1
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Wang Q, Chen YX, Ji SH, Zhou JM, Li RH, Cai YR. Electrochemical Synthesis of Phenothiazinone as Fluorophore and Its Application in Bioimaging. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302124. [PMID: 37658481 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazinone is a promising yet underutilized fluorophore, possibly due to the lack of a general accessibility. This study reports a robust and scalable TEMPO-mediated electrochemical method to access a variety of phenothiazinones from 2-aminothiophenols and quinones. The electrosynthesis proceeds in a simple cell architecture under mild condition, and notably carbon-halogen bond in quinones remains compared to conventional methods, enabling orthogonal downstream functionalization. Mechanistic studies corroborate that TEMPO exerts a protective effect in avoiding product decomposition at the cathode. In particular, benzophenothiazinones show intriguing luminescence in both solid and solution state, and thus their photophysical properties are scrutinized in detail. Further bio-imaging of the lipid droplets in living cells highlights the considerable promise of benzophenothiazinones as fluorescent dye in the biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Xi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Su-Hui Ji
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Hao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Rui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
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2
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Budnikov AS, Krylov IB, Lastovko AV, Dolotov RA, Shevchenko MI, Terent'ev AO. The diacetyliminoxyl radical in oxidative functionalization of alkenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7758-7766. [PMID: 37698014 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00925d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The intermolecular oxime radical addition to CC bonds was observed and studied for the first time. The diacetyliminoxyl radical was proposed as a model radical reagent for the study of oxime radical reactivity towards unsaturated substrates, which is important in the light of the active development of synthetic applications of oxime radicals. In the present work it was found that the diacetyliminoxyl radical reacts with vinylarenes and conjugated dienes to give radical addition products, whereas unconjugated alkenes can undergo radical addition or allylic hydrogen substitution by diacetyliminoxyl depending on the substrate structure. Remarkably, substituted alkenes give high yields of C-O coupling products despite the significant steric hindrance, whereas unsubstituted alkenes give lower yields of the C-O coupling products. The observed atypical C-O coupling yield dependence on the alkene structure was explained by the discovered ability of the diacetyliminoxyl radical to attack alkenes with the formation of a C-N bond instead of a C-O bond giving side products. This side process is not expected for sterically hindered alkenes due to lower steric availability of the N-atom in diacetyliminoxyl than that of the O-atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Budnikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor B Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey V Lastovko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Roman A Dolotov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail I Shevchenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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3
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Luo MJ, Zhou W, Yang R, Ding H, Song XR, Xiao Q. Electrochemically enabled decyanative C(sp 3)-H oxygenation of N-cyanomethylamines to formamides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2917-2921. [PMID: 36942930 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxygenation of C(sp3)-H bonds adjacent to nitrogen atoms is a highly attractive strategy for synthesizing various formamide derivatives while preserving the substrate skeletons. Herein, an environmentally benign electrochemically enabled decyanative C(sp3)-H oxygenation of N-cyanomethylamines using H2O as a carbonyl oxygen atom source is described, leading to the synthesis of a large class of formamides in good to excellent yields with a broad substrate scope under metal- and oxidant-free conditions. This electrochemical technology highlights the facile incorporation of N-formyl into some important bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Ruchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Haixin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Xian-Rong Song
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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4
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Prudlik A, Mohebbati N, Hildebrandt L, Heck A, Nuhn L, Francke R. TEMPO-Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis: Influence of the Molecular Weight on Redox Properties and Electrocatalytic Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202730. [PMID: 36426862 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysts ("mediators") are frequently employed in organic electrosynthesis to control selectivity. Despite their advantages, they can have a negative influence on the overall energy and mass balance if used only once or recycled inefficiently. Polymediators are soluble redox-active polymers applicable as electrocatalysts, enabling recovery by dialysis or membrane filtration. Using anodic alcohol oxidation as an example, we have demonstrated that TEMPO-modified polymethacrylates (TPMA) can act as efficient and recyclable catalysts. In the present work, the influence of the molecular size on the redox properties and the catalytic activity was carefully elaborated using a series of TPMAs with well-defined molecular weight distributions. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the polymer chain length has a pronounced impact on the key-properties. Together with preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, an optimum size range was identified for polymediator-guided sustainable reaction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alina Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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5
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Zhu M, Tian Y, Sha J, Fu W. Photocatalytic radical cascade cyclization of
N
‐(o–cyanobiaryl) acrylamides: access to CF
2
H‐functionalized pyrido[4,3,2‐gh] phenanthridines. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhu
- College of Food and Drug Luoyang Normal University 471934 Luoyang P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Fuction-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University 471022 Luoyang P. R. China
| | - Jinyu Sha
- College of Food and Drug Luoyang Normal University 471934 Luoyang P. R. China
| | - Weijun Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Fuction-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University 471022 Luoyang P. R. China
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6
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Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Counter Electrode Reactions-Important Stumbling Blocks on the Way to a Working Electro-organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204140. [PMID: 35668714 PMCID: PMC9828107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, electro-organic synthesis has gained significant interest, both in technical and academic research as well as in terms of applications. The omission of stoichiometric oxidizers or reducing agents enables a more sustainable route for redox reactions in organic chemistry. Even if it is well-known that every electrochemical oxidation is only viable with an associated reduction reaction and vice versa, the relevance of the counter reaction is often less addressed. In this Review, the importance of the corresponding counter reaction in electro-organic synthesis is highlighted and how it can affect the performance and selectivity of the electrolytic conversion. A selection of common strategies and unique concepts to tackle this issue are surveyed to provide a guide to select appropriate counter reactions for electro-organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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7
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Ali T, Wang H, Iqbal W, Bashir T, Shah R, Hu Y. Electro-Synthesis of Organic Compounds with Heterogeneous Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2205077. [PMID: 36398622 PMCID: PMC9811472 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electro-organic synthesis has attracted a lot of attention in pharmaceutical science, medicinal chemistry, and future industrial applications in energy storage and conversion. To date, there has not been a detailed review on electro-organic synthesis with the strategy of heterogeneous catalysis. In this review, the most recent advances in synthesizing value-added chemicals by heterogeneous catalysis are summarized. An overview of electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction processes as well as paired electrocatalysis is provided, and the anodic oxidation of alcohols (monohydric and polyhydric), aldehydes, and amines are discussed. This review also provides in-depth insight into the cathodic reduction of carboxylates, carbon dioxide, CC, C≡C, and reductive coupling reactions. Moreover, the electrocatalytic paired electro-synthesis methods, including parallel paired, sequential divergent paired, and convergent paired electrolysis, are summarized. Additionally, the strategies developed to achieve high electrosynthesis efficiency and the associated challenges are also addressed. It is believed that electro-organic synthesis is a promising direction of organic electrochemistry, offering numerous opportunities to develop new organic reaction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ali
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
| | - Waseem Iqbal
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della CalabriaRendeCS87036Italy
| | - Tariq Bashir
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy TechnologiesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Rahim Shah
- Institute of Chemical SciencesUniversity of SwatSwatKhyber Pakhtunkhwa19130Pakistan
| | - Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced StudiesZhejiang Normal UniversityHangzhou311231China
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8
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Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of quinolines with water over a fluorine-modified cobalt catalyst. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5297. [PMID: 36075932 PMCID: PMC9458668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Room temperature and selective hydrogenation of quinolines to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines using a safe and clean hydrogen donor catalyzed by cost-effective materials is significant yet challenging because of the difficult activation of quinolines and H2. Here, a fluorine-modified cobalt catalyst is synthesized via electroreduction of a Co(OH)F precursor that exhibits high activity for electrocatalytic hydrogenation of quinolines by using H2O as the hydrogen source to produce 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines with up to 99% selectivity and 94% isolated yield under ambient conditions. Fluorine surface-sites are shown to enhance the adsorption of quinolines and promote water activation to produce active atomic hydrogen (H*) by forming F−-K+(H2O)7 networks. A 1,4/2,3-addition pathway involving H* is proposed through combining experimental and theoretical results. Wide substrate scopes, scalable synthesis of bioactive precursors, facile preparation of deuterated analogues, and the paired synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and industrially important adiponitrile at a low voltage highlight the promising applications of this methodology. Selective hydrogenation of quinolines with easy-to-handle hydrogen donors and cost-effective catalysts is desirable. Here electrocatalytic quinoline hydrogenation to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines is reported with water over a fluorine-modified cobalt.
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9
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Wang A, Liu X, Gao W, Ma L, Liu S, Zhang G, Zhou M, Jia X, Chen J. Cathode enabled high faradaic efficiency: reduction of imines to amines with H 2O as a H-source. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9906-9909. [PMID: 35975808 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03479d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benefiting from a high overpotential of the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction with a carbon paper cathode, the desired electrochemical reduction of imines was achieved with high faradaic efficiency by using H2O as a H-source. With this sustainable atom-economic strategy, a series of potentially versatile amines were obtained in medium-to-high yields (49-86%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaofei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
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10
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Electrochemically time-dependent oxidative coupling/coupling-cyclization reaction between heterocycles: tunable synthesis of polycyclic indole derivatives with fluorescence properties. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Li YN, Wang B, Huang YK, Hu JS, Sun JN. Recent advances in metal catalyst- and oxidant-free electrochemical C-H bond functionalization of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Front Chem 2022; 10:967501. [PMID: 36059873 PMCID: PMC9437222 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.967501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-H functionalization of nitrogen-containing heterocycles has emerged as a powerful strategy for the construction of carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds. In order to achieve efficient and selective C-H functionalization, electrochemical synthesis has attracted increasing attention. Because electrochemical anodic oxidation is ideal for replacing chemical reagents in C-H functionalization reactions. This mini-review summarizes the current knowledge and recent advances since 2017 in the synthetic utility of electrochemical transformations for the C-H functionalization of nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-Nan Li, ; Jia-Nan Sun,
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Ye-Kai Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Jin-Song Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Jia-Nan Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-Nan Li, ; Jia-Nan Sun,
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12
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Enders P, Májek M, Lam CM, Little D, Francke R. How to Harness Electrochemical Mediators for Photocatalysis – A Systematic Approach Using the Phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole Framework as a Test Case. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Enders
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis: Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse eV Electrochemistry & Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Michal Májek
- Comenius University in Bratislava: Univerzita Komenskeho v Bratislave Institute of Chemistry SLOVAKIA
| | - Chiu Marco Lam
- University of California Santa Barbara Chemistry & Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Daniel Little
- University of California Santa Barbara Chemistry & Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Robert Francke
- Rostock University Institute of Chemistry Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock GERMANY
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13
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Luo MJ, Xiao Q, Li JH. Electro-/photocatalytic alkene-derived radical cation chemistry: recent advances in synthetic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7206-7237. [PMID: 35880555 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkene-derived radical cations are versatile reactive intermediates and have been widely applied in the construction of complex functionalized molecules and cyclic systems for chemical synthesis. Therefore, the synthetic application of these alkene-derived radical cations represents a powerful and green tool that can be used to achieve the functionalization of alkenes partially because the necessity of stoichiometric external chemical oxidants and/or hazardous reaction conditions is eliminated. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthetic applications of the electro-/photochemical alkene-derived radical cations, emphasizing the key single-electron oxidation steps of the alkenes, the scope and limitations of the substrates, and the related reaction mechanisms. Using electrocatalysis and/or photocatalysis, single electron transfer (SET) oxidation of the CC bonds in the alkenes occurs, generating the alkene-derived radical cations, which sequentially enables the functionalization of translocated radical cations to occur in two ways: the first involves direct reaction with a nucleophile/radical or two molecules of nucleophiles to realize hydrofunctionalization, difunctionalization and cyclization; and the second involves the transformation of the alkene-derived radical cations into carbon-centered radicals using a base followed by radical coupling or oxidative nucleophilic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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14
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Lin HS, Chen SJ, Huang JM. Electrosynthesis of (hetero)aryl nitriles from α-imino-oxy acids via oxidative decarboxylation/N-O cleavage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8974-8977. [PMID: 35861309 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02986c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of (hetero)aryl nitriles via iminyl radicals has been developed through the electrochemical oxidative decarboxylation of α-imino-oxy acids. This protocol provides an efficient approach to nitriles with a broad range of functional-group tolerance under ambient conditions and can be applied for one-pot gram-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Shan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Shu-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
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15
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A highly regio- and stereoselective Pd-catalyzed electrocarboxylation of Baylis-Hillman acetates: An interesting switchable regioselectivity based on electrode material. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Karmaker PG, huo F. Organic Selenocyanates: Rapid Advancements and Applications in the Field of Organic Chemistry. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pran Gopal Karmaker
- Neijiang Normal University Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 705#, Dongtong Road, Neijiang, China, 641100Neijiang Normal University 641100 Neijiang CHINA
| | - feng huo
- Neijiang Normal University Chemistry Dongtong Rood #705 641100 Neijiang CHINA
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17
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Zhang C, Chen Q, Wang L, Sun Q, Yang Y, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Practical and modular construction of benzo[c]phenanthridine compounds. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHere, we describe a general and modular strategy for the rapid assembly of benzo[c]phenanthridine (BCP) derivatives using homogeneous gold catalysis. Notably, in contrast to traditional methods based on the specially preformed substrates that have an inherent preference for the formation of this class of compounds with limited flexibility, this protocol is achieved via a selectively intramolecular cascade of a diazo-tethered alkyne and subsequently an intermolecular cyclization with a nitrile to facilitate the successive C-N and C-C bonds formation. This methodology uses readily available nitriles as the nitrogen source to deliver the products in good yield with excellent functional group compatibility. A preliminary anti-tumor activity study of these generated products exhibits high anticancer potency against five tumor cell lines, including HeLa, Mel624, SW-480, 8505C, LAN-1. Besides, we report a catalyst-controlled intermolecular cycloaddition/intramolecular insertion of the substrate with a fulvene to provide fused polycarbocycles containing a seven-membered ring.
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18
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Cariello Silva G, de Souza GFP, Salles AG. Catalytic redox-neutral C-H functionalisation with TEMPO in water to access aminomethyl-substituted pyrroles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3495-3500. [PMID: 35416824 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00574c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A redox-neutral C-H functionalisation in water employing catalytic TEMPO to synthesize aminomethyl-substituted pyrroles is reported. Starting from cheap and commercial chemical feedstocks (ketoesters and anilines), our approach delivered targeted products in good yields and represents an endeavour to address redox economy in radical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Cariello Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13084-862, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela F P de Souza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13084-862, Brazil.
| | - Airton G Salles
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13084-862, Brazil.
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19
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Liu S, Lu Y, Sun S, Wang H, Gao W, Wang Y, Jia X, Chen J. Electrode material promoted dehydrogenative homo-/cross-coupling of weakly activated naphthalenes. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Feng T, Wang S, Liu Y, Liu S, Qiu Y. Electrochemical Desaturative β‐Acylation of Cyclic
N
‐Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shouzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
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21
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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22
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Iwabuchi Y, Nagasawa S. The Utility of Oxoammonium Species in Organic Synthesis: Beyond Alcohol Oxidation. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-21-sr(r)2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Li F, Liang Y, Zhan X, Zhang S, Li MB. Electricity-driven redox-neutral C(sp 3)–H amidation with N-alkoxyamide as an amidating reagent. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical redox-neutral C(sp3)–H amidation was developed with N-alkoxyamide as an amidating reagent. Under sequential paired electrolysis, N-alkoxyamides showed higher reactivity compared to the direct reaction of primary amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Li
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yating Liang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xuan Zhan
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Man-Bo Li
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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24
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Feng P, Peng X, Wen L, Ning Z, Zhang Z, Sun C, Tang Y. Electrochemistry-controlled dearomative 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles to synthesize oxoindoline derivatives. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00670g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A general and practical protocol for electrochemisty-controlled dearomative 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles via electrochemically anode-selective oxidative cross coupling has been demonstrated. The reaction runs under metal, oxidant and catalyst free condition,...
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25
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Kaboudin B, Behroozi M, Sadighi S. Recent advances in the electrochemical reactions of nitrogen-containing organic compounds. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30466-30479. [PMCID: PMC9597858 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04087e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical reaction of amines, nitriles, amides, nitroaromatics, and imines has been proven to be a valuable method for the synthesis of various nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Kaboudin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Milad Behroozi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Sepideh Sadighi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
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26
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Feng T, Wang S, Liu Y, Liu S, Qiu Y. Electrochemical Desaturative β-Acylation of Cyclic N-Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115178. [PMID: 34878215 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a straightforward, robust, and simple route to access β-substituted desaturated cyclic amines via an electrochemically driven desaturative β-functionalization of cyclic amines. This transformation is based on multiple single-electron oxidation processes using catalytic amounts of ferrocene. The reaction proceeds in the absence of stoichiometric amounts of electrolyte under mild conditions, affording the desired products with high chemo- and regioselectivity. The reaction was tolerant of a broad range of substrates and also enables late-stage β-C(sp3 )-H acylation of potentially valuable products. Preliminary mechanistic studies using cyclic voltammetry reveal the key role of ferrocene as a redox mediator in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shouzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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27
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Chen D, He T, Jin Y, Huang S. Electrooxidative Dearomatization to Spiroisoxazolines: Application to Total Synthesis of Xanthoisoxazoline B. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu He
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
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28
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Li Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Lei A. Electrochemical Dimethyl
Sulfide‐Mediated
Esterification of Amino Acids. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Huamin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Heng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
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29
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Mohebbati N, Prudlik A, Scherkus A, Gudkova A, Francke R. TEMPO‐Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis – Redox Behavior and Electrocatalytic Activity toward Alcohol Substrates. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anton Scherkus
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Aija Gudkova
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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30
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Ma C, Fang P, Liu D, Jiao KJ, Gao PS, Qiu H, Mei TS. Transition metal-catalyzed organic reactions in undivided electrochemical cells. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12866-12873. [PMID: 34745519 PMCID: PMC8514006 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed organic electrochemistry is a rapidly growing research area owing in part to the ability of metal catalysts to alter the selectivity of a given transformation. This conversion mainly focuses on transition metal-catalyzed anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction and great progress has been achieved in both areas. Typically, only one of the half-cell reactions is involved in the organic reaction while a sacrificial reaction occurs at the counter electrode, which is inherently wasteful since one electrode is not being used productively. Recently, transition metal-catalyzed paired electrolysis that makes use of both anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction has attracted much attention. This perspective highlights the recent progress of each type of electrochemical reaction and relatively focuses on the transition metal-catalyzed paired electrolysis, showcasing that electrochemical reactions involving transition metal catalysis have advantages over conventional reactions in terms of controlling the reaction activity and selectivity and figuring out that transition metal-catalyzed paired electrolysis is an important direction of organic electrochemistry in the future and offers numerous opportunities for new and improved organic reaction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ke-Jin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pei-Sen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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31
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Gao Y, Zhao Q, Li L, Ma YN. Synthesis of Six-Membered N-Heterocycle Frameworks Based on Intramolecular Metal-Free N-Centered Radical Chemistry. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100218. [PMID: 34618405 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of intramolecular C-N bond represents a powerful strategy in organic transformation as the great importance of N-heterocycles in the fields of natural products and bioactive molecules. This personal account describes the synthesis of cyclic phosphinamidation, benzosultam, benzosulfoximine, phenanthridine and their halogenated compounds through transition-metal-free intramolecular oxidative C-N bond formation. Mechanism study reveals that N-X bond is initially formed under the effect of hypervalent halogen, which is very unstable and easily undergoes thermal or light homolytic cleavage to generate nitrogen radical. Then the nitrogen radical is trapped by the arene to give aryl radical. Rearomatization of aryl radical under the oxidant to provide corresponding N-heterocycle. Under suitable conditions, the N-heterocycles can be further transformed to halogenated N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Qianyi Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Lixin Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Na Ma
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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32
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Wan JL, Cui JF, Zhong WQ, Huang JM. Iminyl-radicals by electrochemical decarboxylation of α-imino-oxy acids: construction of indole-fused polycyclics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10242-10245. [PMID: 34528040 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03891e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iminyl radicals are reactive intermediates that can be used for the construction of various valuable heterocycles. Herein, the electrochemical decarboxylation of α-imino-oxy acids for the generation of iminyl radicals has been accomplished under exogenous-oxidant- and metal-free conditions through the use of nBu4NBr as a mediator. The resulting iminyl radicals undergo intramolecular cyclization smoothly with the adjacent (hetero)arenes to afford a series of indole-fused polycyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Jian-Feng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
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33
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Novaes LFT, Liu J, Shen Y, Lu L, Meinhardt JM, Lin S. Electrocatalysis as an enabling technology for organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7941-8002. [PMID: 34060564 PMCID: PMC8294342 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments in electrosynthesis have featured an increased use of redox-active electrocatalysts to further enhance control over the selective formation and downstream reactivity of these reactive intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable synthetic transformations to proceed in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely chemical methods, allowing for the subversion of kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles encountered in conventional organic synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within the past decade in the area of synthetic electrocatalysis, with emphasis on the mechanisms and catalyst design principles underpinning these advancements. A host of oxidative and reductive electrocatalytic methodologies are discussed and are grouped according to the classification of the synthetic transformation and the nature of the electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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34
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Liu C, Li R, Zhou W, Liang Y, Shi Y, Li RL, Ling Y, Yu Y, Li J, Zhang B. Selectivity Origin of Organic Electrosynthesis Controlled by Electrode Materials: A Case Study on Pinacols. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuibo Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanmei Shi
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Run-Lai Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yangfang Ling
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yifu Yu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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35
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Nakamura K, Kobayashi E, Moriyama K, Togo H. Preparation of 6-substituted phenanthridines from o-biaryl ketoximes via the Beckmann rearrangement. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Weng Y, Chen H, Li N, Yang L, Ackermann L. Electrooxidative Metal‐Free Cyclization of 4‐Arylaminocoumarins with DMF as C1‐Source. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universitaet Gottingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Hantao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Nanhui Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Long Yang
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universitaet Gottingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universitaet Gottingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
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37
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Zhang W, Hong N, Song L, Fu N. Reaching the Full Potential of Electroorganic Synthesis by Paired Electrolysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2574-2584. [PMID: 33835697 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electroorganic synthesis has recently become a rapidly blossoming research area within the organic synthesis community. It should be noted that electrochemical reaction is always a balanced reaction system with two half-cell reactions-oxidation and reduction. Most electrochemical strategies, however, typically focus on one of the two sides for the desired transformations. Paired electrolysis has two desirable half reactions running simultaneously, thus maximizing the overall margin of atom and energy economy. Meanwhile, the spatial separation between oxidation and reduction is the essential feature of electrochemistry, offering unique opportunities for the development of redox-neutral reactions that would otherwise be challenging to accomplish in a conventional reaction flask setting. This review discusses the most recent illustrative examples of paired electrolysis with special emphasis on sequential and convergent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nianmin Hong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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38
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He M, Wu Y, Yao Y, Mo Z, Pan Y, Tang H. Paired Electrosynthesis of Aromatic Azo Compounds from Aryl Diazonium Salts with Pyrroles or Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu‐Xue He
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Zheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zu‐Yu Mo
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying‐Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai‐Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
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39
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2306-2319. [PMID: 33734572 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon- and heteroatom-centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter- and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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40
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemical generation of nitrogen-centered radicals for organic synthesis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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41
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Wei BY, Xie DT, Lai SQ, Jiang Y, Fu H, Wei D, Han B. Electrochemically Tuned Oxidative [4+2] Annulation and Dioxygenation of Olefins with Hydroxamic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3182-3188. [PMID: 33058402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work represents the first [4+2] annulation of hydroxamic acids with olefins for the synthesis of benzo[c][1,2]oxazines scaffold via anode-selective electrochemical oxidation. This protocol features mild conditions, is oxidant free, shows high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity, broad substrate scope of both alkenes and hydroxamic acids, and is compatible with terpenes, peptides, and steroids. Significantly, the dioxygenation of olefins employing hydroxamic acid is also successfully achieved by switching the anode material under the same reaction conditions. The study not only reveals a new reactivity of hydroxamic acids and its first application in electrosynthesis but also provides a successful example of anode material-tuned product selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Tai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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42
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Meng Z, Feng C, Xu K. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Formation of Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202012013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Kim SH, An JH, Lee JH. Highly chemoselective deoxygenation of N-heterocyclic N-oxides under transition metal-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3735-3742. [PMID: 33908554 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because their site-selective C-H functionalizations are now considered one of the most useful tools for synthesizing various N-heterocyclic compounds, the highly chemoselective deoxygenation of densely functionalized N-heterocyclic N-oxides has received much attention from the synthetic chemistry community. Here, we provide a protocol for the highly chemoselective deoxygenation of various functionalized N-oxides under visible light-mediated photoredox conditions with Na2-eosin Y as an organophotocatalyst. Mechanistic studies imply that the excited state of the organophotocatalyst is reductively quenched by Hantzsch esters. This operationally simple technique tolerates a wide range of functional groups and allows high-yield, multigram-scale deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hyeon An
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Dongguk University Gyeongju Campus, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Wei B, Xie D, Lai S, Jiang Y, Fu H, Wei D, Han B. Electrochemically Tuned Oxidative [4+2] Annulation and Dioxygenation of Olefins with Hydroxamic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bang‐Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dong‐Tai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Qiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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45
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Lee JW, Lim S, Maienshein DN, Liu P, Ngai MY. Redox-Neutral TEMPO Catalysis: Direct Radical (Hetero)Aryl C-H Di- and Trifluoromethoxylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21475-21480. [PMID: 32830430 PMCID: PMC7720849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Applications of TEMPO. catalysis for the development of redox-neutral transformations are rare. Reported here is the first TEMPO. -catalyzed, redox-neutral C-H di- and trifluoromethoxylation of (hetero)arenes. The reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope, has high functional-group tolerance, and can be employed for the late-stage functionalization of complex druglike molecules. Kinetic measurements, isolation and resubjection of catalytic intermediates, UV/Vis studies, and DFT calculations support the proposed oxidative TEMPO. /TEMPO+ redox catalytic cycle. Mechanistic studies also suggest that Li2 CO3 plays an important role in preventing catalyst deactivation. These findings will provide new insights into the design and development of novel reactions through redox-neutral TEMPO. catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny W Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Sanghyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Daniel N Maienshein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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46
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Heard DM, Lennox AJJ. Electrode Materials in Modern Organic Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18866-18884. [PMID: 32633073 PMCID: PMC7589451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The choice of electrode material is critical for achieving optimal yields and selectivity in synthetic organic electrochemistry. The material imparts significant influence on the kinetics and thermodynamics of electron transfer, and frequently defines the success or failure of a transformation. Electrode processes are complex and so the choice of a material is often empirical and the underlying mechanisms and rationale for success are unknown. In this review, we aim to highlight recent instances of electrode choice where rationale is offered, which should aid future reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of BristolSchool of ChemistryCantocks CloseBristol, AvonBS8 1TSUK
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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48
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Preparation of phenanthridines from N-(o-arylbenzyl)trifluoromethanesulfonamides with 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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49
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Lee JW, Lim S, Maienshein DN, Liu P, Ngai M. Redox‐Neutral TEMPO Catalysis: Direct Radical (Hetero)Aryl C−H Di‐ and Trifluoromethoxylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny W. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery State University of New York Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Sanghyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery State University of New York Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | | | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Ming‐Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery State University of New York Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
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50
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Tang L, Wang ZL, He YH, Guan Z. An Electrochemical Beckmann Rearrangement: Traditional Reaction via Modern Radical Mechanism. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4929-4936. [PMID: 32710520 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis as a potential means of introducing heteroatoms into the carbon framework is rarely studied. Herein, the electrochemical Beckmann rearrangement, i. e. the direct electrolysis of ketoximes to amides, is presented for the first time. Using a constant current as the driving force, the reaction can be easily carried out under neutral conditions at room temperature. Based on a series of mechanistic studies, a novel radical Beckmann rearrangement mechanism is proposed. This electrochemical Beckmann rearrangement does not follow the trans-migration rule of the classical Beckmann rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Lv Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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