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Zhang J, Laskar A, Song J, Shklyaev OE, Mou F, Guan J, Balazs AC, Sen A. Light-Powered, Fuel-Free Oscillation, Migration, and Reversible Manipulation of Multiple Cargo Types by Micromotor Swarms. ACS NANO 2023; 17:251-262. [PMID: 36321936 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Through experiments and simulations, we show that fuel-free photoactive TiO2 microparticles can form mobile, coherent swarms in the presence of UV light, which track the subsequent movement of an irradiated spot in a fluid-filled microchamber. Multiple concurrent propulsion mechanisms (electrolyte diffusioosmotic swarming, photocatalytic expansion, and photothermal migration) control the rich collective behavior of the swarms, which provide a strategy to reversely manipulate cargo. The active swarms can autonomously pick up groups of inert particles, sort them by size, and sequentially release the sorted particles at particular locations in the microchamber. Hence, these swarms overcome three obstacles, limiting the utility of self-propelled particles. Namely, they can (1) undergo directed, long-range migration without the addition of a chemical fuel, (2) perform diverse collective behavior not possible with a single active particle, and (3) repeatedly and controllably isolate and deliver specific components of a multiparticle "cargo". Since light sources are easily fabricated, transported, and controlled, the results can facilitate the development of portable devices, providing broader access to the diagnostic and manufacturing advances enabled by microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Abhrajit Laskar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jiaqi Song
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Oleg E Shklyaev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Tao Y, Shi W, Luo F, Qiu B, Lin Z. Photothermal immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen based on the inhibition of cysteine-induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles by copper ion using a common thermometer as readout. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1181:338929. [PMID: 34556217 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dispersed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have weak photothermal effect in near-infrared (NIR) region. After the addition of cysteine, the AuNPs are aggregated due to the electrostatic interaction and then exhibited strong photothermal effect. At present of copper ion (Cu2+), the cysteine was catalytically oxidized into cystine, leading to the inhibition of the aggregation of AuNPs and the photothermal effect decreased. Based on this, a simple photothermal assay can be developed for Cu2+ detection using a common thermometer as readout. The change of the temperature (ΔT) of the system has a linear relationship with Cu2+ in the range of 10-300 nM with a detection limit of 7.4 nM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, through labeling the detection antibody in immunoassay with CuO nanoparticles as the source of Cu2+, a convenient photothermal immunoassay can be developed. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), an important biomarker for cancer screening, was chosen as the model target because the rise of CEA level is widely present in cancer blood serum. Under the optimized conditions, ΔT has a linear relationship with CEA concentration in the range of 3.0-48.0 ng/mL. The detection limit is 1.3 ng/mL. The proposed method had been applied to detect CEA in serum samples with good agreement with the reference method used in hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhou Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Weihao Shi
- General Surgery &Vascular Surgery Department, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, China
| | - Fang Luo
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China.
| | - Bin Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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Zhang J, Song J, Mou F, Guan J, Sen A. Titania-Based Micro/Nanomotors: Design Principles, Biomimetic Collective Behavior, and Applications. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Tansi BM, Manna RK, Shklyaev OE, Peris ML, Balazs AC, Sen A. Achieving Independent Control over Surface and Bulk Fluid Flows in Microchambers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6870-6878. [PMID: 33525863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To fully realize the potential of microfluidic platforms as useful diagnostic tools, the devices must be sufficiently portable that they function at the point-of-care, as well as remote and resource-poor locations. Using both modeling and experiments, here we develop a standalone fluidic device that is driven by light and operates without the need for external electrical or mechanical pumps. The light initiates a photochemical reaction in the solution; the release of chemical energy from the reaction is transduced into the spontaneous motion of the surrounding fluid. The generated flow is driven by two simultaneously occurring mechanisms: solutal buoyancy that controls the motion of the bulk fluid and diffusioosmosis that regulates motion near the bottom of the chamber. Consequently, the bulk and surface fluid flows can be directed independently of one another. We demonstrate that this exceptional degree of spatiotemporal control provides a new method for autonomously transporting different-sized particles in opposite directions within the chamber. Thus, one device can be used to both separate the particles and drive them to different locations for further processing or analysis. This property is particularly useful for analyzing fluids that contain multiple contaminants or disease agents. Because this system relies on intrinsic hydrodynamic interactions initiated by a portable, small-scale source of light, the device provides the desired level of mobility vital for the next generation of functional fluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Tansi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Raj Kumar Manna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Oleg E Shklyaev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Matthew L Peris
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Wang B, Kostarelos K, Nelson BJ, Zhang L. Trends in Micro-/Nanorobotics: Materials Development, Actuation, Localization, and System Integration for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002047. [PMID: 33617105 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Micro-/nanorobots (m-bots) have attracted significant interest due to their suitability for applications in biomedical engineering and environmental remediation. Particularly, their applications in in vivo diagnosis and intervention have been the focus of extensive research in recent years with various clinical imaging techniques being applied for localization and tracking. The successful integration of well-designed m-bots with surface functionalization, remote actuation systems, and imaging techniques becomes the crucial step toward biomedical applications, especially for the in vivo uses. This review thus addresses four different aspects of biomedical m-bots: design/fabrication, functionalization, actuation, and localization. The biomedical applications of the m-bots in diagnosis, sensing, microsurgery, targeted drug/cell delivery, thrombus ablation, and wound healing are reviewed from these viewpoints. The developed biomedical m-bot systems are comprehensively compared and evaluated based on their characteristics. The current challenges and the directions of future research in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Laskar A, Shklyaev OE, Balazs AC. Controlling the Spatiotemporal Transport of Particles in Fluid-Filled Microchambers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7124-7132. [PMID: 32073864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of microscale devices that autonomously perform multistep processes is vital to advancing the use of microfluidics in industrial applications. Such advances can potentially be achieved through the use of "chemical pumps" that transduce the energy from inherent catalytic reactions into fluid flow within microchambers, without the need for extraneous external equipment. Using computational modeling, we focus on arrangements of multiple chemical pumps that are formed by anchoring patches of different enzymes onto the floor of a fluid-filled chamber. With the addition of the appropriate reactants, only one of the enzymatic patches is activated and thereby generates fluid flow centered about that patch. These flows drive the self-assembly of microparticles in the solution and localize the particles onto the activated patches. By varying the spatial arrangement of the enzymatic patches, and the sequence in which the appropriate reactants are added to the solution, we realize spatiotemporal control over the fluid flow and the sequential transport of microparticles from one patch to another. The order in which the particles visit the different patches can be altered by varying the sequence in which the reactants are added to the solution. By harnessing catalytic cascade reactions, where the product of one reaction is the reactant for the next, we achieve directed transport between the patches with the addition of just one reactant, which initiates the catalytic cascade. Through these studies, we show how the trajectory of the particles' motion among different "stations" can be readily regulated through intrinsic catalytic reactions and thus, provide guidelines for creating fluidic devices that perform multistep reactions in an autonomous, self-sustained manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhrajit Laskar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Oleg E Shklyaev
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Seshadri S, Gockowski LF, Lee J, Sroda M, Helgeson ME, Read de Alaniz J, Valentine MT. Self-regulating photochemical Rayleigh-Bénard convection using a highly-absorbing organic photoswitch. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2599. [PMID: 32451397 PMCID: PMC7248117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify unique features of a highly-absorbing negatively photochromic molecular switch, donor acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA), that enable its use for self-regulating light-activated control of fluid flow. Leveraging features of DASA’s chemical properties and solvent-dependent reaction kinetics, we demonstrate its use for photo-controlled Rayleigh-Bénard convection to generate dynamic, self-regulating flows with unparalleled fluid velocities (~mm s−1) simply by illuminating the fluid with visible light. The exceptional absorbance of DASAs in solution, uniquely controllable reaction kinetics and resulting spatially-confined photothermal flows demonstrate the ways in which photoswitches present exciting opportunities for their use in optofluidics applications requiring tunable flow behavior. Autonomous control of liquid motion is vital to the development of new actuators and pumps in fluid systems but autonomous control of fluid motion is inaccessible in current systems. Here, the authors identify unique features of a photochromic molecular switch that enables its use for self-regulating light activated control of fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Seshadri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Luke F Gockowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jaejun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Miranda Sroda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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Manna RK, Shklyaev OE, Kauffman J, Tansi B, Sen A, Balazs AC. Light-Induced Convective Segregation of Different Sized Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18004-18012. [PMID: 30990309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using computational modeling, we design a facile method for sorting particles of different sizes in a fluid-filled microchamber. The microchamber is inclined at an angle with respect to the horizontal direction and contains suspended gold nanoparticles as well as the microparticles. With the application of ultraviolet light, the heat generated by illuminating the gold nanoparticles gives rise to thermal buoyancy effects, which drive the flow of the fluid in the chamber. This thermally driven, convective flow can be tailored by varying the intensity of the imposed light and the concentration of the gold nanoparticles in the solution. The competition between the drag force imposed by the fluid flows and the gravitational forces acting on the different sized particles produces the separation of the particles along the chamber's bottom, inclined wall. The separation distance between the particles can be increased by increasing the angle of inclination and the relative difference in the particle sizes. This system provides a label-free, membrane-less, and low-cost approach for sorting particles vital to a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Manna
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Oleg E Shklyaev
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Joshua Kauffman
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Benjamin Tansi
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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