1
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Su X, Sun J, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang J, Tang W, Gong J. Bifunctional Chiral Agent Enables One-pot Spontaneous Deracemization of Racemic Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402886. [PMID: 38526333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
A novel one-pot deracemization method using a bifunctional chiral agent (BCA) is proposed for the first time to convert a racemate to the desired enantiomer. Specifically, chiral α, (α-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol) formed enantiospecific cocrystals with racemic dihydromyricetin, and used its own alkaline catalysis to catalyze the racemization between the (2R,3R)-enantiomer and (2S,3S)-enantiomer in solution, achieving a one-pot spontaneous deracemization. This strategy was also successfully extended to the deracemization of three other racemic compound drugs: (R,S)-carprofen, (R,S)-indoprofen, and (R,S)-indobufen. The one-pot deracemization method based on the BCA strategy provides a feasible approach to address the incompatibility between cocrystallization and racemization reactions that are commonly encountered in the cocrystallization-induced deracemization process and opens a new window to develop essential enantiomerically pure pharmaceutical products with atom economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- China Petroleum Planning and Engineering Institute (CPPEI), China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yaoguo Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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2
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Cruz-Simbron RL, Picasso G, Cerda-Hernández J. Amino acid chiral amplification using Monte Carlo dynamic. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084502. [PMID: 38407289 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the stability of chiral-molecule solution phases, with a specific focus on amino acids. The model framework is based on a two-dimensional square lattice model, where individual sites may be occupied by oriented chiral molecules or structureless solvent particles. Utilizing the Glauber dynamics and statistical mechanical formalism, as previously introduced and examined by Lombardo et al., we explore the influence of temperature, amino acid concentration, enantiomeric excess, and homochiral interaction strength on nucleation mechanisms, equilibrium phase behavior, and crystal composition. Our findings offer thermodynamic insights into the chiral amplification process of amino acids, contributing to a deeper understanding of the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romulo Leoncio Cruz-Simbron
- Technology of Materials for Environmental Remediation (TecMARA) Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, National University of Engineering, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Lima, Peru
| | - Gino Picasso
- Technology of Materials for Environmental Remediation (TecMARA) Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, National University of Engineering, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Lima, Peru
| | - José Cerda-Hernández
- Econometric Modelling and Data Science Research Group, National University of Engineering, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Rimac, Lima, Peru
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3
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Sui J, Wang N, Wang J, Huang X, Wang T, Zhou L, Hao H. Strategies for chiral separation: from racemate to enantiomer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11955-12003. [PMID: 37969602 PMCID: PMC10631238 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation has become a crucial topic for effectively utilizing superfluous racemates synthesized by chemical means and satisfying the growing requirements for producing enantiopure chiral compounds. However, the remarkably close physical and chemical properties of enantiomers present significant obstacles, making it necessary to develop novel enantioseparation methods. This review comprehensively summaries the latest developments in the main enantioseparation methods, including preparative-scale chromatography, enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization-based methods for chiral separation, deracemization process coupling racemization and crystallization, porous material method and membrane resolution method, focusing on significant cases involving crystallization, deracemization and membranes. Notably, potential trends and future directions are suggested based on the state-of-art "coupling" strategy, which may greatly reinvigorate the existing individual methods and facilitate the emergence of cross-cutting ideas among researchers from different enantioseparation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Sui
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
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4
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van Dongen S, Ahlal I, Leeman M, Kaptein B, Kellogg RM, Baglai I, Noorduin WL. Chiral Amplification through the Interplay of Racemizing Conditions and Asymmetric Crystal Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:436-442. [PMID: 36534614 PMCID: PMC9837840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of enantiomeric excesses (ee) is routinely observed during chiral crystallization of conglomerate crystals for which the enantiomers undergo racemization in solution. Although routes comprising a combination of crystal growth and dissolution are frequently used to obtain enantiopure molecules, crystal growth by itself has rather been considered as a source of enantiomeric erosion and discounted as a potential source of enantiomeric amplification. Counterintuitively, we here demonstrate striking enantiomeric amplification during crystal growth for clopidogrel and tert-leucine precursors. Based on a mechanistic framework, we identify that the interplay between racemization and crystal growth rates elicits this surprising effect. The asymmetric amplification of the solid-phase ee can be enhanced by increasing the mass of grown material relative to the product such that small amounts of seeds of only 60% ee already result in virtually exclusive growth of the majority phase. These results impact our understanding of asymmetric amplification mechanisms during crystallization and offer a tangible basis for practical production of enantiopure molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imane Ahlal
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XGAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Leeman
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 ATGroningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Iaroslav Baglai
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XGAmsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Willem L. Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XGAmsterdam, The Netherlands,Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands,
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5
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Walsh MP, Barclay JA, Begg CS, Xuan J, Johnson NT, Cole JC, Kitching MO. Identifying a Hidden Conglomerate Chiral Pool in the CSD. JACS AU 2022; 2:2235-2250. [PMID: 36311827 PMCID: PMC9597607 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conglomerate crystallization is the spontaneous generation of individually enantioenriched crystals from a nonenantioenriched material. This behavior is responsible for spontaneous resolution and the discovery of molecular chirality by Pasteur. The phenomenon of conglomerate crystallization of chiral organic molecules has been left largely undocumented, with no actively curated list available in the literature. While other crystallographic behaviors can be interrogated by automated searching, conglomerate crystallizations are not identified within the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and are therefore not accessible by conventional automated searching. By conducting a manual search of the CSD and literature, a list of over 1800 chiral species capable of conglomerate crystallization was curated by inspection of the racemic synthetic routes described in each publication. The majority of chiral conglomerate crystals are produced and published by synthetic chemists who seldom note and rarely exploit the implications this phenomenon can have on the enantiopurity of their crystalline materials. With their structures revealed, we propose that this list of compounds represents a new chiral pool which is not tied to biological sources of chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Walsh
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - James A. Barclay
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Callum S. Begg
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Jinyi Xuan
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Natalie T. Johnson
- Cambridge
Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, CambridgeCB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C. Cole
- Cambridge
Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, CambridgeCB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew O. Kitching
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
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6
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Putman JI, Armstrong DW. Recent advances in the field of chiral crystallization. Chirality 2022; 34:1338-1354. [PMID: 35904758 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization is one of the largest and most economical bulk purification techniques used in industry today. There has been an increase in demand for enantiomerically pure compound production for research, organic synthesis, pharmaceutical drug production, and other applications. Even after asymmetric synthesis, chiral purification will always be necessary. The focus of this review is on recent advances in chiral crystallization for the purification of enantiomers. A comprehensive discussion of three techniques and their mechanisms is provided, namely: attrition-enhanced deracemization, cocrystallization, and inorganic ionic cocrystallization. Several examples of attrition-enhanced deracemization are discussed. The key advantage of this technique is that it eliminates enantiomeric waste and can be used to produce enantiomeric excesses of greater than 99% from racemic mixtures. Chiral cocrystallization is examined, with over 60 cocrystallizing compounds, as an excellent means for enantiomeric enrichment. Selective chiral inclusion complexation was shown to be a novel approach for the formation of cocrystals. Chiral inorganic ionic cocrystallization is a new technique involving the formation of cocrystals between chiral ligands and certain metal salts in order to produce conglomerate crystal behavior in otherwise racemic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Putman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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7
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Lerdwiriyanupap T, Belletti G, Tinnemans P, Cedeno R, Meekes H, Vlieg E, Flood AE. Influence of Ostwald's Rule of Stages in the Deracemization of a Compound Using a Racemic Resolving Agent. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:1459-1466. [PMID: 35140550 PMCID: PMC8815034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The stereoisomeric system of rac-2-phenylglycinamide (PGA) and rac-N-acetyl tryptophan (NAT) is significant in the application of chiral resolution because it has been shown that this system can be used for enantioseparation of PGA and/or NAT using a novel deracemization route of the conglomerate salt formed. However, it was also found that the conglomerate salt eventually converted into different crystal forms that limited the time available for the separation. Herein, we try to understand the phase conversion occurring in this system using DSC, PXRD, and SC-XRD. The related structures of the salt (two polymorphs of the more stable homochiral (dd- and ll-) salts and one polymorph of the less stable heterochiral (dl- and ld-) monohydrate salts) are demonstrated and discussed relating to their relative stabilities. The successful deracemization was demonstrated using the heterochiral (dl- or ld-) monohydrate salts. However, following Ostwald's rule of stages, only limited time is available for the deracemization before the metastable compound converts into the more stable homochiral (dd- and ll-) pair. Moreover, the occurrence of the (dd- and ll-) phase always coincides with the formation of yet another phase of the racemic compound containing four components in a crystal. Ostwald's rule of stages here thus involves three steps and phases and is highly significant during the deracemization of the homochiral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharit Lerdwiriyanupap
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science
and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute
of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Belletti
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruel Cedeno
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science
and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute
of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian E. Flood
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science
and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute
of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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8
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Kucharski DJ, Jaszczak MK, Boratyński PJ. A Review of Modifications of Quinoline Antimalarials: Mefloquine and (hydroxy)Chloroquine. Molecules 2022; 27:1003. [PMID: 35164267 PMCID: PMC8838516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-stage modification of drug molecules is a fast method to introduce diversity into the already biologically active scaffold. A notable number of analogs of mefloquine, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine have been synthesized, starting from the readily available active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In the current review, all the modifications sites and reactivity types are summarized and provide insight into the chemistry of these molecules. The approaches include the introduction of simple groups and functionalities. Coupling to other drugs, polymers, or carriers afforded hybrid compounds or conjugates with either easily hydrolyzable or more chemically inert bonds. The utility of some of the compounds was tested in antiprotozoal, antibacterial, and antiproliferative assays, as well as in enantiodifferentiation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Przemysław J. Boratyński
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (D.J.K.); (M.K.J.)
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9
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Abstract
Many structures in nature look symmetric, but this is not completely accurate, because absolute symmetry is close to death. Chirality (handedness) is one form of living asymmetry. Chirality has been extensively investigated at different levels. Many rules were coined in attempts made for many decades to have control over the selection of handedness that seems to easily occur in nature. It is certain that if good control is realized on chirality, the roads will be ultimately open towards numerous developments in pharmaceutical, technological, and industrial applications. This tutorial review presents a report on chirality from single molecules to supramolecular assemblies. The realized functions are still in their infancy and have been scarcely converted into actual applications. This review provides an overview for starters in the chirality field of research on concepts, common methodologies, and outstanding accomplishments. It starts with an introductory section on the definitions and classifications of chirality at the different levels of molecular complexity, followed by highlighting the importance of chirality in biological systems and the different means of realizing chirality and its inversion in solid and solution-based systems at molecular and supramolecular levels. Chirality-relevant important findings and (bio-)technological applications are also reported accordingly.
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10
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Kucharski D, Kowalczyk R, Boratyński PJ. Chiral Vicinal Diamines Derived from Mefloquine. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10654-10664. [PMID: 34314190 PMCID: PMC8389910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1,2-diamines based on the mefloquine scaffold prepared in enantiomerically pure forms resemble 9-amino-Cinchona alkaloids. Most effectively, 11-aminomefloquine with an erythro configuration was obtained by conversion of 11-alcohol into azide and hydrogenation. Alkylation of a secondary amine unit was needed to arrive at diastereomeric threo-11-aminomefloquine and to introduce diversity. Most of the substitution reactions of the hydroxyl group to azido group proceeded with net retention of the configuration and involved actual aziridine or plausible aziridinium ion intermediates. Enantiomerically pure products were obtained by the resolution of either the initial mefloquine or one of the final products. The evaluation of the efficacy of the obtained vicinal diamines in enantioselective transformations proved that erythro-11-aminomefloquine is an effective catalyst in the asymmetric Michael addition of nitromethane to cyclohexanone (up to 96.5:3.5 er) surpassing epi-aminoquinine in terms of selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid
J. Kucharski
- Department
of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wrocław
University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 26, Wrocław 50370 Poland
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Department
of Bioorganic chemistry, Wrocław University
of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 26, Wrocław 50370 Poland
| | - Przemysław J. Boratyński
- Department
of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wrocław
University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 26, Wrocław 50370 Poland
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11
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Buhse T, Cruz JM, Noble-Terán ME, Hochberg D, Ribó JM, Crusats J, Micheau JC. Spontaneous Deracemizations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2147-2229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buhse
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - José-Manuel Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico
| | - María E. Noble-Terán
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - David Hochberg
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera Ajalvir, Km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid Spain
| | - Josep M. Ribó
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR au CNRS No. 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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12
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Valenti G, Tinnemans P, Baglai I, Noorduin WL, Kaptein B, Leeman M, Ter Horst JH, Kellogg RM. Combining Incompatible Processes for Deracemization of a Praziquantel Derivative under Flow Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5279-5282. [PMID: 33241861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient deracemization method for conversion of the racemate to the desirable (R)-enantiomer of Praziquantel has been developed by coupling incompatible racemization and crystallization processes. By a library approach, a derivative that crystallizes as a conglomerate has been identified. Racemization occurs via reversible hydrogenation over a palladium on carbon (Pd/C) packed column at 130 °C, whereas deracemization is achieved by alternating crystal growth/dissolution steps with temperature cycling between 5-15 °C. These incompatible processes are combined by means of a flow system resulting in complete deracemization of the solid phase to the desired (R)-enantiomer (98 % ee). Such an unprecedented deracemization by a decoupled crystallization/racemization approach can readily be turned into a practical process and opens new opportunities for the development of essential enantiomerically pure building blocks that require harsh methods for racemization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iaroslav Baglai
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem L Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Kaptein
- InnoSyn BV, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Leeman
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop H Ter Horst
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
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13
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Valenti G, Tinnemans P, Baglai I, Noorduin WL, Kaptein B, Leeman M, ter Horst JH, Kellogg RM. Combining Incompatible Processes for Deracemization of a Praziquantel Derivative under Flow Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem L. Noorduin
- AMOLF Science Park 104 1098 XG Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joop H. ter Horst
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC) Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre University of Strathclyde 99 George Street Glasgow G1 1RD UK
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14
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Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis Involving Chiral Symmetry Breaking in Diels–Alder Reaction. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient generation and amplification of chirality from prochiral substrates in the Diels–Alder reaction (DA reaction) followed by dynamic crystallization were achieved without using an external chiral source. Since the DA reaction of 2-methylfuran and various maleimides proceeds reversibly, an exo-adduct was obtained as the main product as the reaction proceeded. From single crystal X-ray structure analysis, it was found that five of ten exo-adducts gave conglomerates. When 2-methylfuran and various maleimides with a catalytic amount of TFA were reacted in a sealed tube, the exo-DA adducts were precipitated from the solution, while the reaction mixtures were continuously ground and stirred using glass beads. Deracemization occurred and chiral amplification was observed for four of the substrates. Each final enantiomeric purity was influenced by the crystal structure, and when enantiomers were included in the disorder, they reached an enantiomeric purity reflecting the ratio of the disorder. The final ee value of the 3,5-dimethylphenyl derivative after chiral amplification was 98% ee.
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15
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Belletti G, Tortora C, Mellema ID, Tinnemans P, Meekes H, Rutjes FPJT, Tsogoeva SB, Vlieg E. Photoracemization-Based Viedma Ripening of a BINOL Derivative. Chemistry 2020; 26:839-844. [PMID: 31663650 PMCID: PMC7004087 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viedma ripening is a deracemization process that has been used to deracemize a range of chiral molecules. The method has two major requirements: the compound needs to crystallize as a conglomerate and it needs to be racemizable under the crystallization conditions. Although conglomerate formation can be induced in different ways, the number of racemization methods is still rather limited. To extend the scope of Viedma ripening, in the present research we applied UV-light-induced racemization in a Viedma ripening process, and report the successful deracemization of a BINOL derivative crystallizing as a conglomerate. Irradiation by UV light activates the target compound in combination with an organic base, required to promote the excited-state proton transfer (ESPT), leading thereafter to racemization. This offers a new tool towards the development of Viedma ripening processes, by using a cheap and "green" catalytic source like UV light to racemize suitable chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Belletti
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Carola Tortora
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Indradevi D. Mellema
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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16
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Cameli F, Xiouras C, Stefanidis GD. High-throughput on demand access of single enantiomers by a continuous flow crystallization process. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel continuous flow reactive crystallization process for the in situ on-demand access of single enantiomer crystals is reported and exemplified for a chiral pharmaceutical intermediate that crystallizes as a racemic conglomerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cameli
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS)
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Christos Xiouras
- Crystallization Technology Unit (CTU)
- Janssen Research & Development
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson
- Beerse
- Belgium
| | - Georgios D. Stefanidis
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS)
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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17
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Wardell JL, Jotani MM, Tiekink ERT. Bis(mefloquinium) butane-dioate ethanol monosolvate: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1162-1168. [PMID: 31417785 PMCID: PMC6690461 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the centrosymmetric title salt solvate, 2C17H17F6N2O+· C4H4O4 2-·CH3CH2OH, (systematic name: 2-{[2,8-bis-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)quinolin-4-yl](hy-droxy)meth-yl}piperidin-1-ium butane-dioate ethanol monosolvate) comprises two independent cations, with almost superimposable conformations and each approximating the shape of the letter L, a butane-dioate dianion with an all-trans conformation and an ethanol solvent mol-ecule. In the crystal, supra-molecular chains along the a-axis direction are sustained by charge-assisted hy-droxy-O-H⋯O(carboxyl-ate) and ammonium-N-H⋯O(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds. These are connected into a layer via C-F⋯π(pyrid-yl) contacts and π-π stacking inter-actions between quinolinyl-C6 and -NC5 rings of the independent cations of the asymmetric unit [inter-centroid separations = 3.6784 (17) and 3.6866 (17) Å]. Layers stack along the c-axis direction with no directional inter-actions between them. The analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface reveals the significance of the fluorine atoms in surface contacts. Thus, by far the greatest contribution to the surface contacts, i.e. 41.2%, are of the type F⋯H/H⋯F and many of these occur in the inter-layer region. However, these contacts occur at separations beyond the sum of the van der Waals radii for these atoms. It is noted that H⋯H contacts contribute 29.8% to the overall surface, with smaller contributions from O⋯H/H⋯O (14.0%) and F⋯F (5.7%) contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Wardell
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mukesh M. Jotani
- Department of Physics, Bhavan’s Sheth R. A. College of Science, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380001, India
| | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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18
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Lazarou KA, González-Nieves K, Chakraborty I, Raptis RG. Spontaneous Resolution by Crystallization of an Octanuclear Iron(III) Complex Using Only Racemic Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7324-7328. [PMID: 30891840 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The P and M enantiomers of the octanuclear [Fe8 (μ4 -O)4 (μ-4-Cl-pz)12 Cl4 ] complex, having T symmetry, were resolved by temporary substitution of chloride ligands by racemic 4-s Bu-phenolates and subsequent crystallization, where the (S)- and (R)-phenolates coordinate selectively to the M and P complexes, respectively. The complexes were characterized by circular dichroism analysis and X-ray structure determination. This work constitutes a rare example of enantiomeric recognition resulting in spontaneous resolution upon crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Lazarou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Karilys González-Nieves
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Carolina, PO Box 4800, Carolina, PR, 00984, USA
| | - Indranil Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Raphael G Raptis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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19
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Lazarou KA, González‐Nieves K, Chakraborty I, Raptis RG. Spontaneous Resolution by Crystallization of an Octanuclear Iron(III) Complex Using Only Racemic Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A. Lazarou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences InstituteFlorida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Karilys González‐Nieves
- Department of Natural SciencesUniversity of Puerto Rico at Carolina PO Box 4800 Carolina PR 00984 USA
| | - Indranil Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences InstituteFlorida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Raphael G. Raptis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences InstituteFlorida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA
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20
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Baglai I, Leeman M, Kaptein B, Kellogg RM, Noorduin WL. A chiral switch: balancing between equilibrium and non-equilibrium states. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6910-6913. [PMID: 31139788 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we introduce a "chiral switch" - a sequence of operations that alternate between equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions to switch the absolute configuration of a chiral center. The generality and practical potential of the technique are demonstrated with three unnatural α-amino acid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iaroslav Baglai
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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