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Cui H, Zhao Y, Hu K, Xia R, Zhou J, Zhou J. Impacts of atmospheric deposition on the heavy metal mobilization and bioavailability in soils amended by lime. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:170082. [PMID: 38220003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition is an important source of heavy metal in agricultural soils, but there is limited research on the mobility of these metals in soil and their impact on soil amendment. Here, we performed a dust incubation experiment in soils in the laboratory and a factorial transplant experiment at three field sites with a gradient of atmospheric deposition to examine the impacts of atmospherically deposited heavy metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb) on the mobility and bioavailability in soils with and without lime applications. Results showed that the atmospherically deposited heavy metals showed high mobility and were primarily presented in the soluble ionic fractions in the wet part and acid-exchangeable and reducible fractions in the dry part of atmospheric deposition. Atmospheric dust addition caused the 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 electrons of Cu atoms in uncontaminated soils to transition the 3d vacant states, resulting in similar copper absorption peaks as atmospheric particles by the observation of X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). In the field, atmospheric deposition can only increase the mobile fractions in the surface soils, but not in the deeper layers. However, the deposition can increase the soluble and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)-measured bioavailable fractions in profile along with the soil depth. Lime applications cannot significantly reduce the mobile fractions of heavy metals in the surface soils exposed to atmospheric deposition, but significantly reduce the heavy metal concentrations in soil solutions and the DGT-measured bioavailable concentrations, particularly in the deeper layer (6-10 cm). The major implication is that atmospherically deposited heavy metals can significantly increase their bioavailable concentrations in the plough horizon of soil and constrain the effects of soil amendments on heavy metal immobilization, thereby increasing the risks of crop uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Cui
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Kaixin Hu
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ruizhi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Chen L, Wang W, Wang X, Li B, Zhang S, Li W, Li S. Revealing the Excellent Low-Temperature Activity of the Fe 1-xCe xO δ-S Catalyst for NH 3-SCR: Improvement of the Lattice Oxygen Mobility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17834-17847. [PMID: 37000486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of selective catalytic reduction catalysts by NH3(NH3-SCR) with excellent low-temperature activity and a wide temperature window is highly demanded but is still very challenging for the elimination of NOx emission from vehicle exhaust. Herein, a series of sulfated modified iron-cerium composite oxide Fe1-xCexOδ-S catalysts were synthesized. Among them, the Fe0.79Ce0.21Oδ-S catalyst achieved the highest NOx conversion of more than 80% at temperatures of 175-375 °C under a gas hourly space velocity of 100000 h-1. Sulfation formed a large amount of sulfate on the surface of the catalyst and provided rich Brønsted acid sites, thus enhancing its NH3 adsorption capacity and improving the overall NOx conversion efficiency. The introduction of Ce is the main determining factor in regulating the low-temperature activity of the catalyst by modulating its redox ability. Further investigation found that there is a strong interaction between Fe and Ce, which changed the electron density around the Fe ions in the Fe0.79Ce0.21Oδ-S catalyst. This weakened the strength of the Fe-O bond and improved the lattice oxygen mobility of the catalyst. During the reaction, the iron-cerium composite oxide catalyst showed higher surface lattice oxygen activity and a faster replenishment rate of bulk lattice oxygen. This significantly improved the adsorption and activation of NOx species and the activation of NH3 species on the catalyst surface, thus leading to the superior low-temperature activity of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Beilei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sujing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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3
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Dery S, Friedman B, Shema H, Gross E. Mechanistic Insights Gained by High Spatial Resolution Reactivity Mapping of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous (Electro)Catalysts. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6003-6038. [PMID: 37037476 PMCID: PMC10176474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of high spatial resolution microscopy and spectroscopy tools enabled reactivity analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts at previously unattainable resolution and sensitivity. These techniques revealed that catalytic entities are more heterogeneous than expected and local variations in reaction mechanism due to divergences in the nature of active sites, such as their atomic properties, distribution, and accessibility, occur both in homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts. In this review, we highlight recent insights in catalysis research that were attained by conducting high spatial resolution studies. The discussed case studies range from reactivity detection of single particles or single molecular catalysts, inter- and intraparticle communication analysis, and probing the influence of catalysts distribution and accessibility on the resulting reactivity. It is demonstrated that multiparticle and multisite reactivity analyses provide unique knowledge about reaction mechanism that could not have been attained by conducting ensemble-based, averaging, spectroscopy measurements. It is highlighted that the integration of spectroscopy and microscopy measurements under realistic reaction conditions will be essential to bridge the gap between model-system studies and real-world high spatial resolution reactivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Barak Friedman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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4
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Tang X, Ye J, Guo L, Pu T, Cheng L, Cao XM, Guo Y, Wang L, Guo Y, Zhan W, Dai S. Atomic Insights into the Cu Species Supported on Zeolite for Direct Oxidation of Methane to Methanol via Low-Damage HAADF-STEM. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2208504. [PMID: 37014632 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Precise determination of the structure-property relationship of zeolite-based metal catalysts is critical for the development toward practical applications. However, the scarcity of real-space imaging of zeolite-based low-atomic-number (LAN) metal materials due to the electron-beam sensitivity of zeolites has led to continuous debates regarding the exact LAN metal configurations. Here, a low-damage high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) imaging technique is employed for direct visualization and determination of LAN metal (Cu) species in ZSM-5 zeolite frameworks. The structures of the Cu species are revealed based on the microscopy evidence and also proved by the complementary spectroscopy results. The correlation between the characteristic Cu size in Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and their direct oxidation of methane to methanol reaction properties is unveiled. As a result, the mono-Cu species stably anchored by Al pairs inside the zeolite channels are identified as the key structure for higher C1 oxygenates yield and methanol selectivity for direct oxidation of methane. Meanwhile, the local topological flexibility of the rigid zeolite frameworks induced by the Cu agglomeration in the channels is also revealed. This work exemplifies the combination of microscopy imaging and spectroscopy characterization serves as a complete arsenal for revealing structure-property relationships of the supported metal-zeolite catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Ye
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Lisheng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tiancheng Pu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015, United States
| | - Lu Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yanglong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wangcheng Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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5
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Sharna S, Rouchon V, Legens C, Taleb A, Stanescu S, Bouillet C, Lambert A, Briois V, Chiche D, Gay A, Ersen O. Role of Copper Migration in Nanoscale Ageing of Supported CuO/Al
2
O
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in Redox Conditions: A Combined Multiscale X‐ray and Electron Microscopy Study. ChemCatChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202201259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sharna
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3, 69360 Solaize France
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Virgile Rouchon
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3, 69360 Solaize France
| | - Christèle Legens
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3, 69360 Solaize France
| | - Anne‐Lise Taleb
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3, 69360 Solaize France
| | - Stefan Stanescu
- Synchrotron Soleil l'Orme des Merisiers BP48, 91192 Saint-Aubin Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Corinne Bouillet
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg 67034 Strasbourg France
| | - Arnold Lambert
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3, 69360 Solaize France
| | - Valerie Briois
- Synchrotron Soleil l'Orme des Merisiers BP48, 91192 Saint-Aubin Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - David Chiche
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3, 69360 Solaize France
| | - Anne‐Sophie Gay
- IFP Energies nouvelles Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3, 69360 Solaize France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg 67034 Strasbourg France
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6
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Lin Q, Xu S, Zhao H, Liu S, Xu H, Dan Y, Chen Y. Highlights on Key Roles of Y on the Hydrothermal Stability at 900 °C of Cu/SSZ-39 for NH 3-SCR. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company, Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Quality and Energy Measurement, CNPC, Chengdu610213, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Education Ministry, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Haidi Xu
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
- Sichuan Provincial Center of Engineering of Vehicular Exhaust Gases Abatement, Sichuan Provincial Center of Engineering of Environmental Catalytic Material, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Yi Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Yaoqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Education Ministry, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
- Sichuan Provincial Center of Engineering of Vehicular Exhaust Gases Abatement, Sichuan Provincial Center of Engineering of Environmental Catalytic Material, Chengdu610064, China
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7
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Strikingly distinctive NH 3-SCR behavior over Cu-SSZ-13 in the presence of NO 2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4606. [PMID: 35941128 PMCID: PMC9360435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial Cu-exchanged small-pore SSZ-13 (Cu-SSZ-13) zeolite catalysts are highly active for the standard selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3. However, their activity is unexpectedly inhibited in the presence of NO2 at low temperatures. This is strikingly distinct from the NO2-accelerated NOx conversion over other typical SCR catalyst systems. Here, we combine kinetic experiments, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to obtain direct evidence that under reaction conditions, strong oxidation by NO2 forces Cu ions to exist mainly as CuII species (fw-Cu2+ and NH3-solvated CuII with high CNs), which impedes the mobility of Cu species. The SCR reaction occurring at these CuII sites with weak mobility shows a higher energy barrier than that of the standard SCR reaction on dynamic binuclear sites. Moreover, the NO2-involved SCR reaction tends to occur at the Brønsted acid sites (BASs) rather than the CuII sites. This work clearly explains the strikingly distinctive selective catalytic behavior in this zeolite system. Cu-SSZ-13 zeolites are highly active for standard NH3-SCR, but their activity is unexpectedly inhibited in the presence of NO2. This work demonstrates that strong oxidation by NO2 forces Cu ions to exist mainly as CuII species with low mobility, which is responsible for this distinctive behavior.
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8
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Chen M, Li J, Xue W, Wang S, Han J, Wei Y, Mei D, Li Y, Yu J. Unveiling Secondary-Ion-Promoted Catalytic Properties of Cu-SSZ-13 Zeolites for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO x. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12816-12824. [PMID: 35802169 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of secondary metal ions into Cu-exchanged SSZ-13 zeolites could improve their catalytic properties in selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia (NH3-SCR), but their essential roles remain unclear at the molecular level. Herein, a series of Cu-Sm-SSZ-13 zeolites have been prepared by ion-exchanging Sm ions followed by Cu ions, which exhibit superior NH3-SCR performance. The NO conversion of Cu-Sm-SSZ-13 is nearly 10% higher than that of conventional Cu-SSZ-13 (175-250 °C) after hydrothermal ageing, showing an enhanced low-temperature activity. The Sm ions are found to occupy the six-membered rings (6MRs) of SSZ-13 by X-ray diffraction Rietveld refinement and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The Sm ions at 6MRs can facilitate the formation of more active [ZCu2+(OH)]+ ions at 8MRs, as revealed by temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that there exists electron transfer from Sm3+ to [ZCu2+(OH)]+ ions, which promotes the activity of [ZCu2+(OH)]+ ions by decreasing the activation energy of the formation of intermediates (NH4NO2 and H2NNO). Meanwhile, the electrostatic interaction between Sm3+ and [ZCu2+(OH)]+ results in a high-reaction energy barrier for transforming [ZCu2+(OH)]+ ions into inactive CuOx species, thus enhancing the stability of [ZCu2+(OH)]+ ions. The influence of the ion-exchanging sequence of Sm and Cu ions into SSZ-13 is further investigated by combining both experiments and theoretical calculations. This work provides a mechanistic insight of secondary ions in regulating the distribution, activity, and stability of Cu active sites, which is helpful for the design of high-performance Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts for the NH3-SCR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,Centre for High-Resolution Electron Microscopy (CℏEM), School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Donghai Mei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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9
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Ye X, Oord R, Monai M, Schmidt JE, Chen T, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. New insights into the NH 3-selective catalytic reduction of NO over Cu-ZSM-5 as revealed by operando spectroscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2022; 12:2589-2603. [PMID: 35664830 PMCID: PMC9016411 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To control diesel vehicle NO x emissions, Cu-exchanged zeolites have been applied in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO using NH3 as reductant. However, the harsh hydrothermal environment of tailpipe conditions causes irreversible catalyst deactivation. The aggregation of isolated Cu2+ brings about unselective ammonia oxidation along with the main NH3-SCR reaction. An unusual 'dip' shaped NO conversion curve was observed in the steamed zeolite Cu-ZSM-5, resulting from the undesired NH3 oxidation that produced NO. Here we gain further insights into the NH3-SCR reaction and its deactivation by employing operando UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) on fresh and steamed zeolite Cu-ZSM-5. We found that tetragonally distorted octahedral Cu2+ with associated NH3 preferentially forms during low temperature NH3-SCR (<250 °C) in fresh Cu-ZSM-5. The high coordination number of Cu2+ ensures the availability for high coverage of nitrate intermediates. Whilst in the steamed Cu-ZSM-5, [Cu x (OH)2x-1]+ oligomers/clusters in pseudo-tetrahedral symmetry with coordinated NH3 accumulated during the low-temperature NH3-SCR reaction. These clusters presented a strong adsorption of surface NH3 and nitrates/nitric acid at low temperatures and therefore limited the reaction between surface species in the steamed Cu-ZSM-5. Further release of NH3 with increased reaction temperature favors NH3 oxidation that causes the drop of NO conversion at ∼275 °C. Moreover, competitive adsorption of NH3 and nitrates/nitric acid occurs on shared Lewis-acidic adsorption sites. Prompt removal of surface nitrates/nitric acid by NO avoids the surface blockage and tunes the selectivity by alternating nitrate-nitrite equilibrium. The formation of adsorbed NO2 and HNO x points to the necessity of an acid adsorbent in practical applications. The structural similarity under the NH3-SCR reaction and unselective NH3 oxidation confirmed the entanglement of these two reactions above 250 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Ye
- Institute of New Catalytic Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China.,Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Joel E Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Tiehong Chen
- Institute of New Catalytic Materials Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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10
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Yu R, Kong H, Zhao Z, Shi C, Meng X, Xiao FS, De Baerdemaeker T, Parvulescu AN, Müller U, Zhang W. Rare‐earth Yttrium Exchanged Cu‐SSZ‐39 Zeolite with Superior Hydrothermal Stability and SO2‐Tolerance in NH3‐SCR of NOx. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Dalian University of Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Haiyu Kong
- Dalian University of Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhenchao Zhao
- Dalian University of Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Chuan Shi
- Dalian University of Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xiangju Meng
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich Müller
- BASF SE Process Research and Chemical Engineering GERMANY
| | - Weiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals No.2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian CHINA
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11
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Xie S, Tan W, Li Y, Ma L, Ehrlich SN, Deng J, Xu P, Gao F, Dong L, Liu F. Copper Single Atom-Triggered Niobia–Ceria Catalyst for Efficient Low-Temperature Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xie
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of Environment, Center of Modern Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuejin Li
- BASF Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Lu Ma
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Steven N. Ehrlich
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jiguang Deng
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Peng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of Environment, Center of Modern Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of Environment, Center of Modern Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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12
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Fabrication of carbon doped Cu-based oxides as superior NH3-SCR catalysts via employing sodium dodecyl sulfonate intercalating CuMgAl-LDH. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Shan Y, Du J, Zhang Y, Shan W, Shi X, Yu Y, Zhang R, Meng X, Xiao FS, He H. Selective catalytic reduction of NO x with NH 3: opportunities and challenges of Cu-based small-pore zeolites. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab010. [PMID: 34858603 PMCID: PMC8566184 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolites, as efficient and stable catalysts, are widely used in the environmental catalysis field. Typically, Cu-SSZ-13 with small-pore structure shows excellent catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction of NO x with ammonia (NH3-SCR) as well as high hydrothermal stability. This review summarizes major advances in Cu-SSZ-13 applied to the NH3-SCR reaction, including the state of copper species, standard and fast SCR reaction mechanism, hydrothermal deactivation mechanism, poisoning resistance and synthetic methodology. The review gives a valuable summary of new insights into the matching between SCR catalyst design principles and the characteristics of Cu2+-exchanged zeolitic catalysts, highlighting the significant opportunity presented by zeolite-based catalysts. Principles for designing zeolites with excellent NH3-SCR performance and hydrothermal stability are proposed. On the basis of these principles, more hydrothermally stable Cu-AEI and Cu-LTA zeolites are elaborated as well as other alternative zeolites applied to NH3-SCR. Finally, we call attention to the challenges facing Cu-based small-pore zeolites that still need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Shan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinpeng Du
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wenpo Shan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yunbo Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Runduo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangju Meng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Feng-Shou Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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14
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Sun Q, Wang N, Yu J. Advances in Catalytic Applications of Zeolite-Supported Metal Catalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104442. [PMID: 34611941 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zeolites possessing large specific surface areas, ordered micropores, and adjustable acidity/basicity have emerged as ideal supports to immobilize metal species with small sizes and high dispersities. In recent years, the zeolite-supported metal catalysts have been widely used in diverse catalytic processes, showing excellent activity, superior thermal/hydrothermal stability, and unique shape-selectivity. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art achievements in catalytic applications of zeolite-supported metal catalysts are presented for important heterogeneous catalytic processes in the last five years, mainly including 1) the hydrogenation reactions (e.g., CO/CO2 hydrogenation, hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds, and hydrogenation of nitrogenous compounds); 2) dehydrogenation reactions (e.g., alkane dehydrogenation and dehydrogenation of chemical hydrogen storage materials); 3) oxidation reactions (e.g., CO oxidation, methane oxidation, and alkene epoxidation); and 4) other reactions (e.g., hydroisomerization reaction and selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia reaction). Finally, some current limitations and future perspectives on the challenge and opportunity for this subject are pointed out. It is believed that this review will inspire more innovative research on the synthesis and catalysis of zeolite-supported metal catalysts and promote their future developments to meet the emerging demands for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Sun
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences|College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Yu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences|College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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15
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Rikanati L, Dery S, Gross E. AFM-IR and s-SNOM-IR measurements of chemically addressable monolayers on Au nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204704. [PMID: 34852499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of catalysts depends on their nanoscale properties, and local variations in structure and composition can have a dramatic impact on the catalytic reactivity. Therefore, probing the localized reactivity of catalytic surfaces using high spatial resolution vibrational spectroscopy, such as infrared (IR) nanospectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, is essential for mapping their reactivity pattern. Two fundamentally different scanning probe IR nanospectroscopy techniques, namely, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), provide the capabilities for mapping the reactivity pattern of catalytic surfaces with a spatial resolution of ∼20 nm. Herein, we compare these two techniques with regard to their applicability for probing the vibrational signature of reactive molecules on catalytic nanoparticles. For this purpose, we use chemically addressable self-assembled molecules on Au nanoparticles as model systems. We identified significant spectral differences depending on the measurement technique, which originate from the fundamentally different working principles of the applied methods. While AFM-IR spectra provided information from all the molecules that were positioned underneath the tip, the s-SNOM spectra were more orientation-sensitive. Due to its field-enhancement factor, the s-SNOM spectra showed higher vibrational signals for dipoles that were perpendicularly oriented to the surface. The s-SNOM sensitivity to the molecular orientation influenced the amplitude, position, and signal-to-noise ratio of the collected spectra. Ensemble-based IR measurements verified that differences in the localized IR spectra stem from the enhanced sensitivity of s-SNOM measurements to the adsorption geometry of the probed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Rikanati
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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16
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Practical Approaches towards NOx Emission Mitigation from Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Units. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There appears to be consensus among the general public that curtailing harmful emissions resulting from industrial, petrochemical and transportation sectors is a common good. However, there is also a need for balancing operating expenditures for applying the required technical solutions and implementing advanced emission mitigation technologies to meet desired sustainability goals. The emission of NOx from Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) units in refineries for petroleum processing is a major concern, especially for those units located in densely populated urban settings. In this work we strive to review options towards cost-efficient and pragmatic emissions mitigation using optimal amounts of precious metal while evaluating the potential benefits of typical promoter dopant packages. We demonstrate that at present catalyst development level the refinery is no longer forced to make a promoter selection based on preconceived notions regarding precious metal activity but can rather make decisions based on the best “total cost” financial impact to the operation without measurable loss of the CO/NOx emission selectivity.
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17
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Hubbard WA, Lodico JJ, Ling XY, Zutter BT, Yu YS, Shapiro DA, Regan BC. Differential electron yield imaging with STXM. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 222:113198. [PMID: 33482467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Total electron yield (TEY) imaging is an established scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) technique that gives varying contrast based on a sample's geometry, elemental composition, and electrical conductivity. However, the TEY-STXM signal is determined solely by the electrons that the beam ejects from the sample. A related technique, X-ray beam-induced current (XBIC) imaging, is sensitive to electrons and holes independently, but requires electric fields in the sample. Here we report that multi-electrode devices can be wired to produce differential electron yield (DEY) contrast, which is also independently sensitive to electrons and holes, but does not require an electric field. Depending on whether the region illuminated by the focused STXM beam is better connected to one electrode or another, the DEY-STXM contrast changes sign. DEY-STXM images thus provide a vivid map of a device's connectivity landscape, which can be key to understanding device function and failure. To demonstrate an application in the area of failure analysis, we image a 100 nm, lithographically-defined aluminum nanowire that has failed after being stressed with a large current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Hubbard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jared J Lodico
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin Yi Ling
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brian T Zutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David A Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - B C Regan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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18
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Elgayyar T, Schnee J, Tuel A, Burel L, Bosselet F, Schuurman Y, Meunier FC, Delannoy L, Thomas C. Au-Modified Pd catalyst exhibits improved activity and stability for NO direct decomposition. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The promotion of a Pd catalyst with Au leads to higher and stable activity for the direct decomposition of NO, due to improved oxygen desorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Elgayyar
- Univ Lyon
- CNRS
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon
- IRCELYON
- 69626 Villeurbanne
| | - Josefine Schnee
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS)
- Sorbonne Université
- F-75005 Paris
- France
| | - Alain Tuel
- Univ Lyon
- CNRS
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon
- IRCELYON
- 69626 Villeurbanne
| | - Laurence Burel
- Univ Lyon
- CNRS
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon
- IRCELYON
- 69626 Villeurbanne
| | | | - Yves Schuurman
- Univ Lyon
- CNRS
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon
- IRCELYON
- 69626 Villeurbanne
| | | | - Laurent Delannoy
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS)
- Sorbonne Université
- F-75005 Paris
- France
| | - Cyril Thomas
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS)
- Sorbonne Université
- F-75005 Paris
- France
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19
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Oda A, Shionoya H, Hotta Y, Takewaki T, Sawabe K, Satsuma A. Spectroscopic Evidence of Efficient Generation of Dicopper Intermediate in Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO over Cu-Ion-Exchanged Zeolites. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Hitomi Shionoya
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Hotta
- Science & Innovation Center, Inorganic Materials Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiko Takewaki
- Science & Innovation Center, Inorganic Materials Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Sawabe
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Atsushi Satsuma
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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