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Palermo AF, Chiu BSY, Patel P, Rousseaux SAL. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Alkyne Hydrocyanation Enabled by Malononitrile and a Formaldehyde Additive. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37924301 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of a nickel-catalyzed reductive alkyne hydrocyanation is described using 2-methyl-2-phenylmalononitrile (MPMN), a C-bound electrophilic transnitrilation reagent. Reproducibility issues led to the detection of oxidized hemiaminal impurities within N,N-dimethylacetamide. These impurities release formaldehyde in situ, which was ultimately identified as a critical reaction additive. A range of diaryl and aryl-alkyl alkynes underwent hydrocyanation. Mechanistic experiments revealed that formaldehyde and MPMN undergo a Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling of two π-components, leading to the controlled release of glycolonitrile as the active cyanating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F Palermo
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Y Chiu
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Purvish Patel
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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2
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Mills LR, Patel P, Rousseaux SAL. Decyanation-(hetero)arylation of malononitriles to access α-(hetero)arylnitriles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5933-5937. [PMID: 35315852 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary α-(hetero)arylnitriles are desirable biologically relevant products, however the existing methods for their synthesis can be unselective or require the use of undesirable reagents, such as cyanide salts. Herein we report a one-pot method for transnitrilation-mediated decyanation-metalation of disubstituted malononitriles, followed by treatment with (hetero)aryl electrophiles to access quaternary α-(hetero)arylnitrile products. A number of products were prepared using this method (34 examples, 27-99% yield). This method highlights the usefulness of malononitriles as precursors for alkylnitrile-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reginald Mills
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Purvish Patel
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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3
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Ren X, Wang G, Ji X, Dong K. Synthesis of Two Types of Nitriles Both Bearing Quaternary Carbon Centers in One-Pot Manner. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202107017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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de Albuquerque S, Cianni L, de Vita D, Duque C, Gomes ASM, Gomes P, Laughton C, Leitão A, Montanari CA, Montanari R, Ribeiro JFR, da Silva JS, Teixeira C. Molecular design aided by random forests and synthesis of potent trypanocidal agents as cruzain inhibitors for Chagas disease treatment. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:948-960. [PMID: 33058457 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cruzain is an established target for the identification of novel trypanocidal agents, but how good are in vitro/in vivo correlations? This work describes the development of a random forests model for the prediction of the bioavailability of cruzain inhibitors that are Trypanosoma cruzi killers. Some common properties that characterize drug-likeness are poorly represented in many established cruzain inhibitors. This correlates with the evidence that many high-affinity cruzain inhibitors are not trypanocidal agents against T. cruzi. On the other hand, T. cruzi killers that present typical drug-like characteristics are likely to show better trypanocidal action than those without such features. The random forests model was not outperformed by other machine learning methods (such as artificial neural networks and support vector machines), and it was validated with the synthesis of two new trypanocidal agents. Specifically, we report a new lead compound, Neq0565, which was tested on T. cruzi Tulahuen (β-galactosidase) with a pEC50 of 4.9. It is inactive in the host cell line showing a selectivity index (SI = EC50 cyto /EC50 T. cruzi ) higher than 50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio de Albuquerque
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Cianni
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Vita
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Duque
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana S M Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Charles Laughton
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael Montanari
- Centro de Robótica de São Carlos, EESC-ICMC, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean F R Ribeiro
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - João Santana da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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6
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Bhawal BN, Reisenbauer JC, Ehinger C, Morandi B. Overcoming Selectivity Issues in Reversible Catalysis: A Transfer Hydrocyanation Exhibiting High Kinetic Control. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10914-10920. [PMID: 32478515 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reversible catalytic reactions operate under thermodynamic control, and thus, establishing a selective catalytic system poses a considerable challenge. Herein, we report a reversible transfer hydrocyanation protocol that exhibits high selectivity for the thermodynamically less favorable branched isomer. Selectivity is achieved by exploiting the lower barrier for C-CN oxidative addition and reductive elimination at benzylic positions in the absence of a cocatalytic Lewis acid. Through the design of a novel type of HCN donor, a practical, branched-selective, HCN-free transfer hydrocyanation was realized. The synthetically useful resolution of a mixture of branched and linear nitrile isomers was also demonstrated to underline the value of reversible and selective transfer reactions. In a broader context, this work demonstrates that high kinetic selectivity can be achieved in reversible transfer reactions, thus opening new horizons for their synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Bhawal
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Julia C Reisenbauer
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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7
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Lu Z, Hu XD, Zhang H, Zhang XW, Cai J, Usman M, Cong H, Liu WB. Enantioselective Assembly of Cycloenones with a Nitrile-Containing All-Carbon Quaternary Center from Malononitriles Enabled by Ni Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7328-7333. [PMID: 32255625 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chiral nitriles are valuable molecules in modern organic synthesis and drug discovery. Selectively differentiating the two nitrile groups of widely available malononitrile derivatives is a straightforward yet underdeveloped route to construct enantioenriched nitriles. Here we report an enantioselective nickel-catalyzed desymmetrization of malononitriles for the generation of nitrile-containing all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. This protocol involves a nickel-catalyzed addition of aryl boronic acids to alkynes, followed by a selective nitrile insertion, providing unprecedented access to enantioenriched 5-7-membered α-cyano-cycloenones with a fully substituted olefin from a broad range of substrates. The synthetic utility of these nitrile products is demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis and conversion to several useful functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Lu
- Sauvage Center for Molecule Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xu-Dong Hu
- Sauvage Center for Molecule Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Sauvage Center for Molecule Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- Sauvage Center for Molecule Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Jinhui Cai
- Sauvage Center for Molecule Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Sauvage Center for Molecule Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- Sauvage Center for Molecule Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecule Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
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8
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Chen H, Sun S, Liu YA, Liao X. Nickel-Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Halides and Hydrocyanation of Alkynes via C–CN Bond Cleavage and Cyano Transfer. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuhao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yahu A. Liu
- Discovery Chemistry, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xuebin Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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