for hydrogenation of alkenes. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00383b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Breaking saline KH: The combined KH/alkaline-earth metal amide catalysts display much better catalytic activity than their components in the hydrogenation of alkenes, suggesting the degradation and activation of saline KH with the metal amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Hui-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhai
- Department of chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- Department of chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
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41
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Alshakova ID, Foy HC, Dudding T, Nikonov GI. Ligand Effect in Alkali-Metal-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. Chemistry 2019; 25:11734-11744. [PMID: 31318992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work unveils the reactivity patterns, as well as ligand and additive effect on alkali-metal-base-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of ketones. Crucially to this reactivity is the presence of a Lewis acid (alkali cation), as opposed to a simple base effect. With aryl ketones, the observed reactivity order is Na+ >Li+ >K+ , whereas for aliphatic substrates it follows the expected Lewis acidity, Li+ >Na+ >K+ . Importantly, the reactivity pattern can be drastically changed by adding ligands and additives. Kinetic, labelling, and competition experiments as well as DFT calculations suggested that the reaction proceeds through a concerted direct hydride-transfer mechanism, originally suggested by Woodward. The lithium cation was found to be intrinsically more active than heavier congeners, but in the case of aryl ketones a decrease in reaction rate was observed at ≈40 % conversion with lithium cations. Noncovalent-interaction analysis revealed that this deceleration effect originated from specific noncovalent interactions between the aryl moiety of 1-phenylethanol and the carbonyl group of acetophenone, which stabilize the product in the coordination sphere of lithium and thus poison the catalyst. The ligand/additive effect is a complicated phenomenon that includes a combination of several factors, such as the decrease of activation energy by ligation (confirmed by distortion/interaction calculations of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, TMEDA) and the change in relative stabilization of reagents and substrates in the solution and the coordination sphere of the metal. Finally, we observed that lithium-base-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation can be further facilitated by the addition of an inexpensive and benign reagent, LiCl, which likely operates by re-initiating the reaction on a new lithium center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna D Alshakova
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hayden C Foy
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Travis Dudding
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Zhai DD, Du HZ, Zhang XY, Liu YF, Guan BT. Potassium Yttrium Ate Complexes: Synergistic Effect Enabled Reversible H2 Activation and Catalytic Hydrogenation. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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43
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Xiao M, Yue X, Xu R, Tang W, Xue D, Li C, Lei M, Xiao J, Wang C. Transition‐Metal‐Free Hydrogen Autotransfer: Diastereoselective N‐Alkylation of Amines with Racemic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Xin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringInstitute of Computational ChemistryCollege of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Ruirui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Weijun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringInstitute of Computational ChemistryCollege of ChemistryBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
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44
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Xiao M, Yue X, Xu R, Tang W, Xue D, Li C, Lei M, Xiao J, Wang C. Transition-Metal-Free Hydrogen Autotransfer: Diastereoselective N-Alkylation of Amines with Racemic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10528-10536. [PMID: 31162782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A practical method for the synthesis of α-chiral amines by alkylation of amines with alcohols in the absence of any transition-metal catalysts has been developed. Under the co-catalysis of a ketone and NaOH, racemic secondary alcohols reacted with Ellman's chiral tert-butanesulfinamide by a hydrogen autotransfer process to afford chiral amines with high diastereoselectivities (up to >99:1). Broad substrate scope and up to a 10 gram scale production of chiral amines were demonstrated. The method was applied to the synthesis of chiral deuterium-labelled amines with high deuterium incorporation and optical purity, including examples of chiral deuterated drugs. The configuration of amine products is found to be determined solely by the configuration of the chiral tert-butanesulfinamide regardless of that of alcohols, and this is corroborated by DFT calculations. Further mechanistic studies showed that the reaction is initiated by the ketone catalyst and involves a transition state similar to that proposed for the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction, and importantly, it is the interaction of the sodium cation of the base with both the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the sulfinamide moiety that makes feasible, and determines the diastereoselectivity of, the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruirui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Weijun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
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45
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Buhaibeh R, Filippov OA, Bruneau‐Voisine A, Willot J, Duhayon C, Valyaev DA, Lugan N, Canac Y, Sortais J. Phosphine‐NHC Manganese Hydrogenation Catalyst Exhibiting a Non‐Classical Metal‐Ligand Cooperative H
2
Activation Mode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6727-6731. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaya Buhaibeh
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Oleg A. Filippov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS)Russian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Antoine Bruneau‐Voisine
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Univ RennesCNRS, ISCR—UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Jérémy Willot
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Carine Duhayon
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Dmitry A. Valyaev
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Noël Lugan
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Sortais
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
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46
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Buhaibeh R, Filippov OA, Bruneau‐Voisine A, Willot J, Duhayon C, Valyaev DA, Lugan N, Canac Y, Sortais J. Phosphine‐NHC Manganese Hydrogenation Catalyst Exhibiting a Non‐Classical Metal‐Ligand Cooperative H
2
Activation Mode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaya Buhaibeh
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Oleg A. Filippov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS)Russian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Antoine Bruneau‐Voisine
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Univ RennesCNRS, ISCR—UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Jérémy Willot
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Carine Duhayon
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Dmitry A. Valyaev
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Noël Lugan
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Sortais
- LCC-CNRSUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSUPS 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
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47
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48
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Xu M, Jupp AR, Stephan DW. Acyl‐Phosphide Anions via an Intermediate with Carbene Character: Reactions of K[P
t
Bu
2
] and CO. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3548-3552. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Andrew R. Jupp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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49
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Xu M, Jupp AR, Stephan DW. Acyl‐Phosphide Anions via an Intermediate with Carbene Character: Reactions of K[P
t
Bu
2
] and CO. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Andrew R. Jupp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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Aman M, Dostál L, Růžičková Z, Mebs S, Beckmann J, Jambor R. Ambiguous Role of N → Sn Coordinated Stannylene: Lewis Base or Acid? Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Aman
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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