1
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Guo P, Song X, Huang B, Zhang R, Zhao J. Photoinduced Low-Valent Zirconium Catalysis for Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405449. [PMID: 38781085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Accessing versatile C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond through the cross-electrophile coupling of two distinct etheric C-O bonds is crucial in organic synthesis but remains barely explored. Herein, we report an innovative photoinduced low-valent zirconocene catalysis enabling the reductive coupling of ethers with high activity and cross-selectivity. Mechanistic investigation suggests that photoexcitation of low-valent zirconocene facilitates the C(sp3)-O bond scission of benzylic ethers, leading to the benzylic radicals intermediate via a single-electron reduction pathway. The subsequent recombination of this benzylic radical with the Zr center followed by carbomagnesiation generates benzylic Grignard reagents for downstream coupling with aliphatic ethers through an SN2-like mechanism. In application, a wide range of ethers readily in situ derived from aldehydes and ketones becomes feasible with high functional group compatibility as well as excellent cross-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xuedong Song
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Banruo Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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2
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Kommoju A, Snehita K, Sowjanya K, Mukkamala SB, Padala K. Recent advances in dual photoredox/nickel catalyzed alkene carbofunctionalised reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39086201 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Alkene carbofunctionalization reactions have great potential for synthesizing complex molecules and constructing complex structures in natural products and medicinal chemistry. Recently, dual photoredox/nickel catalysis has emerged as a novel strategy for alkene carbofunctionalization. Nickel offers numerous advantages over other transition metals, such as cost-effectiveness, abundance, and low toxicity, and moreover, it has many oxidation states. Nickel catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity in dual photoredox/transition metal catalysis, facilitating the formation of carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds in organic transformations. This review highlights the latest advancements in dual photoredox/nickel-catalyzed alkene carbofunctionalizations and includes the literature published from 2020 to 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Kommoju
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
| | - Kattamuri Snehita
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
| | - Kandi Sowjanya
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
| | - Saratchandra Babu Mukkamala
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
| | - Kishor Padala
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tribal University of Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh-535003, India.
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3
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Liang G, Wang S, Zhou C, Ye C, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Photocatalytic Generation of Carbocation from Thiols and Application to Cross-Nucleophile Coupling. Org Lett 2024; 26:4286-4291. [PMID: 38722880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Represented herein is a simple thiol identified as an effective precursor to photochemically form a carbocation. Thanks to the thiyl radical rapid transformation to disulfide, which serves not only to stabilize the generated thiyl radical but also to allow the second electron transfer to form a carbocation. The resulting carbocations, including primary benzylic, secondary, and tertiary carbocations, can smoothly couple with nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon nucleophilic coupling partners as well as complex drug molecules, accompanied by elemental sulfur formation in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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4
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Xue M, Pan T, Shao Z, Wang W, Li H, Zhao L, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Sustainable Electrochemical Benzylic C-H Oxidation Using MeOH as an Oxygen Source. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400028. [PMID: 38225209 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
New methods and strategies for the direct oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds are highly desirable, owing to the importance of ketone motifs in significant organic transformations and the synthesis of valuable molecules, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and fine chemicals. Herein, we describe an electrochemical benzylic C-H oxidation strategy for the synthesis of ketones using MeOH as an oxygen source. Inexpensive and safe KBr serves as both an electrolyte and a bromide radical precursor in the reaction. This transformation also offers several advantages such as mild conditions, broad functional group tolerance, and operational simplicity. Mechanistic investigations by control experiments, radical scavenging experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy support a pathway involving the formation and transformation of benzyl methyl ether via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single-electron transfer (SET). The practical application of our strategy is highlighted by the successful synthesis of five pharmaceuticals, namely lenperone, melperone, diphenhydramine, cinnarizine, and flunarizine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tao Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhichao Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, 489 Helan Mountain West Road, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Hu Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, 489 Helan Mountain West Road, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Lixing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuexia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
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5
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Smith BP, Truax NJ, Pollatos AS, Meanwell M, Bedekar P, Garrido-Castro AF, Baran PS. Total Synthesis of Dragocins A-C through Electrochemical Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401107. [PMID: 38358802 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of dragocins A-C, remarkable natural products containing an unusual C4' oxidized ribose architecture bridged by a polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine, is presented through a route featuring a number of uncommon maneuvers. Several generations towards the target molecules are presented, including the spectacular failure of a key C-H oxidation on a late-stage intermediate. The final route features rapid, stereocontrolled access to a densely functionalized pyrrolidine and an unprecedented diastereoselective oxidative electrochemical cyclization to forge the hallmark 9-membered ring. Preliminary studies suggest this electrochemical oxidation protocol is generally useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendyn P Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nathanyal J Truax
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexandros S Pollatos
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael Meanwell
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada
| | - Pranali Bedekar
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alberto F Garrido-Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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6
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Mandal M, Buss JA, Chen SJ, Cramer CJ, Stahl SS. Mechanistic insights into radical formation and functionalization in copper/ N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide radical-relay reactions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1364-1373. [PMID: 38274066 PMCID: PMC10806759 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper-catalysed radical-relay reactions that employ N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the oxidant have emerged as highly effective methods for C(sp3)-H functionalization. Herein, computational studies are paired with experimental data to investigate a series of key mechanistic features of these reactions, with a focus on issues related to site-selectivity, enantioselectivity, and C-H substrate scope. (1) The full reaction energetics of enantioselective benzylic C-H cyanation are probed, and an adduct between Cu and the N-sulfonimidyl radical (˙NSI) is implicated as the species that promotes hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from the C-H substrate. (2) Benzylic versus 3° C-H site-selectivity is compared with different HAT reagents: Cu/˙NSI, ˙OtBu, and Cl˙, and the data provide insights into the high selectivity for benzylic C-H bonds in Cu/NFSI-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions. (3) The energetics of three radical functionalization pathways are compared, including radical-polar crossover (RPC) to generate a carbocation intermediate, reductive elimination from a formal CuIII organometallic complex, and radical addition to a Cu-bound ligand. The preferred mechanism is shown to depend on the ligands bound to copper. (4) Finally, the energetics of three different pathways that convert benzylic C-H bonds into benzylic cations are compared, including HAT/ET (ET = electron transfer), relevant to the RPC mechanism with Cu/NFSI; hydride transfer, involved in reactions with high-potential quinones; and sequential ET/PT/ET (PT = proton transfer), involved in catalytic photoredox reactions. Collectively, the results provide mechanistic insights that establish a foundation for further advances in radical-relay C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukunda Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Joshua A Buss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
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7
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Youn JH, Go SY, Chung H, Lee H, Chung TD, Cheong PHY, Lee HG. Dual Function of N-Iodosuccinimide for C(sp 3)-B Bond Activation. Org Lett 2024; 26:198-203. [PMID: 38153405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
A practical method for C(sp3)-B bond activation was developed. Using a combination of alkyl trifluoroborates and N-iodosuccinimide (NIS), various C(sp3)-heteroatom bonds were readily generated in an efficient manner. Mechanistic studies revealed the bifunctional ability of NIS: mediating the formation of reactive halogenated intermediates and activating them via halogen bonding. This electrophilic activation of the reaction center enables the utilization of general heteroatom nucleophiles, which are used in a limited capacity in traditional 1,2-metalate rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Youn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yong Go
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Chung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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8
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Bo C, Li M, Chen F, Liu J, Dai B, Liu N. Visible-Light-Initiated Air-Oxygenation of Alkylarenes to Carbonyls Mediated by Carbon Tetrabromide in Water. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301015. [PMID: 37661194 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing benzyl skeleton derivatives via direct oxidation of functionalized benzylic C-H bonds has received extensive research attention. Herein, a method was developed to prepare carbonyl compounds via photoinduced aerobic oxidation of ubiquitous benzylic C-H bonds mediated by bromine radicals and tribromomethane radicals. This method employed commercially available CBr4 as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent precursor, air as an oxidant, water as a reaction solvent, and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAPC) as an additive under mild conditions. A series of substrates bearing different functional groups was converted to aromatic carbonyls in moderate to good yields. Moreover, a low environmental factor (E-factor value=0.45) showed that the proposed method is ecofriendly and environmentally sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Bo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Jichang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
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9
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Lutovsky GA, Yoon TP. Cu(II) salts as terminal oxidants in visible-light photochemical oxidation reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 22:25-36. [PMID: 38047405 PMCID: PMC10842929 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01678a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Photochemistry provides an important platform for the discovery of synthetically useful transformations. The development of new oxidative photoreactions, however, has proven to be relatively challenging. The importance of the identity of the terminal oxidant has been an underappreciated consideration in the design of these reactions. Many of the most common terminal oxidants used in ground-state catalytic methods are poorly compatible with the one-electron oxidation state changes characteristic of photoredox reactions and result in hard-to-control deleterious side reactions. As an alternative, Cu(II) salts have emerged as versatile terminal oxidants in photochemical oxidation reactions that are terrestrially abundant, cost-effective, and readily compatible with one-electron oxidation state changes. This review highlights recent reaction methods that leverage Cu(II) oxidation in combination with the photochemical activation of substrates or that use Cu(II) salts as both the active chromophore and terminal oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Lutovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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10
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Maity S, Lopez MA, Bates DM, Lin S, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Polar Heterobenzylic C(sp 3)-H Chlorination Pathway Enabling Efficient Diversification of Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19832-19839. [PMID: 37642292 PMCID: PMC10629438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective radical reactions of benzylic C-H bonds are now highly effective methods for C(sp3-H) functionalization and cross-coupling. The existing methods, however, are often ineffective with heterobenzylic C-H bonds in alkyl-substituted pyridines and related aromatic heterocycles that are prominently featured in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Here, we report new synthetic methods that leverage polar, rather than radical, reaction pathways to enable the selective heterobenzylic C-H chlorination of 2- and 4-alkyl-substituted pyridines and other heterocycles. Catalytic activation of the substrate with trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride promotes the formation of enamine tautomers that react readily with electrophilic chlorination reagents. The resulting heterobenzyl chlorides can be used without isolation or purification in nucleophilic coupling reactions. This chlorination-diversification sequence provides an efficient strategy to achieve heterobenzylic C-H cross-coupling with aliphatic amines and a diverse collection of azoles, among other coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marco A. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Desiree M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shishi Lin
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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11
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Wang C, Yang N, Li C, He J, Li H. Tuning Benzylic C-H Functionalization of (Thio)xanthenes with Electrochemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:6139. [PMID: 37630392 PMCID: PMC10459638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a tunable electrochemical benzylic C-H functionalization of (thio)xanthenes with terminal alkynes and nitriles in the absence of any catalyst or external chemical oxidant. The benzylic C-H functionalization can be well controlled by varying the electrochemical conditions, affording the specific coupling products via C-C and C-N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changji Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 168 Taifeng Road, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (N.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (N.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Jian He
- Hefei New Online Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei 235000, China;
| | - Hongji Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (N.Y.); (C.L.)
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12
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Wang PZ, Chen JR, Xiao WJ. Emerging Trends in Copper-Promoted Radical-Involved C-O Bond Formations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17527-17550. [PMID: 37531466 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The C-O bond is ubiquitous in biologically active molecules, pharmaceutical agents, and functional materials, thereby making it an important functional group. Consequently, the development of C-O bond-forming reactions using catalytic strategies has become an increasingly important research topic in organic synthesis because more conventional methods involving strong base and acid have many limitations. In contrast to the ionic-pathway-based methods, copper-promoted radical-mediated C-O bond formation is experiencing a surge in research interest owing to a renaissance in free-radical chemistry and photoredox catalysis. This Perspective highlights and appraises state-of-the-art techniques in this burgeoning research field. The contents are organized according to the different reaction types and working models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Zi Wang
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, 7 North Bingang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430083, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, 7 North Bingang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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13
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Yuan P, Liu R, Zhu HM, Liao Z, Xiang JC, Wu AX. An I 2-DMSO catalytic manifold enabled aromatization for C-ring editing of podophyllotoxone. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6468-6473. [PMID: 37539709 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00927k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The precise aromatization of the C-ring of podophyllotoxone to access value-added dehydropodophyllotoxin derivatives conventionally requires the use of equivalent amounts of unsustainable oxidants and suffers from inefficiencies. Taking advantage of the hydridic character of the C8 and C8' of podophyllotoxone, we have developed an I2-DMSO catalytic manifold that enables a green and selective dehydrogenative aromatization to overcome these synthetic challenges. An unprecedented dehydrogenative amination of podophyllotoxone derivatives was also realized using aniline as the reaction partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Hui-Min Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Zhixin Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Chen Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - An-Xin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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14
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Liao K, Chan CY, Liu S, Zhang X, Chen J, Huang Y. Photoredox Cleavage of a C sp3-C sp3 Bond in Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37216226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Functionalizing molecules through the selective cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds is an attractive approach in synthetic chemistry. Despite recent advances in both transition-metal catalysis and radical chemistry, the selective cleavage of inert Csp3-Csp3 bonds in hydrocarbon feedstocks remains challenging. Examples reported in the literature typically involve substrates containing redox functional groups or highly strained molecules. In this article, we present a straightforward protocol for the cleavage and functionalization of Csp3-Csp3 bonds in alkylbenzenes using photoredox catalysis. Our method employs two distinct bond scission pathways. For substrates with tertiary benzylic substituents, a carbocation-coupled electron transfer mechanism is prevalent. For substrates with primary or secondary benzylic substituents, a triple single-electron oxidation cascade is applicable. Our strategy offers a practical means of cleaving inert Csp3-Csp3 bonds in molecules without any heteroatoms, resulting in primary, secondary, tertiary, and benzylic radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cho Ying Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Siqi Liu
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jiean Chen
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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15
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Oku N, Miura T. Cu-Catalyzed Double C(sp 3)-H Functionalization of Ethylarenes to Form Arylethanolamines. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37163526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A double C(sp3)-H functionalization of ethylarenes with alcohols and N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide is reported. The reaction proceeds in three stages. (1) Cu-catalyzed benzylic alkoxylation of ethylarenes gives 1-(1-alkoxyethyl)benzenes. (2) The resulting 1-(1-alkoxyethyl)benzenes are gradually converted into vinylarenes. (3) Cu-catalyzed aminoalkoxylation of the intermediary vinylarenes yields arylethanolamines. Overall, the C-N and C-O bonds are introduced regioselectively at the homobenzylic and benzylic positions of ethylarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oku
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoya Miura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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16
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Zhou J, Zhao Z, Jiang B, Yamamoto K, Sumii Y, Shibata N. Synthesis of triarylmethanes by silyl radical-mediated cross-coupling of aryl fluorides and arylmethanes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4248-4256. [PMID: 37123196 PMCID: PMC10132141 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cross-couplings of aryl halides with diarylmethanes are mostly achieved by transition-metal catalysis, aryl fluorides are rarely used as coupling partners owing to the high inertness of C-F bonds. Herein, we describe the efficient silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling reaction of aryl fluorides with arylalkanes under transition-metal-free, room-temperature conditions. The combination of silylboronate and KO t Bu is critical for driving a radical process via the cleavage of C-F and C-H bonds in two appropriate coupling precursors, resulting in a cross-coupling product. This practical cross-coupling protocol is applicable to a wide variety of aryl fluorides with a C(sp2)-F bond. This method can be extended to other coupling partners with a C(sp3)-H bond, including diarylmethanes, diarylethanes, and monoarylalkanes. Many di- and triarylalkanes with tertiary or quaternary carbon centers can be obtained easily in moderate to high yields. We believe that the developed silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling method is a valuable contribution to C-F and C-H activation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Bingyao Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Yuji Sumii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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17
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Jia X, Tian X, Zhuang D, Wan Z, Gu J, Li Z. Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Cross-dehydrogenative C-N Coupling at Room Temperature via Remote Activating Group Enabled Radical Relay Strategy. Org Lett 2023; 25:2012-2017. [PMID: 36944029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Employing N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as a nitrogen-centered radical (NCR) precursor, an intermolecular C(sp2)-N coupling on heteroarenes or substituted benzenes with remote activated aniline derivatives via copper catalyzed N-N radical relay strategy at room temperature is developed. Good to excellent yields are acquired, and no ligand or additive is required. Reaction scope investigation and preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrate that the remote activating strategy and delicate control on the reactivities of active NCR species are essential to guarantee satisfactory chemo- and site-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiangmin Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dailin Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhenyang Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiahao Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
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18
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Chen X, Lian Z, Kramer S. Enantioselective Intermolecular Radical Amidation and Amination of Benzylic C-H Bonds via Dual Copper and Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217638. [PMID: 36721305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A method for direct access to enantioenriched benzylic amides and carbamate-protected primary benzylamines by C-H functionalization is reported. The C-H substrate is used as limiting reagent with only a small excess of the unactivated amide or carbamate nucleophile. The enantioselective intermolecular dehydrogenative C-N bond formation is enabled by a combination of a chiral copper catalyst, a photocatalyst, and an oxidant, and it takes place under mild conditions, which allow for a broad substrate scope. The method is compatible with late-stage C-H functionalization, and it provides easy access to 15 N-labeled amides and amines starting from cheap 15 NH4 Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Bo C, Chen F, Bu Q, Du ZH, Li M, Dai B, Liu N. Visible-Light-Driven Organocatalytic Alkoxylation of Benzylic C-H Bonds. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3532-3538. [PMID: 36881000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of strategies for direct alkoxylation of the benzyl C-H bond have been developed toward the construction of benzyl ethers. The light-induced benzyl C-H bond alkoxylation provides an alternative strategy for the synthesis of these important intermediates. The photocatalyzed alkoxylation of the benzyl C-H bond has dominated by metal-catalyzed methods. Herein, we reported a light-driven organocatalytic approach for alkoxylation of the benzyl C-H bond by the use of 9,10-dibromoanthracene as a photocatalyst and employing N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide as an oxidant. This reaction proceeds at room temperature and is capable of converting a variety of alkyl biphenyl and coupling partners, including a variety of alcohol and carboxylic acid, as well as peroxide, to the desired products under 400 nm light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Bo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Qingqing Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
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20
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Yang B, Li G, Wang Q, Zhu J. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Stephadiamine. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5001-5006. [PMID: 36848312 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of (+)-stephadiamine has been accomplished featuring (a) an enantioselective dearomatizative Michael addition to generate a quaternary stereocenter; (b) a domino sequence involving reductive generation of nitrone from γ-nitro ketone followed by a highly regio- and diastereo-selective intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition to construct the aza[4,3,3]propellane core with concurrent generation of two quaternary stereocenters and two functional groups ready for subsequent transformations; (c) the Curtius rearrangement of the sensitive α,α-disubstituted malonic acid mono ester for the installation of α,α-disubstituted amino ester moiety; (d) a benzylic C-H oxidation under photoredox catalytic conditions; and (e) a highly diastereoselective ketone reduction affording δ-hydroxyester preorganized for lactonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochao Yang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guang Li
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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22
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Selective functionalization of benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds to synthesize complex molecules. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Murray PRD, Leibler INM, Hell SM, Villalona E, Doyle AG, Knowles RR. Radical Redox Annulations: A General Light-Driven Method for the Synthesis of Saturated Heterocycles. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13732-13740. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | | | - Sandrine M. Hell
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | - Eris Villalona
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
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24
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Zhang Y, Sahoo PK, Ren P, Qin Y, Cauwenbergh R, Nimmegeers P, SivaRaman G, Van Passel S, Guidetti A, Das S. Transition metal-free approach for late-stage benzylic C(sp 3)-H etherifications and esterifications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11454-11457. [PMID: 36148867 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a transition metal-free approach for the regioselective functionalization of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds using alcohols and carboxylic acids as the nucleophiles. This straightforward and general route has provided various benzylic ethers and esters, including twelve pharmaceutically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Prakash Kumar Sahoo
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Peng Ren
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Yuman Qin
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Robin Cauwenbergh
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Nimmegeers
- Department of Engineering Management, Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Intelligence in Processes, Advanced Catalysts and Solvents (iPRACS), Faculty of Applied Engineering, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Gandhi SivaRaman
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram, 624032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Steven Van Passel
- Department of Engineering Management, Universiteit Antwerpen, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Nanolab Centre of Excellence, Prinsstraat 13, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Andrea Guidetti
- Biophysics and Biomedical Physics (BIMEF), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shoubhik Das
- ORSY Division, Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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25
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Fitzpatrick NA, Zamani L, Das M, Yayla HG, Lall MS, Musacchio PZ. A SN1 mechanistic approach to the Williamson ether reaction via photoredox catalysis applied to benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Han W, Su J, Mo JN, Zhao J. Photoredox Catalytic Phosphine-Mediated Deoxygenation of Hydroxylamines Enables the Construction of N-Acyliminophosphoranes. Org Lett 2022; 24:6247-6251. [PMID: 35998322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of phosphoranyl radicals has received increasing attention in recent years. Here, we report the generation of amidyl radicals through photocatalytic deoxygenation of hydroxylamines with triphenylphosphine. This methodology offers a novel and convenient route to a diverse range of N-acyliminophosphoranes in moderate to good yields under visible-light photoredox conditions. Fluorescence quenching experiments suggest that the excited-state of the organic photocatalyst (4CzIPN) was oxidatively quenched by a Cu(II) salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Han
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Su
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Nan Mo
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jiannan Zhao
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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27
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Wang PZ, Liang YJ, Wu X, Guan W, Xiao WJ, Chen JR. Copper-Catalyzed Three-Component Photo-ATRA-Type Reaction for Asymmetric Intermolecular C–O Coupling. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Zi Wang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Yu-Jie Liang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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28
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Juliá F. Ligand‐to‐Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) Photochemistry at 3d‐Metal Complexes: An Emerging Tool for Sustainable Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Juliá
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia: Institut Catala d'Investigacio Quimica Chemistry Av Paisos Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona SPAIN
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29
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Motsch BJ, Wengryniuk SE. Site-Selective Synthesis of N-Benzyl 2,4,6-Collidinium Salts by Electrooxidative C-H Functionalization. Org Lett 2022; 24:6060-6065. [PMID: 35938890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-alkylpyridinium salts are versatile pseudohalides for SET-mediated cross couplings. However, the common 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium salt is plagued by poor atom economy and high cost of synthesis. Thus, there is a growing need for more practical scaffolds and innovative strategies for pyridinium salt formation. Herein, we report the synthesis of benzylic 2,4,6-collidinium salts via electrooxidative C-H functionalization. This method provides a complementary approach to tradtional strategies relying on substitution and condensation of prefunctionalized substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Motsch
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadephia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Sarah E Wengryniuk
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadephia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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30
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Wang F, Chen J, Jia X, Zhuang D, Wan Z, Ma L, Li Z. Direct Benzylic C(sp 3)-O Coupling with Alcohol via Site-Selective C(sp 3)-H Cleavage at Room Temperature through a Remote Directing Group-Enabled Radical Relay Strategy. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10698-10709. [PMID: 35930467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Employing a low loading of the terminal oxidant, a remote directing group-enabled radical relay strategy for benzylic direct C(sp3)-H alkoxylation with alcohols at room temperature is developed. Satisfactory site-selectivity, chemoselectivity, and reaction scope are achieved under simple and mild conditions, and no ligand or additive is required. Mechanistic studies, ready conversions of the directing group, and other benzylic functionalizations currently under development in our laboratory further indicate the promising potentials of this remote directing group-enabled radical relay strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 61006, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 61006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 61006, P. R. China
| | - Dailin Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 61006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 61006, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 61006, P. R. China
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 61006, P. R. China
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31
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Shennan BDA, Berheci D, Crompton JL, Davidson TA, Field JL, Williams BA, Dixon DJ. Branching out: redox strategies towards the synthesis of acyclic α-tertiary ethers. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5878-5929. [PMID: 35770619 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic α-tertiary ethers represent a highly prevalent functionality, common to high-value bioactive molecules, such as pharmaceuticals and natural products, and feature as crucial synthetic handles in their construction. As such their synthesis has become an ever-more important goal in synthetic chemistry as the drawbacks of traditional strong base- and acid-mediated etherifications have become more limiting. In recent years, the generation of highly reactive intermediates via redox approaches has facilitated the synthesis of highly sterically-encumbered ethers and accordingly these strategies have been widely applied in α-tertiary ether synthesis. This review summarises and appraises the state-of-the-art in the application of redox strategies enabling acyclic α-tertiary ether synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D A Shennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Diana Berheci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jessica L Crompton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Timothy A Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Joshua L Field
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Benedict A Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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32
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Oxidative lactonization of C(sp3)-H bond in methyl aromatic alcohols enabled by proton-coupled electron transfer. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Liang YJ, Zhu B, Su ZM, Guan W. Ir III/Ni II-Metallaphotoredox-Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Arylation of α-Amino Acids: Theoretical Insight of Enantio-Determining Outer-Sphere Reductive Elimination. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10190-10197. [PMID: 35729805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The IrIII/NiII-metallaphotoredox-catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative arylation of α-amino acids has been systematically investigated using density functional theory calculations. The combination of oxidative quenching (IrIII-*IrIII-IrIV-IrIII) or reductive quenching (IrIII-*IrIII-IrII-IrIII) cycle with the nickel catalytic cycle (NiII-NiI-NiIII-NiII) is possible. The favorable reaction mechanism consists of three major processes: single-electron transfer, oxidative addition, and stepwise outer-sphere reductive elimination. The rate-determining step is the oxidative addition. Unexpectedly, the enantio-determining C-C bond formation occurs via an ion-pair intermediate involved in the stepwise outer-sphere reductive elimination process, which is unusual in the IrIII/NiII-metallaphotoredox catalysis. Furthermore, computational results reveal that the high enantioselectivity of this reaction is mainly dependent on the steric effect of substituents on substrates. This theoretical study provides useful knowledge for deep insights into the activity and selectivity of visible-light-mediated enantioselective metallaphotoredox dual catalysis at the molecular and atomic levels and benefits the development of asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Liang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China
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34
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Taming the radical cation intermediate enabled one-step access to structurally diverse lignans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3481. [PMID: 35710543 PMCID: PMC9203495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans, in spite of their structural diversity, are all biosynthetically derived from coniferyl alcohol. We report herein a divergent synthesis of lignans from biomass-derived monolignols in a short synthetic sequence. Blue LED irradiation of a dichloromethane solution of dicinnamyl ether derivatives in the presence of Cu(TFA)2, an alcohol (2.0 equiv) and a catalytic amount of Fukuzumi’s salt affords the C7-alkoxylated aryltetralin cyclic ethers. Increasing the amount of alcohol under otherwise identical conditions diverts the reaction course to furnish the C7,C7’-dialkoxylated dibenzyltetrahydrofurans, while replacing Cu(TFA)2 with diphenyl disulfide (PhSSPh) provides selectively the C7-monoalkoxylated dibenzyltetrahydrofurans. Aza-, thia- and carba-analogues of lignans are equally accessible by simply changing the tethering atom of the allylic alcohols. Concise total syntheses of aglacins A, E, F, brassilignan, and dehydrodimethylconidendrin are documented featuring these transformations. Lignans, in spite of their structural diversity, are all biosynthetically derived from coniferyl alcohol. Here, the authors describe a divergent and stereoselective chemical synthesis of three types of lignans from biomass-derived monolignols, exploiting the different reaction manifolds of highly reactive radical cation intermediate.
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35
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Go SY, Chung H, Shin SJ, An S, Youn JH, Im TY, Kim JY, Chung TD, Lee HG. A Unified Synthetic Strategy to Introduce Heteroatoms via Electrochemical Functionalization of Alkyl Organoboron Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9149-9160. [PMID: 35575552 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on systematic electrochemical analysis, an integrated synthetic platform of C(sp3)-based organoboron compounds was established for the introduction of heteroatoms. The electrochemically mediated bond-forming strategy was shown to be highly effective for the functionalization of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms with significant steric hindrance. Moreover, virtually all the nonmetallic heteroatoms could be utilized as reaction partners using one unified protocol. The observed reactivity stems from the two consecutive single-electron oxidations of the substrate, which eventually generates an extremely reactive carbocation as the key intermediate. The detailed reaction profile could be elucidated through multifaceted electrochemical studies. Ultimately, a new dimension in the activation strategies for organoboron compounds was accomplished through the electrochemically driven reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yong Go
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Chung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Samuel Jaeho Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee An
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Youn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeong Im
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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36
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Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Sun T, Meng Y, Huang Y, Lv X, Gao J, Zhang X, Zhang S, Liu S. Photoredox/Copper Dual-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Esterification via Radical-Polar Crossover. Org Lett 2022; 24:2679-2683. [PMID: 35357841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a distinctive photoredox/copper dual-catalyzed esterification of benzylic C-H bonds through the combination of photoredox-mediated hydrogen atom transfer and Cu(II)-mediated radical-polar crossover. This methodology demonstrates a high functional group tolerance (>40 examples) and moderate to good yields with structurally diverse benzylic C-H substrates. Notably, stoichiometric amounts of carboxylic acids are used as coupling partners, which allows the synthesis of structurally diverse benzylic esters and the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Sun
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjie Meng
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Yueyan Huang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Jinlai Gao
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shihui Liu
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
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37
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Yu X, Meng QY, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Aroyl Fluorides as Bifunctional Reagents for Dearomatizing Fluoroaroylation of Benzofurans. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7072-7079. [PMID: 35315651 PMCID: PMC9052760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran scaffold is widely found in natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein, dearomatizing 2,3-fluoroaroylation of benzofurans with aroyl fluorides as bifunctional reagents to access 2,3-difunctionalized dihydrobenzofurans is reported. The reaction that occurs by cooperative NHC/photoredox catalysis provides 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans with moderate to good yield and high diastereoselectivity. Cascades proceed via radical/radical cross-coupling of a benzofuran radical cation generated in the photoredox catalysis cycle with a neutral ketyl radical formed through the NHC catalysis cycle. The redox-neutral transformation exhibits broad substrate scope and high functional group compatibility. With anhydrides as bifunctional reagents, dearomatizing aroyloxyacylation of benzofurans is achieved and the strategy can also be applied to N-acylated indoles to afford 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-dihydroindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Yu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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38
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Photocatalyzed site-selective C(sp3)-H sulfonylation of toluene derivatives and cycloalkanes with inorganic sulfinates. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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39
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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40
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Niu K, Shi X, Ding L, Liu Y, Song H, Wang Q. HCl-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alkylarenes to Carbonyls. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102326. [PMID: 34817114 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The construction of C-O bonds through C-H bond functionalization remains fundamentally challenging. Here, a practical chlorine radical-mediated aerobic oxidation of alkylarenes to carbonyls was developed. This protocol employed commercially available HCl as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent and air as a sustainable oxidant. In addition, this process exhibited excellent functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope without the requirement for external metal and oxidants. The mechanistic hypothesis was supported by radical trapping, 18 O labeling, and control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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41
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Decarboxylative cross-nucleophile coupling via ligand-to-metal charge transfer photoexcitation of Cu(II) carboxylates. Nat Chem 2022; 14:94-99. [PMID: 34987174 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reactions that enable carbon-nitrogen, carbon-oxygen and carbon-carbon bond formation lie at the heart of synthetic chemistry. However, substrate prefunctionalization is often needed to effect such transformations without forcing reaction conditions. The development of direct coupling methods for abundant feedstock chemicals is therefore highly desirable for the rapid construction of complex molecular scaffolds. Here we report a copper-mediated, net-oxidative decarboxylative coupling of carboxylic acids with diverse nucleophiles under visible-light irradiation. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the relevant chromophore in this reaction is a Cu(II) carboxylate species assembled in situ. We propose that visible-light excitation to a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) state results in a radical decarboxylation process that initiates the oxidative cross-coupling. The reaction is applicable to a wide variety of coupling partners, including complex drug molecules, suggesting that this strategy for cross-nucleophile coupling would facilitate rapid compound library synthesis for the discovery of new pharmaceutical agents.
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42
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Gui J, Sun M, Wu H, Li J, Yang J, Wang Z. Direct benzylic C–H difluoroalkylation with difluoroenoxysilanes by transition metal-free photoredox catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00857b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible light promoted direct benzylic C–H difluoroalkylation with difluoroenoxysilanes catalyzed by Na2-eosin Y via a HAT-ORPC pathway has been developed, providing an efficient and atom-economic method for production of α-benzyl-α,α-difluoroketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Manman Sun
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, 318000, Zhejiang, China
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43
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Chen J, Wang F, Huang Y, Jia X, Zhuang D, Wan Z, Li Z. Remote carbamate-directed site-selective benzylic C–H oxygenation via synergistic copper/TEMPO catalysis at room temperature. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A benzylic C(sp3)–H oxygenation with water at room temperature through a ligand- and additive-free synergistic copper/TEMPO-catalysed radical relay pathway and a remote directing strategy is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Engineering Experimental Teaching Centre, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoqi Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dailin Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhenyang Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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44
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Sun T, Zhang Y, Meng Y, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Jiang Y, Liu S. Photoredox-Copper Dual-Catalyzed Site-Selective O-Alkylation of Glycosides. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Liang Y, Dong Y, Sun G, Su Z, Guan W. Theoretical mechanistic study of 4CzIPN/Ni 0-metallaphotoredox catalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization of cyclic meso-anhydrides. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17675-17687. [PMID: 34806735 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-induced inexpensive photocatalyst and transition metal dual catalytic cross-coupling has attracted much attention for efficiently constructing various chemical bonds. The 4CzIPN/Ni0-metallaphotoredox catalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization of cyclic meso-anhydrides with benzyl trifluoroborates has been systematically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A radical mechanism merging reductive quenching (PC-*PC-PC--PC) and nickel catalytic cycles (Ni0-NiII-NiIII-NiI-Ni0) is favourable. It consists of seven major processes: single-electron reduction of *PC by benzyl trifluoroborates to generate benzyl radical, ligand exchange, oxidative addition, radical addition, reductive elimination, reduction of NiI by PC- complex via single-electron transfer (SET) process to obtain ground-state PC, and the ion exchange to afford the desired product enantio-enriched keto-acids and regenerate Ni0 catalyst. The oxidative addition is not only the enantio-determining step but also the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle. In addition, we tried to disclose the origin of high enantioselectivity from both the steric and electronic effects and explain the origin of diastereoselectivity based on the proposed mechanism. Meanwhile, the difference of catalytic activity between Ni0 and NiII as the initial catalysts is caused by the different activation energy barriers based on their respective favourable reaction pathways. This study will hopefully benefit the future understanding of such photoredox-mediated dual catalyzed asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China. .,Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Yujiao Dong
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Guangyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China. .,Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Guan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
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46
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A general strategy for C(sp 3)-H functionalization with nucleophiles using methyl radical as a hydrogen atom abstractor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6950. [PMID: 34845207 PMCID: PMC8630022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has provided many approaches to C(sp3)-H functionalization that enable selective oxidation and C(sp3)-C bond formation via the intermediacy of a carbon-centered radical. While highly enabling, functionalization of the carbon-centered radical is largely mediated by electrophilic reagents. Notably, nucleophilic reagents represent an abundant and practical reagent class, motivating the interest in developing a general C(sp3)-H functionalization strategy with nucleophiles. Here we describe a strategy that transforms C(sp3)-H bonds into carbocations via sequential hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and oxidative radical-polar crossover. The resulting carbocation is functionalized by a variety of nucleophiles-including halides, water, alcohols, thiols, an electron-rich arene, and an azide-to effect diverse bond formations. Mechanistic studies indicate that HAT is mediated by methyl radical-a previously unexplored HAT agent with differing polarity to many of those used in photoredox catalysis-enabling new site-selectivity for late-stage C(sp3)-H functionalization.
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Chowdhury S, Pandey S. A Catalyst/Oxidant/Base Free Benzylic Csp
3
−H Alkoxylation of toluidines via Electro‐oxidative Csp
3
−O‐Coupling with Alcohols. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushobhan Chowdhury
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Shubham Pandey
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
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Abstract
The fields of C-H functionalization and photoredox catalysis have garnered enormous interest and utility in the past several decades. Many different scientific disciplines have relied on C-H functionalization and photoredox strategies including natural product synthesis, drug discovery, radiolabeling, bioconjugation, materials, and fine chemical synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the use of photoredox catalysis in C-H functionalization reactions. We separate the review into inorganic/organometallic photoredox catalysts and organic-based photoredox catalytic systems. Further subdivision by reaction class-either sp2 or sp3 C-H functionalization-lends perspective and tactical strategies for use of these methods in synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Holmberg-Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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Craescu CV, Schubach MJ, Huss S, Elacqua E. Metal-free photocatalytic C(sp3)–H bond activation. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Brandhofer T, Stinglhamer M, Derdau V, Méndez M, Pöverlein C, García Mancheño O. Easy access to drug building-blocks through benzylic C-H functionalization of phenolic ethers by photoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6756-6759. [PMID: 34132710 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01756j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A visible light-mediated photocatalyzed C-C-bond forming method for the benzylic C-H functionalization of phenolether containing synthetic building blocks based on a radical-cation/deprotonation strategy is reported. This method allows the mild, selective generation of benzyl radicals in phenolic complex molecules and drug-like compounds, providing new entries in synthetic and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Brandhofer
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische-Wilhelms University Münster, Correnstraße 36, Münster 48149, UK.
| | - Martin Stinglhamer
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische-Wilhelms University Münster, Correnstraße 36, Münster 48149, UK.
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main D-65926, UK
| | - María Méndez
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main D-65926, UK
| | - Christoph Pöverlein
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main D-65926, UK
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische-Wilhelms University Münster, Correnstraße 36, Münster 48149, UK.
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