1
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Shukla P, Ambhore MD, Anand VG. Open shell (4 n + 2)π and closed shell 4 nπ planar core-modified decaphyrins. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6022-6027. [PMID: 38665541 PMCID: PMC11041311 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Planar 44π and 46π core-modified decaphyrins with ten thiophene units have been synthesized from short thiophene oligomers. They have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction with further support from spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. Our analysis revealed diradicaloid characteristics for 46π species in contrast to the closed shell property of the 44π congener. Further, 44π and 46π undergo reversible two-electron chemical oxidation, as observed by spectro-electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Madan D Ambhore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Venkataramanarao G Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
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2
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Chen H, Lei Y, Xu Y, Shao M, Duan Z, Lei C. Phenanthrene-Incorporated Isoamethyrin: A Near-Planar Macrocycle That Display Enhanced Aromaticity via Protonation-Triggered Conformation Changes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11352-11357. [PMID: 37458445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the aromaticity in expanded porphyrins is a forefront research topic, and the strategy of using protonation-triggered conformational changes to fine-tune electronic properties and aromaticity has yet to be generalized in rigid and planar expanded porphyrins. Here, we synthesized phenanthrene-incorporated isoamethyrins that possess near-planar conformations and nonaromatic characters. However, when methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was added, geometric deformations occurred to minimize the unfavorable strain, resulting in macrocycles that were weakly aromatic as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Min Shao
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Instrumental Analysis and Research Center of Shanghai University, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Duan
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
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3
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Abdurahman A, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li P, Shen L, Peng Q. A Highly Stable Organic Luminescent Diradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300772. [PMID: 36781392 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
It is very challenging to obtain stable room-temperature luminescent open-shell singlet diradicals. Herein we report the first stable Müller's hydrocarbon TTM-PhTTM with luminescent properties. Variable-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements and theoretical calculations show that TTM-PhTTM has an open-shell singlet ground state with a diradical character of 90 %. Because of a small singlet-triplet energy gap, the open-shell singlet ground state can be thermally excited to a triplet state. TTM-PhTTM shows room-temperature deep-red emission in various solutions. Unusually high stability of TTM-PhTTM was also observed owing to effective steric hindrance and spin delocalization. Our results are beneficial to the rational design and discovery of more stable luminescent diradical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim Abdurahman
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Li Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Qiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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4
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Ambhore MD, Shukla P, Gonnade RG, Anand VG. Tailoring diradicaloid properties of expanded isophlorinoids with systematic core-modification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8946-8949. [PMID: 35861609 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02970g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis, structural diversity and diradicaloid characteristics of 38π core-modified aromatic expanded isophlorins with eight heterocyclic rings. The diradicaloid character of expanded isophlorinoid macrocycles was engineered by systematic structural modification. Depending on the nature of the link between the heteroatoms, they adopt planar and non-planar conformations. This large structural variation with a significant difference in the extent of aromaticity is correlated with the magnitude of their respective diradical character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan D Ambhore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Pragati Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rajesh G Gonnade
- Physical & Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Venkataramanarao G Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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5
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Tie Z, Deng S, Cao H, Yao M, Niu Z, Chen J. A Symmetric All‐Organic Proton Battery in Mild Electrolyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Tie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Shenzhen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Minjie Yao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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6
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Tie Z, Deng S, Cao H, Yao M, Niu Z, Chen J. A Symmetric All-Organic Proton Battery in Mild Electrolyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115180. [PMID: 34918433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
All-organic proton batteries are attracting extensive attention due to their sustainability merits and excellent rate capability. Generally, strong acids (e.g. H2 SO4 ) have to be employed as the electrolytes to provide H+ for all-organic proton batteries due to the high H+ intercalation energy barrier. Until now, the design of all-organic proton batteries in mild electrolytes is still a challenge. Herein, a poly(2,9-dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]phenazine) (PO) molecule was designed and synthesized, where the adjacent C=N groups show two different chemical environments, resulting in two-step redox reactions. Moreover, the two reactions possess considerable voltage difference because of the large LUMO energy gap between PO and its reduction product. More impressively, the C=N groups endow the π-conjugated PO molecule with H+ uptake/removal in the ZnSO4 electrolyte. As a result, a symmetric all-organic proton battery is achieved in a mild electrolyte for the first time, which exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance and also broadens the chemistry of proton-based batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Tie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shenzhen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Yao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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7
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Sengupta R, Ravikanth M, Chandrashekar TK. Inverted and fused expanded heteroporphyrins. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13268-13320. [PMID: 34747949 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00666e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expanded heteroporphyrins are a class of porphyrin macrocycles containing pyrrole, thiophene, furan, selenophene and other heterocyclic rings that are connected to form an internal ring pathway containing a minimum of 17 atoms and more than 18 delocalized π electrons in their conjugated macrocyclic framework. Considering that expanded heteroporphyrins are large in size, these macrocycles are structurally flexible and prefer to adopt various conformations in which one or more pyrrole(s)/heterocycle(s) tend to be in an inverted conformation and pointed outward from the centre of the macrocyclic core. The inverted expanded heteroporphyrins are divided into two classes as follows: (1) N-inverted expanded heteroporphyrins and (2) hetero-atom inverted expanded heteroporphyrins. Both inverted expanded heteroporphyrins show quite unique features in terms of their structure, aromaticity, and electronic and coordination properties. Sometimes, inverted expanded heteroporphyrins lead to the formation of fused expanded heteroporphyrins because of the intramolecular fusion of the pyrrole "N" with the "C" of the inverted heterocycle ring, which also exhibit unique features compared to inverted expanded heteroporphyrins. In this review, we attempt to describe the synthesis, structure, and aromatic, electronic and coordination properties of inverted and fused expanded heteroporphyrins. This review covers the synthesis, structure and properties of inverted and fused expanded heteroporphyrins containing a combination of pyrrole/heterocycle rings starting with five pyrrole/heterocycle-containing pentaphyrins, and then expanded heteroporphyrins containing six, seven, eight and more pyrrole/heterocyclic rings in their porphyrin macrocyclic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Tavarekere K Chandrashekar
- National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda 752050, Odisha, India.
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8
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Wonink MBS, Corbet BP, Kulago AA, Boursalian GB, de Bruin B, Otten E, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Three-State Switching of an Anthracene Extended Bis-thiaxanthylidene with a Highly Stable Diradical State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18020-18028. [PMID: 34695359 PMCID: PMC8569810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A multistable molecular switching system based on an anthracene-extended bis-thiaxanthylidene with three individually addressable states that can be interconverted by electrochemical, thermal, and photochemical reactions is reported. Besides reversible switching between an open-shell diradical- and a closed-shell electronic configuration, our findings include a third dicationic state and control by multiple actuators. This dicationic state with an orthogonal conformation can be switched electrochemically with the neutral open-shell triplet state with orthogonal conformation, which was characterized by EPR. The remarkably stable diradical shows kinetic stability as a result of a significant activation barrier for isomerization to a more stable neutral closed-shell folded geometry. We ascribe this activation barrier of ΔG⧧(293 K) = 25.7 kcal mol-1 to steric hindrance in the fjord region of the overcrowded alkene structure. The folded closed-shell state can be converted back to the diradical state by irradiation with 385 nm. The folded state can also be oxidized to the dicationic state. These types of molecules with multiple switchable states and in particular stable diradicals show great potential in the design of new functional materials such as memory devices, logic gates, and OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco B S Wonink
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian P Corbet
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Artem A Kulago
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory B Boursalian
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Mao L, Zhou M, Shi X, Yang HB. Triphenylamine (TPA) radical cations and related macrocycles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Li C, Huang Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Su R, Chen M, Zhou L, Wu D, Gao G, You J. Synthesis of Imidazole-Based [30]Heptaphyrin and Stable Figure-Eight [60]Tetradecaphyrins via [5 + 2] Condensations in One Pot. Org Lett 2021; 23:3746-3750. [PMID: 33884872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Derived from a Pd-catalyzed oxidative C-H/C-H coupling reaction, two giant imidazole-based [60]tetradecaphyrins adopting stable figure-eight geometry together with one [30]heptaphyrin are obtained by [5 + 2] MacDonald condensations in one pot. The directional imidazole is believed to play a vital role for the diverse cyclization and conformation stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China.,Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Zhenmei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Wenbo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Rongchuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Linsen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Institute of Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou, Sichuan 621908, PR China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
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11
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Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Macrocycles with Polyradical Character and Global Aromaticity. iScience 2020; 23:101675. [PMID: 33145485 PMCID: PMC7596265 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyradical character and global aromaticity are fundamental concepts that govern the rational design of cyclic conjugated macromolecules for optoelectronic applications. Here, we report donor-acceptor (D−A) conjugated macromolecules with and without π-spacer derivatives to tune the antiferromagnetic couplings between the unpaired electrons. The macromolecules without π-spacer have a closed-shell electronic configuration and show global nonaromatic character in the singlet and lowest triplet states. However, the derivatives with π-spacer develop a nearly pure open-shell diradical and a very high polyradical character, not reported for D−A type macromolecules. Furthermore, the π-spacer derivatives display global nonaromaticity in the singlet ground state, but global aromaticity in the lowest triplet state, according to Baird's rule. The absorption spectra of the open-shell macromolecules calculated with time-dependent density functional theory indicate intensive light absorption in the near-infrared region and broadening to 2,500 nm, making these materials suitable for numerous optoelectronic applications. Donor-acceptor macromolecules with open-shell polyradical character are reported. The antiferromagnetic coupling between the unpaired electrons is modulated with pi-spacer. The open-shell macrocycles show Baird’s aromaticity in the lowest triplet state. Open-shell macrocycles red-shift absorption spectra.
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12
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Ni Y, Gordillo-Gámez F, Peña Alvarez M, Nan Z, Li Z, Wu S, Han Y, Casado J, Wu J. A Chichibabin's Hydrocarbon-Based Molecular Cage: The Impact of Structural Rigidity on Dynamics, Stability, and Electronic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12730-12742. [PMID: 32589415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional π-conjugated polyradicaloid molecular cage c-Ph14, consisting of three Chichibabin's hydrocarbon motifs connected by two benzene-1,3,5-triyl bridgeheads, was synthesized. Compared with its linear model compound l-Ph4, the prism-like c-Ph14 has a more rigid structure, which shows significant impact on the molecular dynamics, stability, and electronic properties. A higher rotation energy barrier for the quinoidal biphenyl units was determined in c-Ph14 (15.64 kcal/mol) than that of l-Ph4 (11.40 kcal/mol) according to variable-temperature NMR measurements, leading to improved stability, a smaller diradical character, and an increased singlet-triplet energy gap. The pressure-dependent Raman spectroscopic studies on the rigid cage c-Ph14 revealed a quinoidal-to-aromatic transformation along the biphenyl bridges. In addition, the ellipsoidal cavity in the cage allowed selective encapsulation of fullerene C70 over C60, with an associate constant of about 1.43 × 104 M-1. Moreover, c-Ph14 and l-Ph4 exhibited similar redox behavior and their cationic species (c-Ph146+ and l-Ph42+) were obtained by chemical oxidation, and the structures were identified by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The biphenyl unit showed a twisted conformation in l-Ph42+ and remained coplanarity in c-Ph146+. Notably, molecules of c-Ph146+ form a one-dimensional columnar structure via close π-π stacking between the bridgeheads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Fernando Gordillo-Gámez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Miriam Peña Alvarez
- Center for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihan Nan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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13
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Eder S, Yoo DJ, Nogala W, Pletzer M, Santana Bonilla A, White AJP, Jelfs KE, Heeney M, Choi JW, Glöcklhofer F. Switching between Local and Global Aromaticity in a Conjugated Macrocycle for High-Performance Organic Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12958-12964. [PMID: 32368821 PMCID: PMC7496320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic organic compounds can be used as electrode materials in rechargeable batteries and are expected to advance the development of both anode and cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, most aromatic organic compounds assessed as anode materials in SIBs to date exhibit significant degradation issues under fast-charge/discharge conditions and unsatisfying long-term cycling performance. Now, a molecular design concept is presented for improving the stability of organic compounds for battery electrodes. The molecular design of the investigated compound, [2.2.2.2]paracyclophane-1,9,17,25-tetraene (PCT), can stabilize the neutral state by local aromaticity and the doubly reduced state by global aromaticity, resulting in an anode material with extraordinarily stable cycling performance and outstanding performance under fast-charge/discharge conditions, demonstrating an exciting new path for the development of electrode materials for SIBs and other types of batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Eder
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dong-Joo Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matthias Pletzer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Santana Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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Eder S, Yoo D, Nogala W, Pletzer M, Santana Bonilla A, White AJP, Jelfs KE, Heeney M, Choi JW, Glöcklhofer F. Switching between Local and Global Aromaticity in a Conjugated Macrocycle for High‐Performance Organic Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Eder
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Dong‐Joo Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Matthias Pletzer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Alejandro Santana Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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