Total Synthesis of Bipenicilisorin and Assignment of the Absolute Configuration

The first total synthesis of bipenicilisorin (1) isolated from Penicillium chrysogenum SCSIO 41001 via its monomer natural product, penicilisorin (2), was achieved. Penicilisorin was synthesized in four steps from a o-bromobenzaldehyde derivative via the Pd-catalyzed one-pot fluorocarbonylation/lactonization/β-elimination cascade reaction. Iodination of penicilisorin gave 7-iodopenicilisorin which was dimerized by Pd-catalyzed homodimerization to provide (±)-bipenicilisorin. The unknown absolute configuration of naturally occurring (+)-bipenicilisorin was examined by optical resolution of the (±)-synthetic bipenicilisorin and a comparison of experimental and theoretical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. These results support the absolute configuration of the natural product to be Sa. A cytotoxic activity test of (+)-and (-)-bipenicilisorin using A549 cells revealed that (+)-1 has a lower IC50 value than (-)-1.

Switchable chemoselective aryne reactions between nucleophiles and pericyclic reaction partners using either 3-methoxybenzyne or 3-silylbenzyne

Arynes are known to serve as highly reactive benzene-based synthons, which have gained numerous successes in preparing functionalized arenes. Due to the superb electrophilic nature of these fleeting species, however, it is challenging to modulate the designated aryne transformation chemoselectively, when substrates possess multiple competing reaction sites. Here, we showcase our effort to manipulate chemoselective control between two major types of aryne transformations using either 3-methoxybenzyne or 3-silylbenzyne, where nucleophilic addition-triggered reactions and non-polar pericyclic reactions could be differentiated. This orthogonal chemoselective protocol is found to be applicable between various nucleophiles, i.e., imidazole, N-tosylated/N-alkyl aniline, phenol, and alcohol, and an array of pericyclic reaction partners, i.e., furan, cyclopentadiene, pyrrole, cycloheptatrienone, and cyclohexene. Beyond arylation reactions, C-N bond insertion, Truce-Smiles rearrangement, and nucleophilic annulation are appropriate reaction modes as well. Moreover, this chemoselective protocol can find potential synthetic application.

Free Amine-Directed Redox Neutral Ruthenium(II) Catalysis toward Regioselective Synthesis of Heterobiaryls

A regioselective coupling of ortho-heteroaryl anilines and 7-oxabenzonorbornadienes has been developed by leveraging free amine-directed redox-neutral Ru(II) catalysis. This protocol facilitates formal C-2 arylation of the indole moiety under mild conditions to offer valuable heterobiaryls in high yields. The reaction displays a broad substrate generality and scalability and retains efficacy in the presence of diverse pharmacophore scaffolds. Moreover, products bearing a free amine group were successfully employed in Mg(NTf2)2-catalyzed double Michael addition cascade, which led to the synthesis of intricate indole- and pyrrole-fused azaheterocycles.

Atomic-resolution structure analysis inside an adaptable porous framework

We introduce a versatile metal-organic framework (MOF) for encapsulation and immobilization of various guests using highly ordered internal water network. The unique water-mediated entrapment mechanism is applied for structural elucidation of 14 bioactive compounds, including 3 natural product intermediates whose 3D structures are clarified. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that incorporated guests are surrounded by hydrogen-bonded water networks inside the pores, which uniquely adapt to each molecule, providing clearly defined crystallographic sites. The calculations of host-solvent-guest structures show that the guests are primarily interacting with the MOF through weak dispersion forces. In contrast, the coordination and hydrogen bonds contribute less to the total stabilization energy, however, they provide highly directional point interactions, which help align the guests inside the pore.

Modular Metal-Quinone Networks with Tunable Architecture and Functionality

Nanostructured materials with tunable structures and functionality are of interest in diverse areas. Herein, metal ions are coordinated with quinones through metal-acetylacetone coordination bonds to generate a class of structurally tunable, universally adhesive, hydrophilic, and pH-degradable materials. A library of metal-quinone networks (MQNs) is produced from five model quinone ligands paired with nine metal ions, leading to the assembly of particles, tubes, capsules, and films. Importantly, MQNs show bidirectional pH-responsive disassembly in acidic and alkaline solutions, where the quinone ligands mediate the disassembly kinetics, enabling temporal and spatial control over the release of multiple components using multilayered MQNs. Leveraging this tunable release and the inherent medicinal properties of quinones, MQN prodrugs with a high drug loading (>89 wt %) are engineered using doxorubicin for anti-cancer therapy and shikonin for the inhibition of the main protease in the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Total Synthesis of 6-Deoxydihydrokalafungin, a Key Biosynthetic Precursor of Actinorhodin, and Its Epimer

In this article, we report the total synthesis of 6-deoxydihydrokalafungin (DDHK), a key biosynthetic intermediate of a dimeric benzoisochromanequinone antibiotic, actinorhodin (ACT), and its epimer, epi-DDHK. Tricyclic hemiacetal with 3-siloxyethyl group was subjected to Et₃SiH reduction to establish the 1,3-cis stereochemistry in the benzoisochromane, and a subsequent oxidation/deprotection sequence then afforded epi-DDHK. A bicyclic acetal was subjected to AlH₃ reduction to deliver the desired 1,3-trans isomer in an approximately 3:1 ratio, which was subjected to a similar sequence to that used for the 1,3-cis isomer that successfully afforded DDHK. A semisynthetic approach from (S)-DNPA, an isolable biosynthetic precursor of ACT, was also examined to afford DDHK and its epimer, which are identical to the synthetic products.

Concise Synthesis of Chromene/Chromane-Type Aryne Precursors and Their Applications

The gram-scale synthesis of 5,6-, 6,7-, and 7,8-chromene/chromane-type aryne precursors and their applications in regioselective transformation to other functional derivatives is reported. Chromene/chromane-type arynes are generated under mild conditions, which can further undergo [2 + 2], [3 + 2], and [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, nucleophilic addition reactions, and σ-insertion reactions to produce structurally novel substituted chromenes and chromanes. The excellent regioselectivity of the reaction is facilitated by the oxygen-containing guiding groups at the ortho-position of the triple bond, which can be removed or switched to other functional groups including alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and arylamino groups.

Diverse diaryl sulfide synthesis through consecutive aryne reactions

An efficient method to synthesize diaryl sulfides with structural diversity is disclosed. Demethylative hydrothiolation of aryne intermediates generated from o-iodoaryl triflates with methylthio-substituted o-silylaryl triflates and further aryne reactions afford diverse diaryl sulfides.

3-Hydroxy-2-iodophenyl-(4-methylbenzenesulfonate)

3-Hydroxy-2-iodophenyl-(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) was synthesized via a three-step procedure, starting from commercially available resorcinol, with an overall yield of 65%. The structures of the products were determined by 1H and 13C NMR, HRMS and IR.

Stereoselective Total Synthesis of the Dimeric Naphthoquinonopyrano-γ-lactone (-)-Crisamicin A: Introducing the Dimerization Site by a Late-Stage Hartwig Borylation

The first stereoselective total synthesis of the dimeric naphthoquinonopyrano-γ-lactone (-)-crisamicin A was realized (13 steps, 5% overall yield). 1,4,5-Trimethoxynaphthalene, reached in five known steps, was brominated at C-3 to install a but-3-enoic ester by an ensuing Heck coupling. An asymmetric Sharpless dihydroxylation followed and gave a β-hydroxy-γ-lactone with >99.9% ee. Its OH substituent and acetaldehyde established the dihydropyran ring in a completely diastereoselective oxa-Pictet-Spengler cyclization. The 2,3-fused anisole moiety allowed the C⁵-H bond under Hartwig's conditions to be borylated. This set the stage for engaging the resulting C⁵-B bond in an oxidative dimerization, which led to a binaphthohydroquinon-5-yl. The latter was advanced to synthetic crisamicin A by a double CAN oxidation (→ a binaphthoquinon-5-yl) and a double demethylation.

Unraveling Plant Natural Chemical Diversity for Drug Discovery Purposes

The screening and testing of extracts against a variety of pharmacological targets in order to benefit from the immense natural chemical diversity is a concern in many laboratories worldwide. And several successes have been recorded in finding new actives in natural products, some of which have become new drugs or new sources of inspiration for drugs. But in view of the vast amount of research on the subject, it is surprising that not more drug candidates were found. In our view, it is fundamental to reflect upon the approaches of such drug discovery programs and the technical processes that are used, along with their inherent difficulties and biases. Based on an extensive survey of recent publications, we discuss the origin and the variety of natural chemical diversity as well as the strategies to having the potential to embrace this diversity. It seemed to us that some of the difficulties of the area could be related with the technical approaches that are used, so the present review begins with synthetizing some of the more used discovery strategies, exemplifying some key points, in order to address some of their limitations. It appears that one of the challenges of natural product-based drug discovery programs should be an easier access to renewable sources of plant-derived products. Maximizing the use of the data together with the exploration of chemical diversity while working on reasonable supply of natural product-based entities could be a way to answer this challenge. We suggested alternative ways to access and explore part of this chemical diversity with in vitro cultures. We also reinforced how important it was organizing and making available this worldwide knowledge in an "inventory" of natural products and their sources. And finally, we focused on strategies based on synthetic biology and syntheses that allow reaching industrial scale supply. Approaches based on the opportunities lying in untapped natural plant chemical diversity are also considered.

Direct methylation and carbonylation of in situ generated arynes via HDDA-Wittig coupling

A high-efficiency HDDA-Wittig coupling strategy for synthesis of fully functionalized benzenes is reported. Direct methylation and carbonylation of aryne intermediates reacted with phosphorus ylides to form the carbonylated 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenes.