1
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Jiang Y, Kibune M, Tosaka M, Yamago S. Practical Synthesis of Dendritic Hyperbranched Polyacrylates and Their Topological Block Polymers by Organotellurium-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306916. [PMID: 37433751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The practical synthesis of structurally controlled hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) by organotellurium-mediated radical polymerization (TERP) in water under emulsion conditions is reported. Copolymerization of vinyltelluride named evolmer, which induces controlled branch structure, and acrylates with TERP chain transfer agent (CTA) in water afforded HBPs having dendron structure. The molecular weight, dispersity, branch number, and branch length of the HBPs were controlled by changing the amount of CTA, evolmer, and acrylate monomers. HB-poly(butyl acrylate)s (HBPBAs) with up to the 8th generation having an average of 255 branches were successfully synthesized. As the monomer conversion reached nearly quantitative and the obtained polymer particles were well dispersed in water, the method is highly suitable for synthesizing topological block polymers, block polymers consisting of different topologies. Thus, linear-block-HB, HB-block-linear, and HB-block-HB-PBAs with the controlled structure were successfully synthesized by adding the second monomer(s) to the macro-CTA. The intrinsic viscosity of the resulting homo- and topological block PBAs was systematically controlled by the degree of the branch, the branch length, and the topology. Therefore, the method opens the possibility of obtaining various HBPs with diverse branch structures and tuning the polymer properties by the polymer topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masato Kibune
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tosaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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2
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Kapil K, Szczepaniak G, Martinez MR, Murata H, Jazani AM, Jeong J, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Visible-Light-Mediated Controlled Radical Branching Polymerization in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217658. [PMID: 36645871 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymethacrylates were synthesized by green-light-induced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) under biologically relevant conditions in the open air. Sodium 2-bromoacrylate (SBA) was prepared in situ from commercially available 2-bromoacrylic acid and used as a water-soluble inibramer to induce branching during the copolymerization of methacrylate monomers. As a result, well-defined branched polymethacrylates were obtained in less than 30 min with predetermined molecular weights (36 000<Mn <170 000), tunable degree of branching, and low dispersity values (1.14≤Đ≤1.33). Moreover, the use of SBA inibramer enabled the synthesis of bioconjugates with a well-controlled branched architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael R Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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3
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Expanding the toolbox of controlled/living branching radical polymerization through simulation-informed reaction design. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Cao M, Zhong M. Chain‐growth branching radical polymerization: an
inibramer
strategy. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Cao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | - Mingjiang Zhong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yale University New Haven CT USA
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven CT USA
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5
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Yang K, Liu Q, Wen S, Zhuang T. Synthesis of branched polyisobutylenes via cationic copolymerization of
p
‐chloromethylstyrene
and isobutylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shuai Wen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics of Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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6
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Yamago S. Practical synthesis of dendritic hyperbranched polymers by reversible deactivation radical polymerization. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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7
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Oberdorf K, Hanft A, Ramler J, Krummenacher I, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Lichtenberg C. Bismutamide als einfache Vermittler hochselektiver Pn−Pn‐Radikal‐Kupplungsreaktionen (Pn=N, P, As). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Oberdorf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Anna Hanft
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Jacqueline Ramler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, ACMM Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Niederlande
- Institut für Moleküle und Materialien Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona & ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spanien
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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8
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Li X, Kato T, Nakamura Y, Yamago S. The Effect of Viscosity on the Coupling and Hydrogen-Abstraction Reaction between Transient and Persistent Radicals. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Li
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuhisa Kato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Data-Driven Polymer Design Group, Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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9
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Oberdorf K, Hanft A, Ramler J, Krummenacher I, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Lichtenberg C. Bismuth Amides Mediate Facile and Highly Selective Pn-Pn Radical-Coupling Reactions (Pn=N, P, As). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6441-6445. [PMID: 33315293 PMCID: PMC7986226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The controlled release of well-defined radical species under mild conditions for subsequent use in selective reactions is an important and challenging task in synthetic chemistry. We show here that simple bismuth amide species [Bi(NAr2 )3 ] readily release aminyl radicals [NAr2 ]. at ambient temperature in solution. These reactions yield the corresponding hydrazines, Ar2 N-NAr2 , as a result of highly selective N-N coupling. The exploitation of facile homolytic Bi-Pn bond cleavage for Pn-Pn bond formation was extended to higher homologues of the pnictogens (Pn=N-As): homoleptic bismuth amides mediate the highly selective dehydrocoupling of HPnR2 to give R2 Pn-PnR2 . Analyses by NMR and EPR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and DFT calculations reveal low Bi-N homolytic bond-dissociation energies, suggest radical coupling in the coordination sphere of bismuth, and reveal electronic and steric parameters as effective tools to control these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Oberdorf
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Anna Hanft
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jacqueline Ramler
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, ACMMVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUBUniversitat de Barcelona & ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität, WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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10
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Ma Y, Yang HM, Chen ZH, Li YN, Li JF, Sun XL, Wang XY, Tang Y. Highly branched polymethacrylates prepared efficiently: brancher-directed topology and application performance. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01273h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of highly oil-soluble and branched polymethacrylates are prepared via ATRcP of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate and divinyl brancher with high efficiency, focusing on the brancher effect on the structure-performance of the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Zhao Y, Ma M, Lin X, Chen M. Photoorganocatalyzed Divergent Reversible‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization towards Linear and Branched Fluoropolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21470-21474. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Mingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education School of Chemical Science and Technology Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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12
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Zhao Y, Ma M, Lin X, Chen M. Photoorganocatalyzed Divergent Reversible‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization towards Linear and Branched Fluoropolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Mingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education School of Chemical Science and Technology Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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13
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Cuneo T, Gao H. Recent advances on synthesis and biomaterials applications of hyperbranched polymers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1640. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cuneo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Indiana USA
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Indiana USA
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14
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Lu Y, Yamago S. Synthesis of Structurally Controlled, Highly Branched Polymethacrylates by Radical Polymerization through the Design of a Monomer Having Hierarchical Reactivity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangtian Lu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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15
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Yamago S. Photoactivation of Organotellurium Compounds in Precision Polymer Synthesis: Controlled Radical Polymerization and Radical Coupling Reactions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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16
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Jiang Q, Zhang Y, Du Y, Tang M, Jiang L, Huang W, Yang H, Xue X, Jiang B. Preparation of hyperbranched polymers by oxa-Michael addition polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01686d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymers with high molecular weights were synthesized by t-BuP2-catalyzed oxa-Michael addition polymerization of trifunctional hydroxyl and diacrylate monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - YuanLiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Yongzhuang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Maotong Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Li Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
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17
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Naguib H, Cao X, Gao H. Synthesize Hyperbranched Polymers Carrying Two Reactive Handles via CuAAC Reaction and Thiol–Ene Chemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Naguib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556‐5670 USA
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556‐5670 USA
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556‐5670 USA
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